MYSQL
A Database is an organized collection of structured
information, or data, typically stored electronically in a
computer system. A database is usually controlled by
a database management system (DBMS). ...
Most databases use structured query language (SQL) for
writing and querying data.
A Database is a data structure that stores organized
information. ... For example, a company database may
include tables for products, employees, and financial
records. Each of these tables would have different fields that
are relevant to the information stored in the table.
NEED OF DATABASE :
Database makes complex memory management easy to
handle .In filee systems ,files are indexed in place of objects.
It increase organizational accessibility of data which in trurn
helps the end user share data quickly and effectively.
RDBMS – RELATIONAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM it provide excellent feature for creating
,storing,maintain and accessing data stored in the form of
database.
MYSQL
SQL IS A STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE FOR ACCESSING AND
MANIPULATING RELATIONAL DATABASE.
FEATURES OF SQL –
PORTABILITY,SECURITY,CONNECTIVITY,QUERY LANGUAGE
ADVANTAGE OF SQL – HIGH SPEED,NO CODING,DEFINED
STANDARDS,PORTABILITY,INTERACTIVE LANGUAGE,MULTIPLE
DATA VIEW.
BASIC TERMINOLOGIES
Entity – It becomes the name of the table
Relation- A table is a collection of logically related entity.
Tuples , Cardinality – Row of the table(Alternate name)
Degree,Attributes –Column of the table(Alternate name)
Domain – It define the kind of data represented by the attributes.
CONSTRAINTS:
NOT NULL: Ensure column cannot contain null values.
UNIQUE : Ensure all values in column are different.
PRIMARY KEY :uniquely identify each row.
CANDIDATE KEY : It has capable to become primary key.
ALTERNATE KEY : Apart from primary key other column is know as alternate
key.
CHECK: All column satisfy the specific condition
DEFAULT : Set Default value for all column.
INDEX : Used to create and retrieve data from database.
EXAMPLE :
Create table students(Id int NOT NULL,Name PRIMARY KEY,city varchar
default(Delhi));
DATA TYPES
INTEGER – only NUMBER…..Ex : INT(10) …. 12,56,78
CHAR – only letters(a-z)…. Ex: CHAR(20) …“RAM”
DECIMAL – DECIMALNUMBER…EX : DECIMAL(10)…
20.3,78.2
VARCHAR – Number and letters… Ex : VARCHAR(25)
…”12A01”
DATE AND TIME – DATE… Ex : DATE…“2021-11-19”
CLASSIFICATION OF SQL
SQL STATEMENT
DATA DEFINITION DATA MANIPULATION
DATA CONTROL
LANGUAGE (DDL) LANGUAGE (DML)
LANGUAGE(DCL)
CREATE INSERT
ALTER UPDATE
DROP DELETE
SQL COMMANDS
DATABASE :Create database school;
ACCESS :Use school;
SHOW ENTIRE DATABASE : show databases;
TABLE CREATING : Create table students( ID int(20),Rollno
varchar(20),Name char(25),Gender char(25),DOB DATE,marks
decimal(20));
DESCRIBE THE DATATYPES :Desc students;
INSERT NEW ROWS :Insert into students
values(1,”12A01”,”swathi”,”female”,”2000-10-02”,89.6);
Insert into students values(2,”12B02”,”Reena”,”female”,”2000-09-
04”,78.9);
Insert into students values(3,”12C03”,”Ram”,”male”,”2000-07-01”,82);
Insert into students values(4,”12D04”,”Sam”,”male”,”2000-02-17”,67);
Insert into students values(5,”12E05”,”mehra patel”,”male”,”2000-03-
18”,56);
TO VIEW THE ENTIRE OUTPUT:Select * from students;
TO VIEW SINGLE ROW :Select * from students where ID=1;
UPDATE SINGLE DATE FROM TABLE :Update students set Name
=”veena” where ID=2;
DELETE SINGLE DATE FROM TABLE :Delete from students where
Rollno=”12A01”;
ADD NEW COLUMN IN THE TABLE :Alter table students add marks
decimal(25);
RENAME THE COLUMN NAMEIN THE TABLE :Alter table students
change marks total decimal(25);
DELETE THE COLUMN IN THE TABLE :Alter table students drop
marks decimal(25);
TO DELTE REPEATING DATA FROM THE TABLE:Select Distinct
gender from students;
AND OPERATOR :Select * from students where marks>80 and
gender=”m”;
OR OPERATOR :Select Name,Gender from students where
Gender=”female” or Gender=”male”;
NOT OPERATOR :Select * from students where not Gender=”male”;
SORT THE COLUMN IN ASCENDING ORDER:Select * from students
order by name asc;
SORT THE COLUMN IN DESCENDING ORDER Select * from
students order by name desc;
LIKE OPEARTOR ( TO FETCH ENDING LETTER IN THE
COLUMN) :Select Name,Gender from student where name like “%m”;
LIKE OPEARTOR ( TO FETCH STARTING LETTER IN THE
COLUMN)Select Name,Gender from student where name like “s%”;
LIKE OPEARTOR ( TO FETCH SINGLE WORD IN THE
COLUMN)Select Name,Gender from student where name like “%patel%”;
BETWEEN OPEARTOR :Select Name ,Gender from students where
marks between 56 and 88;
IN OPEARTORSelect Name ,Gender from students where marks IN(56,
88);
AGGREGATE FUNCTION
SUM :
Select sum (marks) from students;
MAX :
Select max(marks) from students;
MIN:
Select min(marks) from students;
AVERAGE:
Select avg (marks) from students;
COUNT:
Select count (marks) from students;
COUNT(*):
Select count (distinct (marks)) from students;
GROUP BY HAVING CLAUSE:
Select marks,ID from students group by marks having min(marks>67);
JOINS
Example Table:
TABLE :STUDENT
ROLLNO NAME TABLE :FEES
1 Reena ROLLNO NAME
2 Jaya 4 4500
3 Teena 2 5500
3 5000
4 Diksha
1 8777
EQUIJOIN :Select A. ROLLNO,NAME,FEES from STUDENTS A,FEES B
where A. ROLLNO =B. ROLLNO;
OUTERJOIN : Select A. ROLLNO,NAME,FEES from STUDENTS A,FEES
B where A. ROLLNO =B.ROLLNO order by A.ROLLNO DESC;
INNERJOIN : Select A. ROLLNO,NAME,FEES from STUDENTS A,FEES B
where A. ROLLNO =B.ROLLNO order by A.ROLLNO;
CARTESIAN JOINS : Select Name,gname from students,games
