Mount Carmel College of Escalante, Inc.

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COLLEGE DEPARTMENT
Second Semester
Academic Year 2023-2024

M103 - Plane and Solid Geometry

Quadrilateral
Definition:
 A quadrilateral is a flat geometric shape having four straight sides and four vertices. It is a type of
polygon.
 The word ‘quadrilateral’ is derived from the Latin words ‘quadri’, meaning ‘four’, and ‘latus’,
meaning ‘side’.

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 Has four straight sides; if ABCD is a quadrilateral, AB, BC, CD, and DA are the four sides\

 Has four vertices creating four angles; points A, B, C and D are the four vertices creating angles
∠ABC, ∠BCD, ∠CDA, and ∠DAB

 All four interior angles add up to 360°; so ∠ABC+ ∠BCD + ∠CDA + ∠DAB = 360° (Angle
sum Property of Quadrilateral)

Example: In a quadrilateral ABCD, find ∠BCD, if ∠ABC = 80°, ∠CDA = 110°, and ∠DAB =
100°.

Solution:
As we know,
In quadrilateral ABCD, ∠ABC+ ∠BCD + ∠CDA + ∠DAB = 360°, here ∠ABC = 80°, ∠CDA =
110°, and ∠DAB = 100°

80° + ∠BCD +110° + 100° = 360°

∠BCD = 360°- (80° + 110° + 100°)
∠BCD = 360° – 290°
∠BCD = 70°

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Types of Quadrilaterals

There are special types of quadrilateral:

The Parallelogram

 A parallelogram has opposite sides parallel and equal in length. Also opposite angles are equal
(angles "A" are the same, and angles "B" are the same).
 NOTE: Squares, Rectangles and Rhombuses are all Parallelograms!

Example:

A parallelogram with:

 all sides equal and

 angles "A" and "B" as right angles

is a square!

The Rectangle

the little squares in each corner mean "right angle"

 A rectangle is a four-sided shape where every angle is a right angle (90°).

 Also opposite sides are parallel and of equal length.

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The Rhombus

 A rhombus is a four-sided shape where all sides have equal length (marked "s")
 Also opposite sides are parallel and opposite angles are equal.
 Another interesting thing is that the diagonals (dashed lines) meet in the middle at a right angle. In
other words they "bisect" (cut in half) each other at right angles.
 A rhombus is sometimes called a rhomb or a diamond.

The Square

the little squares in each corner mean "right angle"

 A square has equal sides (marked "s") and every angle is a right angle (90°)
 Also opposite sides are parallel.
 A square also fits the definition of a rectangle (all angles are 90°), and a rhombus (all sides are
equal length).

The Trapezoid (UK: Trapezium)

Trapezoid Isosceles Trapezoid

 A trapezoid (called a trapezium in the UK) has a pair of opposite sides parallel.
 And a trapezium (called a trapezoid in the UK) is a quadrilateral with NO parallel sides:

Trapezoid Trapezium
In the US: a pair of parallel sides NO parallel sides

In the UK: NO parallel sides a pair of parallel sides

(the US and UK definitions are swapped over!)

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An Isosceles trapezoid, as shown above, has left and right sides of equal length that join to the base at
equal angles.

The Kite

Hey, it looks like a kite (usually).

 It has two pairs of sides:

Each pair is made of two equal-length sides that join up.

Also:

 the angles where the two pairs meet are equal.

 the diagonals, shown as dashed lines above, meet at a right angle.
 one of the diagonals bisects (cuts equally in half) the other.

... and that's it for the special quadrilaterals.

Irregular Quadrilaterals

 The only regular (all sides equal and all angles equal) quadrilateral is a square. So all other
quadrilaterals are irregular.

Complex Quadrilaterals

Oh Yes! when two sides cross over, we call it a "Complex" or "Self-Intersecting" quadrilateral, like
these:

They still have 4 sides, but two sides cross over.

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Polygon

A quadrilateral is a polygon. In fact it is a 4-sided polygon, just like a triangle is a 3-sided polygon, a
pentagon is a 5-sided polygon, and so on.

Other Names

A quadrilateral can sometimes be called:

 a Quadrangle ("four angles"), so it sounds like "triangle"

 a Tetragon ("four polygon"), so it sounds like "pentagon", "hexagon", etc.

Others Ways of Classifying Quadrilaterals

1) Based on Angles
a) Convex Quadrilateral
It is a type of quadrilateral with all its interior angles measuring less than 180°. A convex quadrilateral
has both its diagonals inside the closed figure.
Square, rectangle, rhombus, and trapezoid are examples of a convex quadrilateral.
b) Concave Quadrilateral
It is a type of quadrilateral with at least one of its interior angles measuring greater than 180°. A concave
quadrilateral has one of its diagonals outside the closed figure.
Dart or arrowhead is an example of concave quadrilateral.

2) Based on Side Lengths

a) Regular Quadrilateral
It is a type of quadrilateral with four sides of equal length and four angles of equal measure.
Square is the only regular quadrilateral.
b) Irregular Quadrilateral
It is a type of quadrilateral having one or more sides of unequal length and one or more angles of
unequal measure.
Trapezoid and Kite are examples of irregular quadrilateral.

3) Based on the Presence of Intersecting Sides

a) Simple Quadrilateral
It is a type of quadrilateral with no self-intersecting sides. It can be either convex or concave.
Square, rectangle, and dart are some examples of simple quadrilateral.
b) Complex Quadrilateral
Also known as a crossed quadrilateral, it is a type of quadrilateral having self-intersecting sides. A
complex quadrilateral is also known as a crossed quadrilateral, bow-tie quadrilateral, or butterfly
quadrilateral.
Crossed trapezoid, crossed-square, and crossed-rectangle are some examples of complex quadrilateral.

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Real Life Examples
 Rectangle-shaped objects – Books, tabletops, mobile phones, and TV screens.
 Square-shaped objects – Chessboard, wall clock, and a slice of bread.
 Parallelogram-shaped objects – Street and traffic sign, the structures on the neck of a guitar, and
the United States Postal Service logo.
 Rhombus-shaped objects – Section of a baseball field, mirrors, earrings, and rings.
 Trapezoid-shaped objects – Handbags, popcorn tins, guitar-like dulcimer, and truss bridge
supports.
 Kite-shaped objects – A flying kite, wall hanging, and earrings.

Solved Examples on Quadrilateral

Example 1. Find the missing angle in the given quadrilateral.

Solution:

We know that the sum of all the angles of a quadrilateral is 360°.

Hence, we can write it as follows:

x + 77° + 101° + 67° = 360°

x + 245° = 360°

x = 360° – 245°

Therefore, x = 115°

Example 2: What will be the perimeter of a quadrilateral with sides 6 cm, 8 cm, 10 cm, and 12 cm?

Solution:

Given, the sides of a quadrilateral are 6 cm, 8 cm, 10 cm, and 12 cm.

Therefore, perimeter of quadrilateral is:

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P = 6 cm + 8 cm + 10 cm + 12 cm = 36 cm

Example 3: If the area of a rhombus is 60 square units and its height is 6 units, what will be the
value of its base?

Solution:

In the above example, it is given that –

Area of the Rhombus = 60 square units

Height of the Rhombus = 6 units

Area of rhombus = Base x Height

60 = Base x 6

Base = 60/6 = 10 units

Classification and Properties of Parallelograms

What are parallelograms?

Parallelograms are quadrilaterals with opposite sides being parallel to each other.
Parallelograms have other unique properties.

Properties of a Parallelogram

★ Two pairs of opposite congruent sides

 Side AB and Side DC are congruent
 Side AD and Side BC are congruent
★ Two pairs of opposite congruent angles
 Angle A and Angle C are congruent
 Angle D and Angle B are congruent
★ Diagonals bisect each other
 Line segment BD
 Line segment AC

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★ Adjacent angles are supplementary meaning they sum to 180∘

 angle A + angle B=180∘
 angle A + angle D=180∘
 angle C + angle B=180∘
 angle C + angle D=180∘
★ One diagonal divides the parallelogram into two congruent triangles
 Triangle ABC is congruent to triangle CDA
 Triangle DAB is congruent to triangle BCD

Parallelograms also have diagonals. Diagonals are line segments that connect opposite vertices. For
example, in the diagram above, line segments AC and BD are diagonals.

There are three types of special parallelograms.

Name Shape Attributes

● Four right angles

Rectangle
● Congruent diagonals

● Four congruent sides

Rhombus
● Perpendicular diagonals

● Four right angles

● Congruent diagonals
Square
● Four congruent sides
● Perpendicular diagonals

To help understand how the parallelograms relate to one another, you can use a Venn diagram.

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Solved Examples On Parallelogram

1. In the figure below, ABCD is a parallelogram where ∠DAB = 75° and ∠CBD = 60°. Calculate
∠BDC.

Solution:

As we know, the opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal. Therefore, ∠DCB = ∠DAB = 75°.

We also know that the sum of the angles of a triangle is 180°. Now, consider

∆ BCD. Here, ∠BDC + ∠DCB + ∠CBD = 180°

We know that ∠DCB = ∠DAB = 75°. Therefore,

∠BDC + ∠DCB + ∠CBD = 180°

⇒ ∠BDC + 75° + 60° = 180°

⇒ ∠BDC + 135° = 180°

⇒ ∠BDC = 180° – 135° = 45°

Therefore, ∠BDC = 45°

2. In a parallelogram ABCD, if ∠A=60, find the measure of ∠D?​

Solution:

We know that,

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Sum of consecutive (adjacent) angles of parallelogram is 180∘ .

∠A+∠D=180∘

60+∠D=180∘

∠D=180∘ − 60∘

∠D=120∘

3. Two adjacent angles of a parallelogram are in the ratio 2:3. Find the measure of the angles.

Solution:

Let the angles be 2x and 3x.

We know that the adjacent angles in a parallelogram are supplementary.

Thus,

2x+3x=180

5x=180

x=36

Now, 2x=2×36=72

and 3x=3×36=108

Thus, the measure of the angles is 72∘ and 108∘ .

4. In the given figure, ABCD is a parallelogram in which ∠A=70∘ . Find the measure of each of the
angles.

Solution:

It is given that ABCD is a parallelogram in which ∠A=70∘ .

In a parallelogram, opposite angles are congruent.

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Thus, ∠C=70∘

Since the sum of any two adjacent angles of a parallelogram is 180°,

∠A+∠B=180∘

70∘ +∠B=180∘

∠B=(180∘ −70∘ )=110∘

Angles B and D are opposite angles in a parallelogram.

∠D=∠B=110∘

Therefore, ∠B=110∘ ,∠C=70∘ and ∠D=110∘ .

5. Two consecutive angles of a parallelogram are (x+60)∘ and (2x+30)∘ . Find the measure of the two
angles and write the type of parallelogram.

Solution:

We know that the consecutive interior angles of a parallelogram are supplementary.

∴(x+60)∘ +(2x+30)∘ =180∘

3x∘ +90∘ =180∘

3x∘ =180∘ −90∘

3x∘ =90∘

x∘ =30∘

Thus, two consecutive angles are (30+60)∘ =90∘ and 2(30)∘ +30∘ =90∘

We know that, if in a parallelogram one angle is 90 degrees, then all other angles are also 90 degrees.

Hence, the name of the given parallelogram is a rectangle with four right angles.

6. In the parallelogram ABCD given below, find ∠A,∠B,∠C, and ∠D.

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Solution:

In a parallelogram, adjacent angles are supplementary.

In the above parallelogram, ∠A and ∠B are adjacent angles.

x+2x=180∘

3x=180∘

x=60∘

The measure of angle ∠A is

=x

=60∘

The measure of angle ∠B is

=2x

=2×60∘

=120∘

According to the properties of parallelogram, the opposite angles are congruent.

∠C=∠A

Thus, ∠C=60∘

Also, ∠B=∠D

Thus, ∠D=120∘

Hence, the measures of ∠A,∠B,∠C and ∠D are 60∘ ,120∘ ,60∘ and 120∘ respectively.

Classification and Properties of Trapezoid

What is a Trapezoid?
A trapezoid is a polygon that has only one pair of parallel sides. These parallel sides are also called
parallel bases of trapezoid. The other two sides of trapezoids are non-parallel and called legs of
trapezoids.

Types of Trapezoids
Trapezoids can be broadly classified into three groups-

 Right Trapezoids

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 Isosceles Trapezoids
 Scalene Trapezoids

Right Trapezoids
A Right trapezoid is a trapezoid that has a pair of right angles, adjacent to each other. It is used while
evaluating the area under the curve, under that trapezoidal rule.

Isosceles Trapezoids
If the non-parallel sides, or we can say, the legs of a trapezoid are equal in length, it is known as an
Isosceles trapezoid.

Scalene Trapezoids
When neither the sides nor the angles of a trapezium are equal, we call it a Scalene trapezoid.

Properties of Trapezoids
There are certain properties of trapezoids that identify them as trapezoids:

 The base angles and the diagonals of an isosceles trapezoid are equal.

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 If you draw a median on a trapezoid, it will be parallel to the bases and its length will be the
average of the length of the bases.
 The intersection point of the diagonals is collinear to the midpoints of the two opposite sides.
 If there is a trapezoid with sides a, b, c and d and diagonals p and q, the following equation will
be true: �� + �� = �� + �� + ���
 The center of the area that is present through the line segment connecting the midpoints of the
sides that are parallel, at a perpendicular distance x from the side that is larger named b is given
by:

h 2a + b
x=
3 a+b
�+2�
 It divides the segment in the ratio 2�+�
 If the bisectors of the angles A and B bisect at P and the bisectors of the angles C and D bisect at
AD+BC−AB−CD
Q, then PQ = 2

Solved Examples on Trapezoids

Example 1: Find the area of a trapezoid with bases of 3 meters and 5 meters and a height of 4
meters.
Solution:
We know that the area of a Trapezoid is 1/2 (a+b) × h
Area = (3+5)/2 × 4 (m2)
Area = 16 m2

Example 2: A trapezoid has four sides measuring 3m, 5m, 7m and 4m. Find its perimeter.
Solution:
We know that Perimeter is given by Sum of all the sides.
Therefore, Perimeter = 3+5+7+4 = 19 m

Example 3: Is a parallelogram also a trapezoid?

Solution: No, a trapezoid is not a parallelogram.
As per definition:
Parallelogram has two pairs of parallel sides, while Trapezoid has Exactly two parallel sides.

Example 4: What is the area of a trapezium with the parallel side lengths 10 and 12 cm and the
distance between them is 4 centimeters?
Answer: By the formula we know that;
Area of trapezoid = 1/2 × (sum of the parallel sides) × (Distance between the parallel sides)
= 1/2 × (10 + 12) × 4
= 1/2 × 22 × 4
= 11 × 4
= 44 cm2

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Example 5: Given the area of a trapezium to be 440 square centimeters. The parallel side lengths
are 30 and 14 centimeters. What is the distance between them?
Answer: Assume the distance between them to be h cm.
Since,
Area of trapezoid = 1/2 × (sum of the parallel sides) × (Distance between the parallel sides)
440 = 1/2 × (30 + 14) × h
h = (440 × 2)/44 cm
h = 10 × 2 cm
h = 20 cm

Example 6: The area of a trapezium is given to be 480 square meters. The height is 15 meters and
the value of one of the sides is 20 meters. What is the value of the other side?
Solution: By the formula, we know;
Area of trapezoid = 1/2 × (sum of the parallel sides) × (Distance between the parallel sides)
480 = 1/2 × (side 1 + side 2) × 15
480 = 1/2 × (20 + side 2) × 15
20 + side 2 = (480 × 2)/15
20 + side 2 = 32 × 2
20 + side 2 = 64
side 2 = 44 cm

References:
Quadrilateral – Definition, Properties, Types, Formulas, Examples ([Link])
Quadrilaterals - Square, Rectangle, Rhombus, Trapezoid, Parallelogram
([Link])
What is Quadrilateral? Definition, Properties, Types, Examples ([Link])
Parallelogram - Definition, Types, Properties, Shapes, Examples ([Link])
Parallelogram - Math Steps, Examples, Properties & Questions ([Link])
Trapezoids - Definition, Shape, Area, Formulas, Properties and Examples ([Link])

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