Chapter 03 EE331 Power Electronics Lecture Uncontrolled Rectifiers

3.6. Half Wave Diode Rectifier With R-L Load

A single phase diode rectifier feeding R-L load is shown in figure (3.9) and its output
waveform is shown in figure(3.10). Current Il continues to flow even after source voltage
Vsbecome negative. This is because of the presence of an inductive load. After a positive half
cycle of the source voltage, the diode still remains on. So, negative half cycle source voltage
appears across the load until the load current decays to zero at ( t= ).

Fig. 3.9 Single-Phase Full Bridge Diode Rectifier

With RL Load

When I0= 0 at t = ; VL = 0, V R = 0 and VS appears Fig. 3.10 waveforms

as reverse bias across diode D.
At , diode voltage VD jumps from 0 to VM sin where > .
Here = is the conduction angle of the diode.( defines the conduction duration of the
diode).

Expression for Vdc can be calculated as:

Vm Vm
Vdc sin td t (1 cos ) (3.15)
2 0 2
Expression for Vrms can be calculated as:

1 Vm
Vrms (Vm sin t ) 2 dwt 0.5(1 sin( 2 ) (3.16)
2 0 2
Current in the circuit is governed by
KVL: vs= vr+vL
( )
sin( )= ( ) + (3.17)

First order differential eqn. solution:

( )= ( )+ ( ) (3.18)
if : Forced response; in natural response.

The forced response is: ( )= . sin ( ) (3.19)

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Chapter 03 EE331 Power Electronics Lecture Uncontrolled Rectifiers

where: = +( ) and = tan ( )

Natural response is when source=0,

( )
( ) + =0

which results in:

( )= ; =
Hence

( )= ( )+ ( )= . sin( )+ (3.20)

A can be solved by realising inductor current is zero before the diode starts conducting, i.e:

(0) = . sin( )+ = . sin( )

= . sin( ) (3.21)

Therefore, the output current is given as: t

Vm tan
i( t ) sin t sin e
Z
for 0 (3.22)
The extinction angle can be found from:

Vm tan
i( ) sin sin e 0
Z (3.23)
The average output DC current is:

= ( ) = ( ) (3.24)

the RMS current is:

= ( ) = ( ) (3.25)

Power Calculation: Power absorbed by the load is: =( ) .

Power factor is computed from definition:

= (3.26)

Where; P is the real power supplied by the source and S is the apparent power supplied by the
source, i.e: = , .( )

=
, .( )

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Chapter 03 EE331 Power Electronics Lecture Uncontrolled Rectifiers

3.7. Half Wave Diode Rectifier With RL Load and freewheeling diode
The performance of single phase half wave rectifier with inductive load can be improved
by connecting a free wheeling diode across the load. The output voltage is Vs from 0 to .
The source voltage is zero at t= , but i0 will not be zero at that point due to the inductive
load. Just after t= , the source voltage will be reversed in its polarity, the diode Dm gets
forward biased. As a result, i0 is immediately transferred from Diode D1 to Diode Dm .And the
energy stored in the inductive load is supplied to the resistive load and it slowly decays. In the
case of highly inductive load, the i0 can't fall to zero till degree and such case are called as
continuous conduction. If i0 falls before degree, then such a case is known as
discontinuous conduction.

Fig. 3.9 Single-Phase HWR Rectifier With RL load

and freewheeling diode

Average output voltage is

1 Vm
Vdc Vm sin t d t (3.27)
2 0

Vdc Vm
The average output current is I dc (3.28)
R R
3.8 single phase half wave rectifier with RC load

Example3:

A half-wave rectifier has a 120V rms source at 60Hz. The load is R=500 Ohm, C=100uF. Assume
and are calculated as 48 and 93 degrees respectively. Determine (a) Expression for output voltage (b)
peak-to peak ripple (c) capacitor current (d) peak diode current.

Fig.exp3 half-wave rectifier with capacitive filter

Solution: = 120 2 = 169.7 ; = 93° = 1.62 ; = 48° = 0.843

= 169.7 sin(1.62 ) = 169.5 ;

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Chapter 03 EE331 Power Electronics Lecture Uncontrolled Rectifiers

(a) Output voltage:

sin( ) = 169.7 sin( ) ( )

( )= (3.29)
sin . ( )

169.7 sin( ) ( )
= ( . )
169.5 ( . ) ( )

(b) Ripple Voltage:

Using: =

= sin(2 + ) = = 43

= (3.30)

169.7
= = = 56.7
60 × 500 × 100

(c) Capacitor current:

cos( ) ( )
( )= ( ) (3.31)
. ( )

6.4 cos( ) ( )
= .
0.339. . ( )

(b) Peak diode current: . = + (3.32)

169.7 sin(1.62 )
= (2 × × 60)(100 )169.7 cos(0.843 )+
500

= (4.26 + 0.34) = 4.50

3.9. Full Bridge Single-phase Diode Rectifier with RL Load Current

With a resistive load, the load current is identical in shape to the load voltage. In
practical applications, most loads are inductive. The load current shape and magnitude depend
on both the load resistance R and inductance L.

Fig.3.10 Circuit diagram [Link]

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Chapter 03 EE331 Power Electronics Lecture Uncontrolled Rectifiers

Fig.3.12 phase bridge rectifier with very large inductive load

3.10. Full Bridge Single-phase Diode Rectifier with RLE Load

The circuit has four SCRs. For this circuit, Vs is a sinusoidal voltage source. The load is
assumed to be of R-L-E type, where E is the load circuit EMF. This voltage may be a battery
or maybe the back emf of a DC motor.

Fig.3. 1 FWR with RLE load

Continuous Load Current

The expression of the ouput current is fuond from;

d i0
L R i0 E 2 V s sin t
dt
i0 0
S o lu tio n
R
2V s L
t E
i0 sin ( t ) A1 e
Z R
1
Z R2 ( L)2 2

1 L
ta n
R

R
2V s L
t E
i0 s in ( t ) A1 e
Z R

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 Chapter 03 EE331 Power Electronics Lecture Uncontrolled Rectifiers

• Determine A1 from the condition

– At t= , i0 = I0

R
E 2Vs L
A1 I0 sin e
R Z
R
2Vs E 2Vs L
t E
i0 sin t I0 sin e
Z R Z R
i0 ( t 0) i0 ( t ) I0
R
L
2Vs 1 e E
I0 sin R
I0 0
Z L
R
1 e
After Substitution and Simplification

R
2Vs 2 L
t E
i0 sin( t ) sin e
Z R
R (3.33)
L
1 e
0 t
i0 0
1
RMS and Average Diode Currents 2
1 2
Ir i d (
0 t) (3.34)
2 0

1 (3.35)
RMS Output Current Id i0 d ( t)
21 0

I rms I r2 I r2 2 2Ir (3.36)

Exemple 4: If a single-phase bridge rectifier supplies a very high inductive load such as a dc motor as
it is shown in the figure bellow. The turns ratio of the transformer is unity. Determine a) the HF of the
input current, and b) the input PF of the rectifier.

Fig.ex4 single-phase bridge rectifier supplies a very high inductive load

Solution:

Note the output (load) current is constant and ripple free due to the highly inductive load

Using Fourier series, the input current is can be analyzed as

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Chapter 03 EE331 Power Electronics Lecture Uncontrolled Rectifiers

( )= + ( + )
, , …..

1
= ( ) ( )=0
2

1
= ( )=0

1 4
= ( ) ( )=

4 3 5
( )= + +
1 3 5
Therefore, the rms value of the input current is

4 1 1
= 1+ + . =
2 3 5

Therefore, the rms value of the fundamental component of the input current is
4
= = 0.9
2
Therefore, the harmonic factor is 2

2 2
IS Ia 2
THD ( I s ( t )) 1 1 1 48 . 34 %
I S1 4 Ia 4
2

Since =0, the displacement factor is DF=1

Therefore, the input power factor Pf= Is1cos /Is=0.9 lagging

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