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Mobile Cloud Computing: A Green Perspective

Conference Paper · April 2021

DOI: 10.1007/978-981-33-6081-5_46

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Mobile Cloud Computing: A Green
Perspective

Atta-ur-Rahman, Sujata Dash, Munir Ahmad, and Tahir Iqbal

Abstract Green computing is a technology that focuses mostly on finding alternative

solutions (recycling) to protect the natural resources on earth like energy, etc. In
this matter, it can be observed that mobile computing technologies like mist, edge,
cloud, and fog computing can support this technology by providing services that
help in efficient utilization of resources and reducing energy consumption. In fact,
fog computing is an extended version of cloud computing, where data moves from
the mist and edge devices to the cloud, passing through the fog layer, which helps
in improving some cloud computing features, adding privacy, reduce latency, and
location awareness, since it is closer to the end user. As a result, cloud computing
can significantly reduce the utilization of resources, which helps in making the overall
computing process better and green. This paper aims to highlight the areas and the
extent to which the mist, edge, fog, and cloud computing technologies can support
the green technology and ways to increase this support.

Keywords Green computing · Fog · Edge · Mist · Cloud computing · Energy

1 Introduction

The revolution of digital technology and the Internet has been evolved in recent
years. It contributed significantly to facilitating and automating numerous ordinary,

Atta-ur-Rahman
Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Information Technology,
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
S. Dash (B)
Department of Computer Application, North Orissa University, Baripada, Odisha, India
e-mail: sujata238dash@[Link]
M. Ahmad
BIIT, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
T. Iqbal
Faculty of Software Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 523
S. K. Udgata et al. (eds.), Intelligent Systems, Lecture Notes in Networks
and Systems 185, [Link]
524 Atta-ur-Rahman et al.

routine, and complicated tasks in many important sectors of life, like communica-
tion, educations, health, business industries, and more. This affects the individuals,
nowadays, they are at least has used or/and owned a computer that connected to the
global network (Internet). As a result, the amount of consuming power and energies
to operate and use these computers has been increased significantly. Many compa-
nies are using unsafe and non-eco-friendly materials in the process of manufacturing
these computers to reduce the cost of production and increase their profit. Also,
some companies get rid of toxic chemicals—that produced due to the manufacturing
process directly in nature, resulting in serious problems that impact the environment.
These factors not only damage the nature and the living creatures, but it may also
cause serious diseases or even cause death. Due to the suffering of these impacts,
governments raise the awareness of manufacturing and using computers in a way
does not harm the environment and this brings the concept of green computing [1,
2]. Green computing is the study of designing, manufacturing, and using computers
in an eco-friendly way and the effective use of resources and energies with minimal
or zero impacts on the environment. The goal of green computing is to reduce the
production of factories waste, hazard materials, and power consumption, maximize
energy efficiency during the computer’s lifetime, and protect the environment and the
living creatures. The governmental agencies support this concept by implementing
standards and regulations to encourage cloud computing; as a result, many compa-
nies like Intel, Apple, Dell, and Google are starting to follow this concept lately [3].
For example, Intel company, the most popular company in manufacturing computer
processors, is used green energy like solar, wind, hydro, and biomass energy to power
its electric operation requirements in the manufacture, processing of processors, and
computer accessories. One of the wrong assumptions about the green computing
is that it costs companies more money than following the traditional ways; in fact,
applying the green computing concept does not always require replacing the old
operational machines or buy new ones [1]. There are a lot of tips can be followed to
green computing, like [4]: active the power saving option on the computer; ditch the
screen savers; use energy-efficient hardware, for example, low-energy consuming
processors; use mobile devices like laptops, tablets instead of desktop computers;
upgrade a component instead of buying a new one; go digital, e.g., download the
digital version of a game instead of disks, etc. In recent years, the use of green
computing has increased significantly, especially in data centers and networks. This
brings the fact that green computing has been contributed substantially to cloud and
fog computing. The mean of cloud and fog computing is that both are a network
of computers and servers that connected through the Internet. But the differences
between them are that cloud computing is a centralized system that consists of large
size of data centers, while fog computing is a distributed system that consists of
large numbers of small nodes [5]. There are several issues associated with cloud
computing. These issues are eventually contributing to one of the world’s environ-
mental issues like global warming. For example, it releases hazardous gases into the
environment while machines are up and running in order to keep the cloud service
available for users across the globe. Another issue that cloud computing has is that it
consumes a high amount of energy to run and operate those high-end data centers. To
Mobile Cloud Computing: A Green Perspective 525

tackle these issues, green computing is a potential candidate [2], which is described
in the next sections. This paper aims to highlight the areas where green technology
can be used to address the cited issues and make the mobile computing technologies
environment-friendly. Rest of the paper is organized as follows: Sect. 2 briefs mobile
and cloud computing, Sect. 3 highlights green computing technology, Sect. 4 narrates
edge, fog, and mist computing, Sect. 5 bridges technologies for green computing,
and Sect. 6 concludes the paper.

2 Mobile and Cloud Computing

The world has started from an era where all transactions such as work, storage, and
communication were manual. Nowadays, another era has started where all transac-
tions are fully digitalized. The previous era was time-consuming, difficult to handle,
and requires huge efforts. On the other hand, we started an era where we do a job,
store our files, and communicate with each other in faster and more efficient ways.
This was only possible with the introduction of high-end devices such as data servers
or cloud computing. These high-end devices release hazardous gases to the environ-
ment and consume a great amount of energy and power. This leads to the exhaustion
of resources used to generate that amount of power [6]. Cloud computing is the trend
as well as a great necessity in our lives today. Almost everyone on the planet most
commonly uses it. Any person who is accessing his emails or using social networking
apps and sites is making use of cloud computing by one way or the other. Cloud
computing is a service where hardware, software, operating systems, applications,
storage, and much more are shared based on the demand and accessed by means of
the Internet. Some of the features of cloud computing are scalability, cost-efficient,
customized workspace, quality of service, need-based service, virtualization, user-
friendly interface, etc. Cloud computing is a collection of various computers used by
end-users and connected to data storage like servers and data centers and commu-
nicated with each other through the Internet. It is divided into two layers, front and
back end, the front end consists of client’s computers, and the back end consists
of data storage and processing systems. It starts at the early of the 1950s and was
addressed back then by the “Time-Sharing System.” Also, it was introduced in 2002
by Amazon company, then several companies followed it like Google and Yahoo.
Cloud computing considers as an on-demand service, which means pay-as-you-go/
per-use [5]. Cloud computing provides three types of service models. The first model
is called the software as a service (SaaS), which gives access to cloud-based web
applications, for example, the online word processing. These applications run on a
cloud platform and a user accesses them by a web browser and does not require any
installations or downloads in the user’s computer. It can be limited access for free or
full access for a paid licensed subscription. The second model is called infrastructure
as a service (IaaS), which gives access to virtual computing infrastructure resources
over the cloud, like virtual-machine disk image library, block, and file-based storage,
526 Atta-ur-Rahman et al.

firewalls, etc., for example, Amazon Web Services. The third model is called plat-
form as a service (PaaS), which is a development platform for creating, test and
organize the different business applications, for example, the Google App Engine
[5]. Mobile cloud computing (MCC) is a combination of mobile devices, mobile
networks, and cloud computing. It refers to a model whereas both data storage and
data processing occur outside the mobile device. Mobile cloud computing main goal
is to make applications remotely accessible by mobile devices users. Examples of
applications of mobile cloud computing are YouTube, LinkedIn, and Google+ [7].
Through MCC, the users provided with services available on a cloud in the mobile
device. These services operate on mobile devices (smartphones and their variants)
for the users as if they were operating on conventional devices such as personal
computers or laptops. It is predicted that by 2025, each human being will own an
average of six mobile devices summing up to 50 billion more devices [8]. MCC has
supported mobile devices with serval features which enhanced its performance. MCC
has been tremendously evolving with the advent of new devices and user experiences.

3 Green Computing

With the recent development in technology, the number of systems has increased
significantly, which in turn increased the overall power and energy consumption.
The rate at which old devices and systems are getting obsolete is another area of
concern as this leads to the production of what is called e-waste. Due to these reasons,
green computing appeared. Green computing is like green chemistry. The objective
is to make the environment biologically bearable. The aim is to protect the environ-
ment of these high-end computing devices and systems by reducing carbon footprint
generated by such systems while saving their cost, e.g., carbon free computing,
solar computing, etc. There are different methods to diminish the impact of engi-
neering processes and developments on the environment. Some of these methods
are: Decreasing carbon emissions by increasing energy efficiency; decreasing elec-
tronic waste and material recycling; switching to means that reduce the influence on
the surrounding environment; cloud computing, virtualization, telecommunicating,
power management, etc. There are several approaches related to green computing,
such as: [9]
• Better data centers cooling methods: One of the ways to optimize the utilization
of the cooling systems aside from the efficiency of the cooling device is to place
the servers near to the cooling systems such that cold air focuses on the main site.
• Material Recycling: Recycling is the process of re-utilization of parts, which in
turn reduces the amount of waste generated. Recyclers have two types as formal
recyclers are those include companies authorized to perform recycling processes
and informal recyclers are those include normal people who lack the authority
from the government to perform recycling.
Mobile Cloud Computing: A Green Perspective 527

• Green data centers: The main aim of green data centers is to use sustainable energy
in order to protect the environment. The use of renewable energy sources such as
solar panels or wind turbines will ensure that the energy used does not generate
harmful gases to the environment.
• Correct disposal of waste: This means that any part, which cannot be recycled,
has to be disposed of correctly. By ensuring the correct disposal of those parts, it
is ensured that there will be no or minimum harm to the environment.
• Resourceful server allocation: In order to increase the effectiveness of our data
centers, we have to make use of efficient algorithms such that resources are prop-
erly assigned. This can be done in data servers by the assignment of servers to
execute processes depending on the speed of receiving and sending data [6].

4 Fog, Edge, and Mist Computing

The adoption of IoT has transformed industries such as telecom, healthcare, manu-
facturing, agriculture, and retail. And, IoT adoption is going to increase exponentially
as studies show that the number of IoT connections is expected to reach 3.5 billion by
2023 [10, 11]. However, many businesses that implement IoT use cloud computing
for storing, processing, and analyzing data. The utilization of cloud computing has
given rise to multiple challenges in areas such as latency, bandwidth, security, and
reliability. Hence, organizations need to look for an alternative to cloud computing.
Network architectures such as fog computing, edge computing, and mist computing
can be feasible solutions to cloud computing challenges. These network architec-
tures can work with low latency and minimal bandwidth requirements and offer
greater security for sensitive data. However, understanding the differences between
these network architectures can be immensely complicated. So, business leaders
must be informed about network architectures like fog computing, edge computing,
and mist computing and their use cases to implement these network architectures
to their maximum potential. As technologies are evolving rapidly, the demand for
better services is increasing which is best to be achieved by the utilization of avail-
able resources that leads us to cloud computing. Cloud computing has become the
leading technology; it is an innovative and high-performance solution that came to
solve some serious technical problems which were affecting mobility and availability
of services; also, it was space, energy, and cost-consuming [6]. Although it upgrades
the quality of many technology services out there, there is always more capabilities
to improve technology, and many smart ideas that could be implemented in this field,
which was the motivation to introduce the fog computing technology. Fog computing
is an architecture that extends services that the cloud provides to the edge devices,
by acting as a middle layer between the cloud and edge devices. Hence, it is also
called edge computing, because it works at the edge of the network [12–15]. Cisco
first introduced this term in 2012, and it is called fog computing because we use
it close to the ground services [9]. Like cloud computing, fog computing is a high
visualization service platform that all kinds of resources are combined into fog nodes
528 Atta-ur-Rahman et al.

to provide computation, storage, and networking services between end devices and
traditional cloud services, and that is why it helps in green computing [16].

4.1 Fog Computing

Fog computing works as a bridge between the devices (edge computing) to the core
computing structure of the cloud. The fog architecture can be described as a three-
tier network structure [16], where these tier correspond to: Tier 1: This is the bottom
layer, which contains all the Internet of things (IoT) devices (endpoint). Tier 2:
The fog layer contains devices, like access points, gateways, switches, and routers,
which are smart enough to process, compute, and store the received information
temporarily. These devices are connected to the cloud and are responsible for sending
data to the cloud periodically. Tier 3: The cloud layer consists of multiple high-
end servers and data centers that can process and store a massive amount of data.
The fog computing started to be used to overcome some of the cloud challenges
such as the dependency on the Internet which causing latency, limited bandwidth
which causing delays, security issues due to failing data protection mechanism and
requirement of high-speed Internet connectivity, etc. [17]. Since fog nodes are close
to the devices and data (local network); it has the features like real-time interaction;
geographically distributed; no bandwidth issues; lower operational costs; location
awareness; support for mobility; low delay jitters; privacy sensitive and provides
security to the cloud. Fog computing enables real-time data analysis, which can
make IoT applications work quicker. By processing data at fog nodes, businesses
can reduce the costs of storage and computing. Additionally, confidential data can
be secured as it can be stored at the fog node. Fog computing can also be used to
develop low latency networks between analytics endpoints and devices. Using such
networks can lead to reduced bandwidth requirement compared to cloud computing.
Also, fog computing can process larger volumes of data compared to edge computing
as it is capable of processing real-time requests. Fog computing is an extension of
cloud computing to handle issues that occur in edge computing, but it also has
some significant disadvantages like [18]: Privacy issues since fog computing are
wireless; security issues because it has many devices connected to the fog node in a
different gateway; energy consumption as there is a lot of fog nodes present in the fog
environment and this requires energy, etc. Fog computing is dependent on multiple
links for transferring data from the physical asset chain to the digital layer which can
be potential points of network failure. As an evolving technology that has a smart
idea behind it, this technology has contributed to powerful applications. Moreover,
fog computing technology has cleared the way for more upcoming applications that
require the support from this technology to be applied, as this technology works well
for applications that need to operate near the edge, or to connect distance separated
systems [19]. Some of the fog computing applications are: (i) Smart cities and smart
homes; smart grid that uses fog computing to deliver data from sensors to edge devices
in order to reflect changes and switch the energy source in energy management
Mobile Cloud Computing: A Green Perspective 529

systems. (ii) Wireless sensor and actuator network. (iii) Mobile healthcare systems,
as these types of systems need to deliver private data in a time-critical manner between
edges that separated by a distance. (iv) Connected/autopilot vehicles, where vehicles
interconnected or to the traffic light to manage vehicle movements to avoid a collision.
(v) Gaming and video streaming services have been improved by fog computing, such
as real-time processing, low latency, and mobility [20–22].

4.2 Edge Computing

Edge computing can be used for processing data directly on devices that have attached
sensors or gateway devices that are close to the sensors. Hence, edge computing can
enable devices to process data without relying on the cloud or fog. By processing data
closer to the edge, edge computing can enable devices to process data in near real
time. Hence, edge computing can reduce overhead at the centralized cloud [23]. Edge
computing can be used in connected homes to perform tasks like turning on the heater
or lights in near real time. Also, edge computing can simplify predictive maintenance
in organizations by sending instant alerts about possible defects in equipment. To
utilize edge computing for applications like these, business leaders need to analyze
various advantages and disadvantages of the network. Edge computing deals with
the devices or things layer and provides the primitive operations as well processing
required at a small scale relative to the cloud computing. Nonetheless, this data is
eventually sent to the cloud and data centers. Edge computing can simplify internal
communication by wiring physical assets to IoT devices for collecting and processing
crucial data. After processing the necessary data, IoT devices can determine which
data needs to be stored locally and which data needs to be sent to the cloud for analysis.
In this manner, sensitive data can be stored discretely at its source. Also, devices that
use edge computing can provide near real-time analytics that can help in optimizing
performance and increasing uptime. Edge computing is less scalable compared to
fog computing. Also, edge computing supports little interoperability, which might
make IoT devices incompatible with certain cloud services and operating systems.
Also, multiple tasks and operations performed by IoT devices and cloud cannot be
extended to an IT team. In addition to these disadvantages, edge computing does not
support resource pooling [24, 25].

4.3 Mist Computing

Mist computing is utilized at the extreme edge of a network which consists of micro-
controllers and sensors. By working at the extreme edge, mist computing can harvest
resources with the help of computation and communication capabilities available
on the sensor. Mist computing infrastructure uses microcontrollers and microcom-
puters to transfer data to fog computing nodes and eventually to the cloud. Using this
530 Atta-ur-Rahman et al.

network infrastructure, arbitrary computations can be processed and managed on the

sensor itself [26]. Mist computing can be incredibly useful for IoT in public trans-
portation as the devices may not be stationary and may only serve a singular purpose,
for instance, IoT sensors that notify commuters about the status of a bus. Along with
such use cases, business leaders also need to be informed about the pros and cons of
mist computing. Mist computing can enable local decision-making with the help of
microcontrollers and sensors. Mist computing can help in conserving bandwidth and
battery power as only essential data is transferred to the gateway, server, or router.
Additionally, mist computing enables utilization of data access control mechanisms
that can ensure data privacy at a local level. Microcomputers and sensors used in the
infrastructure of mist computing can only be used for lightweight data processing and
a narrow range of tasks. Hence, these devices can be used for limited applications.

4.4 Which Technology and Why?

Business leaders need to understand that selecting a suitable networking infrastruc-

ture will be dependent on its application. Specific computing architectures are useful
for a certain variety of IoT applications. To identify a suitable alternative, business
leaders can analyze the strengths and weaknesses of fog, edge, and mist computing.
Fog computing: Fog computing can be beneficial in applications that require real-time
data analysis for performing tasks instantly. Also, operations handled by devices in
fog computing can be managed by IT teams. Therefore, business leaders can use fog
computing for applications that require real-time data processing [27].
Edge computing: Edge computing can be utilized to secure sensitive data at the edge
of the network. However, as edge computing lacks support for interoperability, it
may not be compatible with a wide range of devices and networks. Hence, business
leaders can utilize edge computing in applications that need to offer near real-time
results and do not require interoperability.
Mist computing: The devices that use mist computing are compatible with fog
computing and cloud platforms. Also, mist computing allows sensors and microcon-
trollers to process data locally. Hence, business leaders can utilize mist computing
to perform singular tasks efficiently.

5 Mobile Computing Technologies with Green Computing

As more organizations and services are turning into cloud computing that leads to
saving a lot of resources. Cloud computing has noticeably affected in decreasing the
consumption of physical resources, space, energy, effort, and cost [28, 29] which
have raised the quality of life in general, making many tasks much easier than it was
Mobile Cloud Computing: A Green Perspective 531

before while saving the earth at the same time. Also, reduction in energy consumption
of 55% to 98% has been projected in [29]. Some of the reasons that make cloud and
fog computing a greener option [28]:
• Virtualization resources: In virtualizing resources, less physical equipment is
needed to complete a task which reduces the space needed for data centers and
reduces the need for electricity used to operate the equipment and, probably, the
whole working place that could be reserved for another use.
• Software automation: The organizations that operate their work on the cloud tend
to import the concept of “automation” which is converting tasks (either repetitive,
risky or energy and time-consuming tasks), into an automated process.
• Pay-per-use service: This option offered in most cloud services allows the users
to use just the amount of resources they need depending on their usage.
• Multi-tenancy: Multi-tenancy allows multiple organizations to benefit from the
services of another cloud-based infrastructure where organizations store their data
in a public, or even private cloud, as their preferences. This helps to eliminate the
need for an extra data warehouse for each organization, especially start-ups.
• Synchronization: The ability to sync data simultaneously between different cloud
platforms and reflect the changes into the organizations’ web applications auto-
matically has significantly cut the cost and efforts on the organizations that were
needed to achieve this task originally.
As a result, cloud and fog computing have a huge effect on supporting green
computing by relying on optimum resource utilization, reducing energy consump-
tion, and consequently minimizing harm to the environment. Table 1 shows the
avenues where green technology can play a significant role in MCC paradigm.

6 Conclusion

This paper narrates the green computing technology, which is an eco-friendly way
to reduce the production of factories waste, hazard materials, and power consump-
tion (e-waste) during the computer lifetime to protect the environment. It further
demonstrates that how mobile computing technologies like IoT, fog, mist, edge,
and cloud computing can be made green because it involves several devices and
energy requirements with e-waste. It is also concluded that these mobile and cloud
computing (MCC) technologies at different level can be optimize for sake energy
efficiency. Further, practices, research issues, and challenges of greening various
types of computing technologies, which extends services to MCC, are summarized.
532 Atta-ur-Rahman et al.

Table 1 Greening MCC paradigm with challenges and issues

Technology Greening, research challenges, and issues
Cloud computing Renewable energy has a higher cost than conventional grid energy. Hence,
incorporating green measures with cost-efficient business operations is a
challenging task in data centers
Mobile computing Estimation inaccuracy due to low accuracy of fuel gauge sensors within
smartphone batteries
Large memory footprints of the applications
Internet of things Green IoT architectures, green infrastructure, green spectrum management,
green communication and green security and quality of service (QoS)
provisioning [30, 31]
RFID Small sized RFID tag since they are difficult to recycle (reduction in
non-degradable material) communication algorithms and protocols that
support energy efficiency
WSN Sleep mode activation during sensor idle time, wireless charging
mechanisms that harvest environmental mechanisms, efficient protocols for
routing and scheduling, energy harvesting
M2M comm Adaptive communication, efficient protocols for routing and scheduling,
energy harvesting
Big data analytics Green Hadoop, estimation, and calculation of energy consumption for big
data analytics is challenging
Networking Efficient protocols for routing, medium access, hand-off, adaptive link
technologies [31, 32]

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