Analysis and Design
of Beams for Bending
Lecture 15
Engineering Mechanics - ME102
Sunil Kumar Singh & Rishi Raj
Courtesy: TMH
Application
Forces that are internal to the structural members – beams – are
the subject of this chapter
rraj@[Link] 7- 2 2
Introduction
• We will focus on beams:
Beams - usually long, straight, prismatic members designed
to support loads applied at various points along the member.
rraj@[Link] 7- 3 3
Introduction
• Objective - Analysis and design of beams
• Beams - structural members supporting loads at
various points along the member
• Transverse loadings of beams are classified as
concentrated loads or distributed loads
• Applied loads result in internal forces consisting
of a shear force (from the shear stress
distribution) and a bending couple (from the
normal stress distribution)
• Normal stress is often the critical design criteria
My Mc M
x = − m = =
I I S
Requires determination of the location and
magnitude of largest bending moment
rraj@[Link] 5-4 4
Introduction
Classification of Beam Supports
rraj@[Link] 5-5 5
Various Types of Beam Loading and
Support
• Beam - structural member designed to support
loads applied at various points along its length.
• Beam can be subjected to concentrated loads or
distributed loads or combination of both.
• Beam design is a two-step process:
1) determine shearing forces and bending
moments produced by applied loads
2) select cross-section best suited to resist
shearing forces and bending moments
rraj@[Link] 7- 6 6
Shear and Bending Moment in a
Beam
• Wish to determine bending moment
and shearing force at any point (for
example, point C) in a beam subjected
to concentrated and distributed loads.
• Determine reactions at supports by
treating whole beam as free-body.
• Cut beam at C and draw free-body
diagrams for AC and CB. By
definition, positive sense for internal
force-couple systems are as shown
for each beam section.
• From equilibrium considerations,
determine M and V or M’ and V’.
rraj@[Link] 7- 7 7
Shear and Bending Moment
Diagrams
• Variation of shear and bending
moment along beam may be
plotted.
• Determine reactions at
supports.
• Cut beam at C and consider
member AC,
V = + P 2 M = + Px 2
• Cut beam at E and consider
member EB,
V = − P 2 M = + P(L − x ) 2
• For a beam subjected to
concentrated loads, shear is
constant between loading points
and moment varies linearly.
rraj@[Link] 7- 8 8
Sample Problem 5.1
For the timber beam and loading
shown, draw the shear and bend-
moment diagrams and determine the
maximum normal stress due to
bending.
rraj@[Link] 5-9 9
Sample Problem 5.1
SOLUTION:
• Treating the entire beam as a rigid body, determine
the reaction forces
from Fy = 0 = M B : RB = 40 kN RD = 14 kN
• Section the beam and apply equilibrium analyses
on resulting free-bodies
Fy = 0 − 20 kN − V1 = 0 V1 = −20 kN
M1 = 0 (20 kN )(0 m ) + M1 = 0 M1 = 0
Fy = 0 − 20 kN − V2 = 0 V2 = −20 kN
M2 = 0 (20 kN )(2.5 m ) + M 2 = 0 M 2 = −50 kN m
V3 = +26 kN M 3 = −50 kN m
V4 = +26 kN M 4 = +28 kN m
V5 = −14 kN M 5 = +28 kN m
V6 = −14 kN M 6 = 0
rraj@[Link] 5 - 10 10
Sample Problem 5.1
• Identify the maximum shear and bending-
moment from plots of their distributions.
Vm = 26 kN M m = M B = 50 kN m
• Apply the elastic flexure formulas to
determine the corresponding
maximum normal stress.
S = 16 b h 2 = 16 (0.080 m )(0.250 m )2
= 833.33 10− 6 m3
MB 50 103 N m
m = =
S 833.33 10− 6 m3
m = 60.0 106 Pa
rraj@[Link] 5 - 11 11
Sample Problem 5.5
Draw the shear and bending
moment diagrams for the beam and
loading shown.
rraj@[Link] 5 - 12 12
Sample Problem 5.5
SOLUTION:
• Taking the entire beam as a free body,
determine the reactions at C.
Fy = 0 = − 12 w0 a + RC RC = 12 w0 a
a a
M C = 0 = 12 w0 a L − + M C M C = − 12 w0 a L −
3 3
Results from integration of the load and shear
distributions should be equivalent.
• Apply the relationship between shear and load
to develop the shear diagram.
a
a
x x 2
VB − V A = − w0 1 − dx = − w0 x −
2a
0 a 0
VB = − 12 w0 a = − ( area under load curve)
- No change in shear between B and C.
- Compatible with free body analysis
rraj@[Link] 5 - 13 13
Sample Problem 5.5
• Apply the relationship between bending moment
and shear to develop the bending moment
diagram.
a
a x 2 x 2 x3
M B − M A = − w0 x − dx = − w0 −
2a 2 6a
0 0
M B = − 13 w0 a 2
( )
L
M B − M C = − 12 w0a dx = − 12 w0a(L − a )
a
a w0 a
M C = − 16 w0 a(3L − a ) = L−
2 3
Results at C are compatible with free-body
analysis
rraj@[Link] 5 - 14 14
Relations Among Load, Shear, and
Bending Moment
• Relationship between load and shear:
Fy = 0 : V − (V + V ) − w x = 0
V = − w x
dV
= −w
dx
xD
VD − VC = − w dx
xC
• Relationship between shear and bending
moment:
M C = 0 : (M + M ) − M − V x + wx x = 0
2
M = V x − 12 w (x ) 2
dM
=V
dx
xD
M D − MC = V dx
xC
rraj@[Link] 5 - 15 15
Problem
Knowing that P = Q = 480 N, determine (a) the distance a for
which the absolute value of the bending moment in the beam is
as small as possible, (b) the corresponding maximum normal
stress due to bending.
Hint: Draw the bending-moment diagram and equate the absolute values of the largest
positive and negative bending moments obtained
rraj@[Link] 16
Problem
Assuming that the reaction of the ground is uniformly
distributed, draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for
the beam AB and determine the maximum absolute value (a) of
the shear, (b) of the bending moment.
rraj@[Link] 17
