Unit-2

Electrification of Commerical
Installation
Inserting wire in to the Conduits
A switchboard and a distribution board are both electrical control panels
that manage and distribute power. The main difference is that a
switchboard provides power to distribution boards, while a distribution
board provides power to sub circuits

A switchboard is an electrical control panel that manages and directs the

flow of electricity in a home.
A distribution board is a component of an electricity supply system that
divides a power feed into subsidiary circuits.
• An electrical switchboard, also known as a circuit board, fuse box, or power
board, is a control panel that manages the flow of electricity within a
home

• A switchboard's role is to divide the current it receives into smaller currents

for further distribution. It also provides switching, current protection, and
metering for these currents
Bus-Bar and Bus – Bar Chamber
 Bus-Bar
• A busbar (also bus bar) is a metallic strip or bar, typically housed inside
switchgear, panel boards, and busway enclosures for local high current
power distribution.

• They are also used to connect high voltage equipment at electrical

switchyards, and low voltage equipment in battery banks.

• They are generally uninsulated, and have sufficient stiffness to be

supported in air by insulated pillars. These features allow sufficient
cooling of the conductors, and the ability to tap in at various points
without creating a new joint.
 Bus bars chambers
• A bus is a junction of one or more than one incoming and
outgoing circuits. The bus bar has a metal-clad construction. In
large installations bus bars are used commonly.

• Bus bars are operates at constant voltage. Bus bars are insulated
from earth and also from each other.
• Bus bars chambers which feed two or more circuit must be
controlled by a switch, C.B, link or fuse enable them to be
disconnected from the supply system.

• Bus bar chamber consist of several metal-clad buses copper and

aluminum are commonly used materials for bus-bars.
Ceiling Rose
The CE mark means that the manufacturer takes responsibility for the compliance of a
product with all applicable European health, safety, performance and
environmental requirements. CE stands for “Conformité Européenne", the French for
European conformity.
Wiring Estimation (Example)
Electrical Load calculation steps in a commercial building
 EARTHING
(Building Services)
 Earthing System
• In electricity supply systems, an earthing system or
grounding system is circuitry which connects parts of
the electric circuit with the ground, thus defining the
electric potential of the conductors relative to the
Earth's conductive surface.
Earthing CI: Cast Iron
MS: Mild Steel
 Earthing System
• Regulations for earthing system vary considerably among
countries and among different parts of electric systems.
Most low voltage systems connect one supply conductor to
the earth (ground).
• People use an earthing system mainly for these applications:
• To protect a structure from lightning strike, directing the
lightning through the earthing system and into the ground
rod rather than passing through the structure.
• Part of the safety system of mains electricity, preventing
problems associated with floating ground and sky voltage.
• The most common ground plane for large monopole antenna
and some other kinds of radio antenna.
 Applications of Earthing

• Protect human against lightning and earth fault condition,

• Protect the premises against lightning and earth fault

condition,
• Provide low resistance and safe path for lightning and fault
current,

• All metallic enclosure and extraneous conductive parts are at

equal potential.

• LV System Earth.
Applications of Earthing

RE= 0.5
Ohm

IFault
 Functions of Earthing..

Equipment Earth : Path for fault current, lower touch

voltage, protection against electric shock

Lighting Earth : Low resistance path to diverse the current

under lightning attack.

Telecom Earth : Signal Earth, reduce noise and interference,

stabilize DC supply voltage and prevent electric shock

Computer Earth : reduce interference, maintain supply

voltages
Functions of Earthing…
 Two classes of protection

Class I protection –
use of barrier/insulation and connection of protective
conductor to equipment metallic enclosure in order to
protect against electric shock

Class II protection –
beside of the basic insulation, addition layer of
insulation apply to the enclosure. Therefore no
extraneous conductive part. The additional layer is
independent to the basic insulation so that under failure
of basic insulation, it offers additional protection
Two classes of protection
 Types of Earthing

• Supply System – Neutral Earth

• System Earth
• Electrical Safety Earth
• Lightning Earth
• Generator Earth
• Protection Earth (i.e. surge arrestor)
• Telecom / Computer Earth
• Shielding Earth
• Integrated Earthling System (Advocated)
• Electrostatic Earth (Clean Room / Hospital)
Domestic Supply
 What is Earthing?

• Earthing is used to protect us from an

electrical shock.
• It does this by providing a path for a fault
current to flow to earth.
• It also cause the protective devices to switch
off the electric current to the circuit that has
the fault by help of fuse.
 Objectives of Earthing

• Ensure that all exposed conductive parts do not

reach a dangerous potential
• Provide an alternative path for the fault current
to flow so that it will not endanger the user
from electric shock
• To protect the building machinery and
appliances from short circuit.
 Terminologies:
• Earth – The proper connection b/w electrical
installation system via conductor to the buried
plate in the earth.
• Earthed – When an electrical device, appliance
is connected to the earth electrode. Example :
plates, rod, wires and pipes.
• Earth electrode – When a conductor (or
conductive plate) buried in the earth for
electrical earthing system.
• Earthing Rod – The conductor wire or conductive strip
connected between earth electrode and electrical
installation system and device is called earthing rod.
• Earth continuity conductor – The conductor wire
which is connected among different electrical devices
and appliances like DB, different plugs and appliances
etc. or
Wire between earthing load and electrical device.
• Sub-main earthing conductor – a wire connected
between switch board and DB.
 Conventional Earthing
• The Conventional system of Earthing calls for
digging of a large pit into which a GI pipe or a copper
plate is positioned in the middle layers of charcoal and
salt.

• It requires maintenance and pouring of water at

regular interval.
Conventional Earthing
Methods of Conventional
Earthing
 1. Plate Earthing
In this type of earthing plate either of copper or of G.I. is
buried into the ground at a depth of not less than 3 meter
from the ground level.
• The earth plate is embedded in alternative layer of coke
and salts for a minimum thickness of about 15cm.
• The earth wire(copper wire for copper plate earthing and
G.I. wire for G.I. plate earthing) is securely bolted to an
earth plate with the help of bolt nut and washer made of
copper, in case of copper plate earthing and of G.I.
 COPPER PLATES

A MAN PREPARING TO
FIX COPPER PLATE FOR
EARTHING
 Earthing Electrode

The resistance of a ground electrode has 3 basic

components:
• A) The resistance of the ground electrode itself
and the connections to the electrode.
• B) The contact resistance of the surrounding earth
to the electrode.
• C) The resistance of the surrounding body of
earth around the ground Electrode. It consist of
three basic components:
1. Earth Wire 2. Connector 3. Electrode
 2. Pipe Earthing
• In this system of earthing 12.5mm diameter solid rods of
copper 16mm diameter solid rod of GI or steel or hollow
section of 25mm GI pipe of length not less than 3 meters
are driven vertically into the earth
• In order to increase the embedded length of electrode
under the ground, which is some time necessary to
reduce the earth resistance to desired value more than
one rod section are hammered one above the other.
• This system of earthing is suitable for area which are
sandy in character .
• This system of earthing is very cheap.
 Pipe earthing…..
Pipe earthing is economical and mostly used form of
earthing:
• In this system of earthing a GI pipe of 38 mm dia. and
2meters length is embedded vertically in ground to work.
• But the wire is embedded up-to the wet soil.
• The earth wire are fastened to the top section of the pipe
with nut and bolts.
• The pit area around the GI pipe filled with salt and coal
alternate layers.
• It can take heavy leakage current for the same electrode
size in comparison to plate earthing.
• In summer season to have an effective earthing three or
four bucket of water is put through the funnel for better
continuity of earthing.
 Applications of Earthing

• Telecommunication
• Transmission
• Substations & Power Generations
• Transformer Neutral earthing
• Lightning Arrestor Earthing
• Equipment Body Earthing
• Water Treatment Plants
• Heavy Industries
• College, Hospitals, Banks
• Residential Building
 EARTHING
• To save human life from danger of electrical shock
or death
• To protect buildings, machinery & appliances under
fault conditions.
• To ensure that all exposed conductive
parts do not reach a dangerous potential.
• To provide safe path to dissipate lightning and short
circuit currents.
• To maintain the line voltage constant to prevent
over current or excessive voltage on the appliances
or equipment .
 Earth Resistance Value
• Major power station = 0.5 Ohm.
• Major Sub-stations = 1.0 Ohm
• Minor Sub-station = 2 Ohm
• Neutral Bushing. = 2 Ohm
• Service connection = 4 Ohm
• Medium Voltage Network = 2 Ohm
• L.T. Lightening Arrestor = 4 Ohm
• L.T. Pole = 5 Ohm
• H.T. Pole = 10 Ohm
• Tower = 20-30 Ohm
 Nos. of Earthing

• Single phase 1 HP motor –: 01 earth

• Socket/geyser/heater/fan/1phase appliance–: 01 earth

• Three phase motor/generator/transformer/gadgets –: 02 earth

• Metallic support of O/H line after every 03 poles –: 02 earth

• Stay wire for overhead line -: 01 earth

• Neutral and frame earthing-: separately

 While doing Earthing
• Distance –from the equipment not more than 1.5
meter
• Cross section of earth continuity conductor-not less
than 14 SWG copper wire
• Cross section of earth wire-not less than half of the
main wire
• Voltage between Earth Pit conductors to Neutral of
Mains Supply 220V AC 50 Hz it should be less than 2.0
Volts.
Factors Affecting Earth Resistance
• Soil resistivity
• Soil condition
• Moisture
• Dissolved salts
• Climate conditions
• Physical composition
• Location of earth pit
• Effect of grain size
• Effect of current magnitude
• Area available
 Type Of Earthing
• Plate earthing :where digging is easy

• Pipe earthing :very common, used for domestic, small

substations

• Strip earthing :where earth bed have rocky soil

• Rod earthing: done in sandy area/small lamp post

 Pipe Earthing

• GI pipe [C-class] of 75 mm
diameter
• 10 feet long welded with
welded flat having 4 numbers of
holes for connections
• Earth pits are generally filled
with alternate layer of charcoal
& salt or earth reactivation
compound.
 Strip Earthing

• Strip earthing :where earth bed have

rocky soil
• Copper strip size 5 SWG or
25mmX1.6mm is buried in horizontal
trenches
• Earth resistance remains high i.e. 5 ohm
 Plate Earthing
• Cast iron plate of size 600 mm x600 mm x12
mm. OR
• Galvanized iron plate of size 600 mm x600
mm x6 mm. OR
• Copper plate of size 600 mm * 600 mm *
3.15 mm
• Plate burred at the depth of 8 feet in the
vertical position and GI strip of size 50
mmx6 mm bolted with the plate is brought
up to the ground level.
• Earth pit are generally filled with alternate
layer of charcoal & salt up to 4 feet from the
bottom of the pit.
 Megger for Insulation Resistance/Earth Resistance Test

Insulation Resistance and Megger

 Earth resistance test

Three point method

• The distance of
Current Spike from
Earth Electrode D
= 60 ft, Then,
distance of
Potential Spike
would be 62 % of
D = 0.62D i.e. 0.62
x 60 ft = 37 ft.
 Difference between Insulation Resistance and
Earth resistance

• Insulation Resistance :measured between

earth and conductor, value in
tens/thousand/mega ohm, in built DC
generator
• Earth resistance: measured for a earthed body
or neutral point by earth resistance tester,
value less than 10 ohm
 Specification Of Earthing as per ISI
Sr. Capacity Size of earth wire Size Of Earth Electrode (Plate)

Cu GI Cu GI

1 01- 10 HP 8 SWG 8 SWG 60cmX60cmX3.18mm 60cmX60cmX6.35mm

2 10 – 15 HP 8 SWG 6 SWG 60cmX60cmX3.18mm 60cmX60cmX6.35mm

3 15 – 30 HP 6 SWG 4SWG 60cmX60cmX3.18mm 90cmX90cmX6.35mm

4 30 – 50 HP 4SWG 25mmX3 mm 90cmX90cmX6.35mm 90cmX90cmX6.35mm

Preventive Maintenance Of Earthing System

• Check half yearly in dry season

• Check for earth pit no
• Repair of damage/broken pit cover
• Tighten the earth connections
• Replace broken earth leads
• Corroded part change immediately
• Pass earth conductor through GI pipe
• Mandatory : bi-yearly and recorded
 Method used to reduce earth resistance

• Soldering/welding nuts and bolts

• By pouring water
• Increase in plate area
• By pouring salt and charcoal ,ratio 1:5
• Depth of plate
• Installation of parallel electrode
Typical Earthing In House Wiring