SUSTAINABLE MANUFACTURING
MF F485 (II SEM, 2022-2023)
Lecture 4
R. S. Vidyarthy
PhD (IIT R)
Assistant Professor
BITS Pilani Mechanical Engineering Department
Hyderabad Campus BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, India
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Triple bottom line of
sustainability
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
4Rs of sustainability
1. Refuse: choose to refuse wasteful and polluting
products. Around 20-25% of food waste relates to its
packaging.
2. Reduce: Limit the amount of waste you create in the
first place. This includes buying products with less
packaging and choosing the most sustainable options.
3. Reuse: Reducing waste is about more than just
reducing what you purchase. It is about considering
what you can reuse. This means not putting it in the
waste but using it for another purpose.
4. Recycle: recycling items is the final option and the final
R as we look at the importance of the 4Rs.
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
The United Nations Sustainable
Development Goals at a glance
(image source http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-
development-goals)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xVWHuJOmaEk&t=485s&ab_cha
nnel=UnitedNations
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Common focuses within the world of
sustainable engineering include
• Food production and preservation
• Housing and shelter
• Waste disposal and management
• Pollution reduction
• Water supplies
• Energy development and consumption
• Transportation
• Restoring natural resource environments
• Improvements in industrial processes
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Sustainable engineering
Sustainable engineering is the science of applying the
principles of engineering and design in a manner that
fosters positive social and economic development while
minimizing environmental impact.
This is largely accomplished through efforts to redesign
and retrofit existing systems based on an analysis of
current operations, production quality, and the functional
deficiencies that may potentially hinder these processes.
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Drivers of SM
❖ Financial/other ❖ Dedication and synergy
promotional offers and among manufacturers
supporting aspects ❖ Effects from supply chain
❖ Govt. agencies pressure ❖ Monetary benefits
❖ Expected future law and ❖ Competition and
rulings benchmarking
❖ At present law and rulings ❖ Expected demand from
❖ Industrial resources market.
❖ Technological resources
❖ Perception of public
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Barriers of SM
❖ Indefinite return on ❖ Perplexity in technology
investments ❖ Major initial expenditure
❖ Less enforcement by ❖ Interposing factors
public for betterment ❖ Inadequate market
❖ Less effective law and demand
rulings ❖ Unfamiliarity about system
❖ Ineffective legislation ❖ Less interest toward
❖ Ambiguity of future laws sustainability.
and rulings
❖ Lesser industrial resources
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Case study: Drivers and Barriers in Sustainable Manufacturing
Implementation in Malaysian Manufacturing Firms by Nordin e. al. 2015
General Background of Respondents
and Companies
General background of the respondents (n=56)
General background of the
companies (n=56)
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Malaysian Manufacturing
Firms
Drivers of sustainable
manufacturing practices
Barriers of sustainable manufacturing practices
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Recommendation
• Regulations and government policy could increase the statutory
requirement and the environmental consciousness of the
manufacturing companies.
• The role of top management in showing their commitment to the
implementation of sustainable manufacturing practices through
direct involvement in the environmental issues of the firm.
• ISO14001 could act as an active tool for promoting comprehensive
organizational changes leading to sustainable development.
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Sustainability Approaches in
Engineering
Traditional Engineering Sustainable Engineering
Considers the object or process Considers the whole system in which the
object or process will be used
Focuses on technical issues Considers both technical and non-
technical issues synergistically
Solves the immediate problem Strives to solve the problem for infinite
future (forever?)
Considers the local context Considers the global context
Assumes others will deal with Acknowledges the need to interact the
political, ethical, and societal experts in other disciplines related to the
issues problem
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Principles of Sustainable
Design
"If design is the first signal of human intention, our
intention today can be to love all ten billion people who will
live on our planet by 2050. We can do this. If we imagine
and embrace our cities as part of the same organism as the
countryside, the rivers and the oceans, then we can
celebrate ourselves, all species and the natural systems we
support and that support us. This is our design assignment.
If we are principled and have positive goals, we can rise to
this occasion. It will take us all; it will take forever—that is
the point." (McDonough, 1992)
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
THE HANNOVER PRINCIPLES
[McDonough, 1992]
❖ "Insist on rights of humanity and nature to coexist in a healthy,
supportive, diverse and sustainable condition.
❖ Recognize interdependence. The elements of human design interact with
and depend upon the natural world, with broad and diverse implications at
every scale. Expand design considerations to recognizing even distant
effects.
❖ Respect relationships between spirit and matter. Consider all aspects of
human settlement including community, dwelling, industry and trade in
terms of existing and evolving connections between spiritual and material
consciousness.
❖ Accept responsibility for the consequences of design decisions upon
human well-being, the viability of natural systems and their right to coexist.
❖ Create safe objects of long-term value. Do not burden future generations
with requirements for maintenance or vigilant administration of potential
danger due to the careless creation of products, processes or standards.
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THE HANNOVER PRINCIPLES
[McDonough, 1992]
❖ Eliminate the concept of waste. Evaluate and optimize the full lifecycle of
products and processes, to approach the state of natural systems, in which
there is no waste.
❖ Rely on natural energy flows. Human designs should, like the living world,
derive their creative forces from perpetual solar income. Incorporate this
energy efficiently and safely for responsible use.
❖ Understand the limitations of design. No human creation lasts forever
and design does not solve all problems. Those who create and plan should
practice humility in the face of nature. Treat nature as a model and mentor,
not as an inconvenience to be evaded or controlled.
❖ Seek constant improvement by the sharing of knowledge. Encourage
direct and open communication between colleagues, patrons,
manufacturers and users to link long term sustainable considerations with
ethical responsibility, and reestablish the integral relationship between
natural processes and human activity."
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
BITS Pilani
Hyderabad Campus
The “IPAT” Equation
Disaggregating the Problem
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
NASA | A Year in the Life of
Earth's CO2
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x1Sg
mFa0r04&ab_channel=NASAGoddard
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Land area
19 BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Population Year 2022
https://worldmapper.org/maps/population-
year-2022/ BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
20
Absolute Poverty-2016
21 BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
CO₂ Emissions 2020
22 BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
CO₂ Emissions from Cement production 2020
23 BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
O₂ Emissions from Gas 2020
24 BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Land area Population Year 2022Absolute Poverty-2016
CO₂ Emissions 2020 CO₂ Emissions CO₂ Emissions
from Cement from Gas 2020
production
2020
25 BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
