ANDHRA PRADESH STATE COUNCIL OF HIGHER EDUCATION

(A Statutory body of the Government of Andhra Pradesh)

3rd,4th and 5th floors, Neeladri Towers, Sri Ram Nagar,6th Battalion Road,
Atmakur (V), Mangalagiri (M), Guntur-522 503, Andhra Pradesh
Web: www.apsche.org Email: [email protected]

REVISED SYLLABUS OF B.Sc. (Chemistry)

UNDER CBCS FRAMEWORK WITH EFFECT FROM 2020-21

PROGRAMME: FOUR-YEAR UG HONOURS PROGRAMME

CHEMISTRY

(With Learning Outcomes, Unit-wise Syllabus, References, Co-curricular Activities &

Model Q.P.)
For Fifteen Courses of 1, 2, 3 & 4 Semesters)
(To be Implemented from 2020-21 Academic Year)
Andhra Pradesh State Council of Higher Education

1
 B.Sc. Chemistry Revised Syllabus under CBCS
w.e.f. 2020-21

Structure of Chemistry Core Syllabus under CBCS

YEAR SEMESTER COURSE TITLE MARKS CREDITS

I I Inorganic and Physical 100 03

Chemistry

Practical – I Analysis of SALT 50 02

MIXTURE
I
II II Organic and General Chemistry 100 03

Practical – II Volumetric 50 02
Analysis

III III Organic Chemistry and 100 03

Spectroscopy

Practical – IIIOrganic 50 02
preparations and IR Spectral
II Analysis

IV IV Inorganic, Organic and Physical 100 03

Chemistry

Practical – IVOrganic 50 02
Qualitative analysis

Inorganic and Physical 100 02

Chemistry

V Practical-V Course 50 02
Conductometric and
Potentiometric Titrimetry

2
 SEMESTER – I
Course I (Inorganic &Physical Chemistry) 60 hrs. (4h/w)

Course outcomes:
At the end of the course, the student will be able to;
1. Understand the basic concepts of p-block elements
2. Explainthe differencebetweensolid,liquidandgasesintermsof
intermolecularinteractions.
3. Applytheconceptsofgasequations,pHandelectrolyteswhilestudyingotherchemistrycour
ses.

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 24 h
UNIT –I
Chemistry of p-block elements 8h
Group 13: Preparation & structure of Diborane, Borazine
Group 14: Preparation, classification and uses of silicones
Group 15: Preparation & structures of Phosphonitrilic halides {(PNCl2)nwhere
n=3, 4
Group 16: Oxides and Oxoacids of Sulphur (structures only)
Group 17: Pseudohalogens, Structures of Interhalogen compounds.
UNIT-II
1. Chemistry of d-block elements: 6h
Characteristics of d-block elements with special reference to electronic configuration,
variable valence, magnetic properties, catalytic properties and ability to form complexes.
Stability of various oxidation states.
2. Chemistry of f-block elements: 6h
Chemistry of lanthanides - electronic structure, oxidation states, lanthanide contraction,
consequences of lanthanide contraction, magnetic properties. Chemistry of actinides -
electronic configuration, oxidation states, actinide contraction, comparison of lanthanides and
actinides.

3. Theories of bonding in metals: 4h

3
Valence bond theory and Free electron theory, explanation of thermal and electrical
conductivity of metals based on these theories, Band theory- formation of bands, explanation
of conductors, semiconductors and insulators.

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 36h

UNIT-III
Solid state 10h
Symmetry in crystals. Law of constancy of interfacial angles. The law of rationality of
indices. The law of symmetry. Miller indices, Definition of lattice point, space lattice, unit
cell. Bravais lattices and crystal systems. X-ray diffraction and crystal structure. Bragg's law.
Powder method. Defects in crystals. Stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric defects.
UNIT-IV
1. Gaseous state 6h
van der Waal's equation of state. Andrew's isotherms of carbon dioxide, continuity of state.
Critical phenomena. Relationship between critical constants and vander Waal's constants.
Lawof corresponding states. Joule- Thomson effect. Inversion temperature.
2.Liquid state 4h
Liquid crystals,mesomorphicstate. Differences between liquid crystal and solid/liquid.
Classification of liquid crystals into Smectic and Nematic. Application of liquid crystals as
LCD devices.
UNIT-V
Solutions, Ionic equilibrium& dilute solutions
1. Solutions 6h
Azeotropes-HCl-H2O system and ethanol-water system. Partially miscible liquids-phenol-
water system. Critical solution temperature (CST), Effect of impurity on consulate
temperature. Immiscible liquids and steam distillation.Nernst distribution law. Calculation of
the partition coefficient. Applications of distribution law.
2. Ionic equilibrium 3h
Ionic product, common ion effect, solubility and solubility product. Calculations based on
solubility product.
3. Dilute solutions 7h
Colligative properties- RLVP, Osmotic pressure, Elevation in boing point and depression in
freezing point. Experimental methods for the determination of molar mass of a non-volatile

4
solute using osmotic pressure, Elevation in boing point and depression in freezing point.
Abnormal colligative properties. Van't Hoff factor.

Co-curricular activities and Assessment Methods

1. ContinuousEvaluation:Monitoringtheprogressof student’slearning
2. ClassTests,WorksheetsandQuizzes
3. Presentations,ProjectsandAssignmentsandGroupDiscussions:Enhancescriticalthinking
skillsand personality
4. Semester-
endExamination:criticalindicatorofstudent’slearningandteachingmethodsadoptedby
teachersthroughoutthesemester.

List of Reference Books

1. Principles of physical chemistry by Prutton and Marron
2. Solid State Chemistry and its applications by Anthony R. West
3. Text book of physical chemistry by K L Kapoor
4. Text book of physical chemistry by S Glasstone
5. Advanced physical chemistry by Bahl and Tuli
6. Inorganic Chemistry by J.E.Huheey
7. Basic Inorganic Chemistry by Cotton and Wilkinson
8. A textbook of qualitative inorganic analysis by A.I. Vogel
9. Atkins,P.W.&Paula,J.deAtkin’sPhysicalChemistryEd.,OxfordUniversityPress
10thEd(2014).
10. Castellan,G.W.PhysicalChemistry4thEd.Narosa(2004).
11. Mortimer,R. G.PhysicalChemistry3rdEd. Elsevier:NOIDA,UP(2009).
12. Barrow,G.M.PhysicalChemistry

5
 LABORATORY COURSE -I 30hrs (2 h / w)
Practical-I Analysis of SALT MIXTURE
(At the end of Semester-I)
Qualitative inorganic analysis (Minimum of Six mixtures should be analyzed)
50 M
Course outcomes:
At the end of the course, the student will be able to;
1. Understand the basic concepts of qualitative analysis of inorganic mixture
2. Use glassware, equipment and chemicals and follow experimental procedures in the
laboratory
3. Apply the concepts of common ion effect, solubility product and concepts related to
qualitative analysis

Analysis of SALT MIXTURE 50 M

Analysis of mixture salt containing two anions and two cations (From two different groups)
from the following:
Anions: Carbonate, Sulphate, Chloride, Bromide, Acetate, Nitrate, Borate, Phosphate.
Cations: Lead, Copper, Iron, Aluminium, Zinc, Nickel, Manganese, Calcium, Strontium,
Barium, Potassium and Ammonium.

MODEL PAPER
FIRST YEAR B.Sc., DEGREE EXAMINATION
SEMESTER-I
CHEMISTRY Course-I: INORGANIC & PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

Time: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 75

PART- A5 X 5 = 25 Marks

Answer any FIVE of the following questions. Each carries FIVE marks

1. Explain the preparation & structures of Phosphonitrilic compounds.

2. Explain in brief, catalytic properties & stability of various oxidation states of d-
block elements.
3. Write short note on Bravais lattices and crystal systems.
4. What are Smectic&Nematic liquid Crystals? Explain.

6
5. Write account on Common ion effect & Solubility product.
6. Describe Andrew’s isotherms of carbon dioxide.
7. Explain Actinide Constraction.
8. Explain the structure of Borazine.

PART- B5 X 10 = 50 Marks

Answer ALL the questions. Each carries TEN marks

9 (a). Explain Classification, Preparations & uses of Silicones

(or)

(b). (i) What are Pseudohalogens.

(ii) Explain the Structures of any one AX3& AX5 interhalogen compounds.

10 (a). What is Lanthanide Contraction? Explain the Consequences of Lanthanide

Contraction.
(or)

(b). (i) Explain the magnetic properties of d- block elements.

(ii) Explain about Conductors, Semi-Conductors& Insulators using Band
Theory.

11.(a). Write an essay on Crystal defects.

(or)

(b). What is Bragg’s Law. Explain the determination of structure of a crystal by

powder method.

12.(a). Derive the relationship between Critical constants &Vanderwaal constants

(or)

(b).(i) Write any 5 differences between liquid crystals & liquids, solids
(ii) Write the applications of Liquid crystals.

13.(a). Explain Nernst distribution Law. Explain its applications

(or)

(b). What are colligative properties. Write experimental methods for determination
of molar mass of a non-volatile solute by using Elevation in boiling point &
depression in freezing point.

***

7
 SEMESTER – II
Course II – (Organic & General Chemistry) 60 hrs (4h/w)

Course outcomes:
At the end of the course, the student will be able to;
1. Understandandexplainthedifferentialbehaviorof
organiccompoundsbasedonfundamental conceptslearnt.
2. Formulatethemechanismoforganicreactionsby
recallingandcorrelatingthefundamentalproperties ofthereactantsinvolved.
3. LearnandidentifymanyorganicreactionmechanismsincludingFreeRadical
Substitution, Electrophilic AdditionandElectrophilicAromaticSubstitution.
4. Correlateanddescribethestereochemicalpropertiesoforganiccompoundsand
reactions.

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 36h

UNIT-I
Recapitulation of Basics of Organic Chemistry
Carbon-Carbon sigma bonds (Alkanes and Cycloalkanes) 12h
General methods of preparation of alkanes- Wurtz and WurtzFittig reaction, Corey House
synthesis, physical and chemical properties of alkanes, Isomerism and its effect on properties,
Free radical substitutions; Halogenation, concept of relative reactivity v/s selectivity.
Conformational analysis of alkanes (Conformations, relative stability and energy diagrams of
Ethane, Propane and butane).General molecular formulae of cycloalkanes and relative
stability, Baeyer strain theory, Cyclohexane conformations with energy diagram,
Conformations of monosubstituted cyclohexane.
UNIT-II
Carbon-CarbonpiBonds(AlkenesandAlkynes) 12h
Generalmethodsofpreparation,physicaland chemicalproperties.Mechanism
ofE1,E2,E1cbreactions,SaytzeffandHoffmanneliminations, Electrophilic
Additions,mechanism(Markownikoff/Antimarkownikoff addition) with
suitableexamples,,synandanti-addition;additionofH2,X2, HX. oxymercuration-

8
demercuration, hydroboration-oxidation,ozonolysis,hydroxylation, Diels Alderreaction,1,2-
and1,4-additionreactionsinconjugateddienes.
Reactionsofalkynes;acidity,electrophilic andnucleophilicadditions,hydrationtoformcarbonyl
compounds,Alkylationof terminalalkynes.
UNIT-III
Benzene and its reactivity 12h
Concept of aromaticity, Huckel's rule - application to Benzenoid (Benzene, Naphthalene) and
Non - Benzenoid compounds (cyclopropenylcation, cyclopentadienyl anion and
tropyliumcation)
Reactions - General mechanism of electrophilic aromatic substitution, mechanism of
nitration, Friedel- Craft's alkylation and acylation. Orientation of aromatic substitution -
ortho, para and meta directing groups. Ring activating and deactivating groups with examples
(Electronic interpretation of various groups like NO2 and Phenolic). Orientation of (i) Amino,
methoxy and methyl groups (ii) Carboxy, nitro, nitrile, carbonyl and sulphonic acid groups
(iii) Halogens
(Explanation by taking minimum of one example from each type)

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 24 h
UNIT-IV
1. Surface chemistry and chemical bonding
Surface chemistry 6h
Colloids- Coagulation of colloids- Hardy-Schulze rule. Stability of colloids,Protection of
Colloids, Gold number.
Adsorption-Physical and chemical adsorption, Langmuir adsorption isotherm, applications
of adsorption.
2. Chemical Bonding 6h
Valence bond theory, hybridization, VB theory as applied toClF3,Ni(CO)4, Molecular orbital
theory -LCAO method, construction of M.O. diagrams for homo-nuclear and hetero-nuclear
diatomic molecules (N2, O2, CO and NO).

9
3. HSAB 2h
Pearson’s concept, HSAB principle & its importance, bonding in Hard-Hard and Soft-Soft
combinations.
UNIT-V
Stereochemistry of carbon compounds 10h
Molecular representations- Wedge, Fischer, Newman and Saw-Horse formulae.
Optical isomerism: Optical activity- wave nature of light, plane polarised light, optical
rotation and specific rotation.
Chiral molecules- definition and criteria(Symmetry elements)- Definition of enantiomers and
diastereomers – Explanation of optical isomerism with examples- Glyceraldehyde, Lactic
acid, Alanine, Tartaric acid, 2,3-dibromopentane.
D,L, R,S and E,Z- configuration with examples.
Definition of Racemic mixture – Resolution of racemic mixtures (any 3 techniques)

Co-curricular activities and Assessment Methods

ContinuousEvaluation:Monitoringtheprogressof student’slearning
ClassTests,WorksheetsandQuizzes
Presentations,ProjectsandAssignmentsandGroupDiscussions:Enhancescriticalthinkingskillsan
d personality
Semester-endExamination:criticalindicatorofstudent’slearningandteachingmethodsadoptedby
teachersthroughoutthesemester.

List of Reference Books

Theory:
Morrison, R. N. & Boyd, R. N. Organic Chemistry, Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.
(PearsonEducation).
Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 1), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson
Education).
Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 2: Stereochemistry and the Chemistry of Natural
Products), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson Education).
Eliel, E. L. &Wilen, S. H. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds; Wiley: London, 1994.
Kalsi, P. S. Stereochemistry Conformation and Mechanism; New Age International, 2005.
Practical:

10
Ahluwalia, V.K. &Aggarwal, R. Comprehensive Practical Organic Chemistry: Preparation
and Quantitative Analysis, University Press (2000).
Ahluwalia, V.K. &Dhingra, S. Comprehensive Practical Organic Chemistry: Qualitative
Analysis, University Press (2000).
Furniss, B.S.; Hannaford, A.J.; Smith, P.W.G.; Tatchell, A.R. Practical Organic Chemistry,
5th Ed., Pearson (2012)

Additional Resources:
Solomons, T. W. G.; Fryhle, C. B. &Snyder, S. A. Organic Chemistry, 12th Edition, Wiley.
Bruice, P. Y. Organic Chemistry, Eighth Edition, Pearson.
Clayden, J.; Greeves, N.&Warren, S. Organic Chemistry, Oxford.
Nasipuri, D. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds: Principles and Applications, Third
Edition, NewAge International.
Gunstone, F. D. Guidebook to Stereochemistry, Prentice Hall Press, 1975.

LABORATORY COURSE-II 30hrs (2 h / w)

Practical-II Volumetric Analysis
(At the end of Semester-II)
Course outcomes:
At the end of the course, the student will be able to;
1. Use glassware, equipment and chemicals and follow experimental procedures in the
laboratory
2. Understandandexplainthevolumetric analysisbasedonfundamental
conceptslearnt in ionic equilibria
3. Learnandidentifythe concepts of a standard solutions, primary and secondary standards
4. Facilitate the learner to make solutions of various molar concentrations. This may
include: The concept of the mole; Converting moles to grams; Converting grams to
moles; Defining concentration; Dilution of Solutions; Making different molar
concentrations.

Volumetric analysis 50 M
1. Estimation of sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogen carbonate present in a mixture.
2. Determination of Fe (II) using KMnO4 with oxalic acid as primary standard.

11
3. Determination of Cu (II) using Na2S2O3 with K2Cr2O7 as primary standard.
4. Estimation of water of crystallization in Mohr’s salt by titrating with KMnO4

MODEL PAPER
FIRST YEAR B.Sc., DEGREE EXAMINATION
SEMESTER-II
CHEMISTRY COURSE -II: ORGANIC & GENERAL CHEMISTRY

Time: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 75

PART- A 5 X 5 = 25 Marks

Answer any FIVE of the following questions. Each carries FIVE marks

1. Write different conformations of n-butane. Explain their relative stability..

2. Explain 1,2- & 1,4- addition reactions of conjugated dienes.
3. Explain the orientation effect of halogens on mono substituted benzene.
4. Explain the mechanism of E1CB elimination reaction.
5. Explain the structure of ClF3 by Valency Bond theory.
6. What are Hard & soft acids & bases? Explain with examples.
7. Draw the Wedge, Fischer, Newmann& saw-Horse representations for Tartaric
acid.
8. Define Enantiomers and Diastereomers and give two examples for each.

PART- B 5 X 10 = 50 Marks

Answer ALL the questions. Each carries TEN marks

9 (a). (i) Write the preparation of alkanes by Wurtz and Corey-House reaction.
(ii) Explain Halogenation of alkanes. Explain the reactivity and selectivity in
free radical substitutions.
(or)

(b). (i) Explain Baeyer Strain Theory

(ii) Draw the conformations of Cyclohexane and explain their stability by
drawing energy profile diagram.

10 (a). (i) Write any two methods of preparation of alkenes.

(ii) Explain the mechanism of Markownikiff and Anti-Markownikoff addition
of HBr to alkene.
(or)

12
 (b). (i) Explain the acidity of 1-alkynes
(ii) How will you prepare acetaldehyde and acetone from alkynes?
(iii) Write alkylation reaction of terminal alkne.

11.(a). Define Huckel rule of aromatic compounds. What are benzenoid and non-
benzenoid aromatic compounds? Give examples.
(or)

(b). Explain the mechanisms of Nitration and Friedel-Craft’s alkylation of

Benzene.

12.(a). (i) Define Hardy-Schulze rule & Gold number.

(ii) Differentiate Physisorption& Chemisorption. Explain Langmuir adsorption
isotherm.

(or)

(b). Construct the Molecular Orbital diagram for O2 and NO and explain their
bond order and magnetic property.

13.(a). Define racemic mixture. Explain any two techniques for resolution of racemic
mixture.
(or)

(b).(i) Define Optical activity and Specific rotation.

(ii) Draw the R- & S- isomers of Alanine, Glyceraldehyde.
(iii) Write the E- & Z- isomers of 2-butene.
***

SEMESTER - III
Course III (ORGANICCHEMISTRY&SPECTROSCOPY) 60hrs (4 h / w)

Course outcomes:
At the end of the course, the student will be able to;
1. Understandpreparation,propertiesandreactionsofhaloalkanes,haloarenesand
oxygencontaining functionalgroups.
2. Usethesyntheticchemistrylearntinthiscoursetodofunctionalgroup
transformations.
3. Toproposeplausiblemechanismsforanyrelevantreaction

13
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 34h
UNIT – I
1. Chemistry of Halogenated Hydrocarbons: 6h
Alkylhalides:Methodsofpreparationandproperties,nucleophilicsubstitutionreactions–
SN1,SN2andSNimechanismswithstereochemicalaspectsandeffectofsolventetc.;nucleophilics
ubstitutionvs. elimination, Williamson’s synthesis.
Arylhalides:Preparation(includingpreparationfromdiazoniumsalts)andproperties,nucleophilic
aromatic substitution;SNAr,Benzynemechanism.
Relativereactivityofalkyl,allyl,benzyl,vinylandarylhalidestowardsnucleophilicsubstitut
ionreactions.
2. Alcohols &Phenols 6h
Alcohols: preparation, properties and relative reactivity of 1°, 2°, 3° alcohols,
BouvaeltBlanc Reduction; Oxidationofdiolsbyperiodicacidandleadtetra acetate,Pinacol-
Pinacolonerearrangement;
Phenols:Preparationandproperties;Acidityandfactorseffectingit, Ringsubstitution reactions,
Reimer–Tiemannand Kolbe’s–Schmidt Reactions, Fries and Claisenrearrangements with
mechanism;
UNIT-II
CarbonylCompounds 10h
Structure,reactivity,preparationandproperties;
Nucleophilicadditions,Nucleophilicaddition-eliminationreactionswithammoniaderivatives
MechanismsofAldolandBenzoincondensation, Claisan-Schmidt, Perkin,
CannizzaroandWittigreaction,Beckmannhaloformreactionand BaeyerVilligeroxidation,α-
substitutionreactions,oxidationsandreductions(Clemmensen, wolf –kishner, with LiAlH4
&NaBH4).
Additionreactionsof α,β-unsaturatedcarbonylcompounds:Michaeladdition.
Activemethylenecompounds: Keto-
enoltautomerism.Preparationandsyntheticapplicationsofdiethyl
malonateandethylacetoacetate.
UNIT-III
CarboxylicAcidsand their Derivatives 12h

14
General methods of preparation, physical properties and reactions of monocarboxylic acids,
effect of
substituentsonacidicstrength.Typicalreactionsofdicarboxylicacids,hydroxyacidsandunsaturat
edacids.
Preparationandreactionsofacidchlorides,anhydrides,estersandamides; Comparative study of
nucleophilic substitutionatacyl group-Mechanism of acidicandalkaline hydrolysis of esters,
Claisencondensation, Reform at sky reactions and Curtius rearrangement
Reactions involving H, OH and COOH groups- salt formation, anhydride formation, acid
chloride formation, amide formation and esterification (mechanism). Degradation of
carboxylic acids by Huns-Diecker reaction, decarboxylation by Schimdt reaction, Arndt-
Eistert synthesis, halogenation by Hell- Volhard- Zelinsky reaction.

SPECTROSCOPY 26 h
UNIT-IV
Molecular Spectroscopy: 18h
Interactionofelectromagneticradiationwithmoleculesandvarioustypesof spectra;
Rotation spectroscopy: Selection rules, intensities of spectral lines, determination of bond
lengths of diatomic and linear triatomic molecules, isotopic substitution.
Vibrational spectroscopy: Classical equation of vibration, computation of force constant,
Harmonic and anharmonic oscillator, Morsepotential curve, vibrational degrees offered for
polyatomic molecules, modesofvibration. Selection rules for vibrational transitions,
Fundamental frequencies, overtones and hot bands.
Electronic spectroscopy: Energy levels of molecular orbitals (σ, π, n). Selection rules for
electronic spectra. Types of electronic transitions in molecules, effect of conjugation.
Concept of chromophore. bathochromic and hypsochromic shifts.Beer-Lambert’s law and its
limitations.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy: Principles of nuclear magnetic
resonance, equivalent and non-equivalent protons, position of signals. Chemical shift, NMR
splitting of signals - spin-spin coupling, coupling constants. Applications of NMR with
suitable examples - ethyl bromide, ethanol, acetaldehyde, 1,1,2-tribromo ethane, ethyl
acetate, toluene and acetophenone.

15
UNIT-V 8h
Application of Spectroscopy to Simple Organic Molecules
Application of visible, ultraviolet and Infrared spectroscopy in organic molecules.
Application of electronic spectroscopy and Woodward rules for calculating λmax of
conjugated dienes and α,β – unsaturated compounds.
Infrared radiation and types of molecular vibrations, functional group and fingerprint region.
IR spectra of alkanes, alkenes and simple alcohols (inter and intramolecular hydrogen
bonding), aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and their derivatives (effect of substitution on
>C=O stretching absorptions).

Co-curricular activities and Assessment Methods Continuous Evaluation: Monitoring the

progress of student’slearning Class Tests, Work sheets and Quizzes Presentations, Projects
and Assignments and Group Discussions: Enhances critical thinking skills and personality
Semester-end Examination: critical indicator of student’s learning and teaching methods
adopted byteachers throughout the semester.

List of Reference Books

1. A Text Book of Organic Chemistry by Bahl and Arunbahl
2. A Text Book of Organic chemistry by I L FinarVol I
3. Organic chemistry by Bruice
4. Organic chemistry by Clayden
5. Spectroscopy by William Kemp
6. Spectroscopy by Pavia
7. Organic Spectroscopy by J. R. Dyer
8. Elementary organic spectroscopy by Y.R. Sharma
9. Spectroscopy by P.S.Kalsi
10. Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds by Robert M Silverstein, Francis X
Webster
11. Mann, F.G. & Saunders, B.C. Practical Organic Chemistry, Pearson Education (2009)
12. Furniss, B.S., Hannaford, A.J., Smith, P.W.G. &Tatchell, A.R. Practical Organic
Chemistry, 5th Ed. Pearson (2012)

16
13. Ahluwalia, V.K. & Aggarwal, R. Comprehensive Practical Organic Chemistry:
Preparation and Quantitative Analysis, University Press (2000).

LABORATORY COURSE -III 30hrs (2 h / w)

Practical Course-IIIOrganic preparations and IR Spectral Analysis
(At the end of Semester- III)
Course outcomes:
Onthecompletionofthecourse,thestudentwillbe abletodothefollowing:
1. how to use glassware, equipment and chemicals and follow experimental procedures
in the laboratory
2. how to calculate limiting reagent, theoretical yield, and percent yield
3. how to engage in safe laboratory practices by handling laboratory glassware,
equipment, and chemical reagents appropriately
4. how to dispose of chemicals in a safe and responsible manner
5. how to perform common laboratory techniques including reflux, distillation,
recrystallization, vacuum filtration.
6. how to create and carry out work up and separation procedures
7. how to critically evaluate data collected to determine the identity, purity, and percent
yield of products and to summarize findings in writing in a clear and concise manner

Organic preparations: 40M

i. Acetylation of one of the following compounds:
amines (aniline, o-, m-, ptoluidines and o-, m-, p-anisidine) and phenols (β-naphthol,
vanillin, salicylic acid) by any one method:
a. Using conventional method.
b. Using green approach
ii. Benzolyation of one of the following amines
(aniline, o-, m-, p- toluidines and o-, m-, p-anisidine)
iii. Nitration of any one of the following:

17
 a. Acetanilide/nitrobenzene by conventional method
b. Salicylic acid by green approach (using ceric ammonium nitrate).
IR Spectral Analysis 10M
IR Spectral Analysis of the following functional groups with examples
a) Hydroxyl groups
b) Carbonyl groups
c) Amino groups
d) Aromatic groups
MODEL PAPER
SECOND YEAR B.Sc., DEGREE EXAMINATION
SEMESTER-III
CHEMISTRY COURSE-III: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY &
SPECTROSCOPY

Time: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 75

PART- A 5 X 5 = 25 Marks

Answer any FIVE of the following questions. Each carries FIVE marks

1. Discuss two methods for preparation of aryl halides.

2. Explain the mechanism for Pinacol-Pinacolone rearrangement.
3. Discuss the mechanism for Bayer-villiger oxidation reaction.
4. Explain the effect of substituents on acidic strength of mono-carboxylic acids.
5. Write the mechanism for Claisen Condensation reaction.
6. Write the selection rules in rotational spectroscopy.
7. Explain Spin – Spin coupling and Coupling Constant.
8. Explain types of electronic transitions in UV spectroscopy.

PART- B 5 X 10 = 50 Marks

Answer ALL the questions. Each carries TEN marks

9 (a). Give the mechanism & stereochemistry of SN1& SN2 reactions of alkyl
halides with suitable example.
(or)

(b). Explain the following reactions with mechanism.

(i) Reimer-Tiemann reaction (ii) Fries rearrangement.

10 (a). Discuss the mechanism for following reactions.

(i) Perkin reaction. (ii) Cannizaro reaction

18
 (or)

(b). Write the preparation and any three synthetic applications of diethyl malonate.

11.(a). Explain acid and base hydrolysis reaction of esters with mechanism.
(or)

(b). Explain the mechanisms of Curtius rearrangement & Arndt –Eistert reaction.

12.(a). (i) Write a note on vibrational degrees of freedom for polyatomic molecules.
(ii) Explain different modes of vibrations & selection rules in IR spectroscopy.

(or)

(b).(i) Define Bathochromic shift. Explain the effect of conjugation in U.V.

spectroscopy.
(ii) Discuss the principle of NMR spectroscopy.

13.(a). Write Woodward-Fieser rules for calculating λmax for conjugated dienes and
α,β – unsaturated carbonyl compounds , and apply them for one example
each.
(or)

(b).(i) What is Fingerprint region. Explain its signigicance with an example.(ii)

Write IR spectral data for any one alcohol, aldehyde and ketone

SEMESTER - IV
Course IV (INORGANIC, ORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY) 60hrs (4 h / w)

Course outcomes:
At the end of the course, the student will be able to;
1. Tolearnaboutthelawsofabsorptionoflightenergybymoleculesandthesubsequentphotoch
emical reactions.
2. Tounderstandtheconceptofquantumefficiencyandmechanismsofphotochemicalreaction
s.

UNIT - I
OrganometallicCompounds 8h

19
Definition and classification of organometallic Compounds on the basis of bond type,
Concept of hapticity of organicligands.
Metalcarbonyls:18electronrule,electroncountofmononuclear, polynuclear and substituted
metalcarbonyls of 3dseries.Generalmethods of preparation of mono and binuclear carbonyls
of 3d series.P-acceptor behaviour of carbon monoxide. Synergic effects (VB approach) -
(MOdiagram of CO can be referred to for synergic effect to IR frequencies).

UNIT – II
Carbohydrates 8h
Occurrence,classificationandtheirbiologicalimportance,Monosaccharides: Constitution and
absolute configuration of glucose and fructose, epimers and anomers, mutarotation,
determination of ringsize of glucose and fructose, Haworth projections and
conformationalstructures; Interconversions of aldosesandketoses; Killiani-Fischer synthesis
and Ruffdegradation; Disaccharides– Elementary treatment of maltose, lactose and
sucrose. Polysaccharides–Elementary treatment of starch.
UNIT- III
Amino acids and proteins 6h
Introduction: Definition of Amino acids, classification of Amino acids into alpha, beta, and
gamma amino acids. Natural and essential amino acids - definition and examples,
classification of alpha amino acids into acidic, basic and neutral amino acids with examples.
Methods of synthesis: General methods of synthesis of alpha amino acids (specific examples -
Glycine, Alanine, valine and leucine) by following methods: a) from halogenated carboxylic
acid b) Gabriel Phthalimide synthesis c) strecker's synthesis.
Physical properties: Zwitter ion structure - salt like character - solubility, melting
points, amphoteric character, definition of isoelectric point.
Chemical properties: General reactions due to amino and carboxyl groups - lactams from
gamma and delta amino acids by heating- peptide bond (amide linkage). Structure and
nomenclature of peptides and proteins.
Heterocyclic Compounds 7h
Introduction and definition: Simple five membered ring compounds with one hetero atom Ex.
Furan. Thiophene and pyrrole - Aromatic character – Preparation from 1, 4, -dicarbonyl
compounds, Paul-Knorr synthesis.

20
Properties: Acidic character of pyrrole - electrophillic substitution at 2 or 5 position,
Halogenation, Nitration and Sulphonation under mild conditions - Diels Alder reaction in
furan.
Pyridine – Structure - Basicity - Aromaticity- Comparison with pyrrole- one method of
preparation and properties - Reactivity towards Nucleophilic substitution reaction.
UNIT- IV
Nitrogen Containing Functional Groups
Preparation, properties and important treactions of nitrocompounds, amines and diazonium salts.
1. Nitro hydrocarbons 3h
Nomenclature and classification-nitro hydrocarbons, structure -Tautomerism of nitroalkanes
leading to aci and keto form, Preparation of Nitroalkanes, reactivity -halogenation, reaction
with HONO (Nitrous acid), Nef reaction and Mannich reaction leading to Micheal addition
and reduction.
2.Amines: 11h
Introduction, classification, chiralityin amines (pyramidal inversion), importance
and general methods of preparation.
Properties : Physical properties, Basicity of amines: Effect of substituent, solvent and steric
effects. Distinction between Primary, secondary and tertiary aminesusing Hinsberg’s method
and nitrousacid. Discussion of thefollowing reactions with emphasis on the mechanistic
pathway: Gabriel Phthalimide synthesis, Hoffmann- Bromamidereaction,
Carbylaminereaction, Mannichreaction, Hoffmann’sexhaustive methylation, Hofmann-
elimination reaction and Copeelimination.
Diazonium Salts: Preparation and synthetic applications of diazonium salts including
preparation of arenes, haloarenes, phenols, cyano and nitro compounds. Coupling reactions of
diazonium salts (preparation of azo dyes).
UNIT- V
Photochemistry 5h
Difference between thermal and photochemical processes, Laws of photochemistry- Grothus-
Draper's law and Stark-Einstein's law of photochemical equivalence, Quantum yield-
Photochemical reaction mechanism- hydrogen- chlorine and hydrogen- bromine reaction.
Qualitative description of fluorescence, phosphorescence, Jablonski diagram, Photosensitized
reactions- energy transfer processes (simple example).

21
Thermodynamics 12 h
The first law of thermodynamics-statement, definition of internal energy and enthalpy, Heat
capacities and their relationship, Joule-Thomson effect- coefficient, Calculation of work for
the expansion of perfect gas under isothermal and adiabatic conditions for reversible
processes, State function. Temperature dependence of enthalpy of formation- Kirch off s
equation, Second law of thermodynamics Different Statements of the law, Carnot cycle and
its efficiency, Carnot theorem, Concept of entropy, entropy as a state function, entropy
changes in reversible and irreversible processes. Entropy changes in spontaneous and
equilibrium processes. Third law of thermodynamics, Nernst heat theorem, Spontaneous and
non- spontaneous processes, Helmholtz and Gibbs energies-Criteria for spontaneity.

Co-curricular activities and Assessment Methods Continuous Evaluation : Monitoring the

progress of student’s learning Class Tests, Work sheets and Quizzes Presentations, Projects
and Assignments and Group Discussions: Enhances critical thinking skills and personality
Semester-end Examination: critical indicator of student’s learning and teaching methods
adopted byteachers throughout the semester.
List of Reference Books
1. Concise coordination chemistry by Gopalan and Ramalingam
2. Coordination Chemistry by Basalo and Johnson
3. Organic Chemistry by G.Mareloudan, Purdue Univ
4. Text book of physical chemistry by S Glasstone
6. Concise Inorganic Chemistry by J.D.Lee
7. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry Vol-I by Satyaprakash, Tuli, Basu and Madan
8. A Text Book of Organic Chemistry by Bahl and Arunbahl
9. A Text Book of Organic chemistry by I L FinarVol I
10. A Text Book of Organic chemistry by I L FinarVol II
11. Advanced physical chemistry by Gurudeep Raj

22
 LABORATORY COURSE -IV 30hrs(2 h / w)
Practical Course-IV Organic Qualitative analysis 50 M
(At the end of Semester- IV)

Course outcomes:
At the end of the course, the student will be able to;
1. Use glassware, equipment and chemicals and follow experimental procedures in the
laboratory
2. Dete rmin e m elt in g and boil in g poi nts of or ganic com poun ds
3. Understandtheapplication of concepts of different organic reactions studied in theory part
of organic chemistry

Organic Qualitative analysis 50 M

Analysis of an organic compound through systematic qualitative procedure for functional
group identification including the determination of melting point and boiling point with
suitable derivatives.
Alcohols, Phenols, Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic acids, Aromatic primary amines, amides
and simple sugars

MODEL PAPER
SECOND YEAR B.Sc., DEGREE EXAMINATION
SEMESTER-IV
CHEMISTRY COURSE -IV: INORGANIC, ORGANIC & PHYSICAL
CHEMISTRY

Time: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 75

PART- A 5 X 5 = 25 Marks

Answer any FIVE of the following questions. Each carries FIVE marks

1. Describe the 18 electron rule of mono nuclear and polynuclear metal carbonyls
with suitable examples.
2. What are epimers and anomers. Give examples.
3. Discuss about iso electric point and zwitter ion.
4. Discuss the Paul-Knorr synthesis of five membered heterocyclic compounds.

23
5. Explain Tautomerism shown by nitro alkanes
6. Discuss the basic nature of amines.
7. Write the differences between thermal and photochemical reactions.
8. Derive heat capacities and derive Cp – Cv = R

24
 PART- B 5 X 10 = 50 Marks

Answer ALL the questions. Each carries TEN marks

9 (a). What are organometallic compounds? Discuss their Classification on the basis
of type of bonds with examples.
(or)

(b). Discuss the general methods of preparations of mono & bi-nuclear carbonyls
of 3d series.

10 (a). Discuss the constitution, configuration and ring size of glucose. Draw the
Haworth and Conformational structure of glucose.
(or)

(b). (i) Explain Ruff’s degradation.

(ii) Explain Kiliani- Fischer synthesis.

11.(a). What are amino acids? Write any three general methods of preparation of
amino acids.
(or)

(b). Discuss the aromatic character of Furan, Thiophene and Pyrrole.

12.(a). Write the mechanism for the following.

(i) Nef reaction (ii) Mannich reaction
(or)

(b).(i) Explain Hinsberg separation of amines.

(ii) Discuss any three synthetic applications of diazonium salts.

13.(a). What is quantum yield? Explain the photochemical combination of Hydrogen-

Chlorine and Hydrogen - Bromine.
(or)

(b). Define entropy. Describe entropy changes in the reversible and irreversible
process.
***

25
 SEMESTER - IV
CourseV(INORGANIC &PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY) 60 hrs (4 h / w)
Course outcomes:
At the end of the course, the student will be able to;
1. Understand concepts
Of boundary conditions and quantization, probability distribution, most probable
values, uncertainty and expectation values
2. Application of quantization to spectroscopy.
3. Various types of spectra and the irusein structure determination.

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 26 h
UNIT –I
Coordination Chemistry 12 h
IUPAC nomenclature of coordination compounds, Structural and stereoisomerism in
complexes with coordination numbers 4 and 6. Valence Bond Theory (VBT): Inner and outer
orbital complexes. Limitations of VBT, Crystal field effect, octahedral symmetry. Crystal
field stabilization energy (CFSE), Crystal field effects for weak and strong fields. Tetrahedral
symmetry, Factors affecting the magnitude of crystal field splitting energy, Spectrochemical
series, Comparison of CFSE for Octahedral and Tetrahedral complexes, Tetragonal distortion
of octahedral geometry, Jahn-Teller distortion, square planar coordination.
UNIT –II
1. InorganicReactionMechanism: 4h
Introduction to inorganic reaction mechanisms. Concept of reaction pathways, transitionstate,
intermediate and activated complex. Labile and inert complexes, lig and substitution
reactions - SN1 and SN2,Substitutionreactions in square planar complexes, Trans-effect, the
ories of trans effect and its applications
2. Stability of metal complexes: 2h
Thermodynamic stability and kinetic stability, factors affecting the stability of metal
complexes, chelate effect, determination of composition of complex by Job's method and
mole ratio method.
Bioinorganic Chemistry: 8h
Metalions present inbiological systems, classification of elements according to their action in
biolog ical system. Geochemical effect on the distribution of metals, Sodium/K- pump,
carbonicanhydrase and carboxypeptidase.

26
Excess and deficiency of sometracemetals. Toxicityofmetalions(Hg,Pb,CdandAs),
reasons fortoxicity, Use of chelatingagentsinmedicine, Cisplatinasananti-cancerdrug.
Iron and its application in bio-systems, Haemoglobin, Myoglobin. Storage and transfer
of iron.

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 34 h
UNIT-III
1 .Phase rule
6Th Concept of phase, components, degrees of freedom. Thermodynamic derivation of
Gibbs phase rule. Phase diagram of one component system - water system, Study of Phase
diagrams of Simple eutectic systems i) Pb-Ag system, desilverisation of lead ii) NaCl-Water
system, Congruent and incongruent melting point- Definition and examples for systems
having congruent and incongruent melting point , freezing mixtures.
UNIT-IV
Electrochemistry 14h
Specific conductance, equivalent conductance and molar conductance- Definition and effect
of dilution. Cell constant. Strong and weak electrolytes, Kohlrausch's law and its applications,
Definition of transport number, determination of transport number by Hittorf’s method.
Debye-Huckel-Onsagar's equation for strong electrolytes (elementary treatment only),
Application of conductivity measurements- conductometric titrations.
Electrochemical Cells- Single electrode potential, Types of electrodes with examples: Metal-
metal ion, Gas electrode, Inert electrode, Redox electrode, Metal-metal insoluble salt- salt
anion. Determination of EMF of a cell, Nernst equation, Applications of EMF measurements
- Potentiometric titrations.
Fuel cells- Basic concepts, examples and applications
UNIT-V
Chemical Kinetics: 14 h
The concept of reaction rates. Effect of temperature, pressure, catalyst and other factors on
reaction rates. Order and molecularity of a reaction, Derivation of integrated rate equations
for zero, first and second order reactions (both for equal and unequal concentrations of
reactants). Half–life of a reaction. General methods for determination of order of a reaction.
Concept of activation energy and its calculation from Arrhenius equation. Theories of
Reaction Rates: Collision theory and Activated Complex theory of bimolecular reactions.
Comparison of the two theories (qualitative treatment only).Enzyme catalysis- Specificity,

27
factors affecting enzyme catalysis, Inhibitors and Lock & key model. Michaels- Menten
equation- derivation, significance of Michaelis-Menten constant.

Co-curricular activities and Assessment Methods Continuous Evaluation: Monitoring the

progress of student’s learning Class Tests, Work sheets and Quizzes Presentations, Projects
and Assignments and Group Discussions: Enhances critical thinking skills and personality
Semester-end Examination: critical indicator of student’s learning and teaching methods
adopted byteachers throughout the semester.

List of Reference Books

1. . Text book of physical chemistry by S Glasstone
2. Concise Inorganic Chemistry by J.D.Lee
3. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry Vol-I by Satyaprakash, Tuli, Basu and Madan
4. Advanced physical chemistry by Gurudeep Raj
5. Principles of physical chemistry by Prutton and Marron
6. Advanced physical chemistry by Bahl and Tuli
7. Inorganic Chemistry by J.E.Huheey
8. Basic Inorganic Chemistry by Cotton and Wilkinson
9. A textbook of qualitative inorganic analysis by A.I. Vogel
10. Atkins,P.W.&Paula,J.deAtkin’sPhysicalChemistryEd.,OxfordUniversityPress
10thEd(2014).
11. Castellan,G.W.PhysicalChemistry4thEd.Narosa(2004).
12. Mortimer,R. G.PhysicalChemistry3rdEd. Elsevier:NOIDA,UP(2009).
13. Barrow,G.M.PhysicalChemistry

28
 SEMESTER - IV
Course V LABORATORY COURSE 30hrs (2 h / w)
Practical-Course -VConductometric and Potentiometric Titrimetry 50 M
Course outcomes:
At the end of the course, the student will be able to;
1. Use glassware, equipment and chemicals and follow experimental procedures in the
laboratory
2. Apply concepts of electrochemistry in experiments
3. Be familiar with electro analytical methods and techniques in analytical chemistry
which study an analyte by measuring the potential ( volts) and/or current ( amperes) in
an electrochemical cell containing the analyte

Conductometric and Potentiometric Titrimetry 50 M

1. Conductometric titration- Determination of concentration of HCl solution using
standard NaOH solution.
2. Conductometric titration- Determination of concentration of CH3COOH Solution
using standard NaOH solution.
3. Conductometric titration- Determination of concentration of CH3COOH and HCl in
a mixture using standard NaOH solution.
4. Potentiometric titration- Determination of Fe (II) using standard K2Cr2O7 solution.
5. Determination of rate constant for acid catalyzed ester hydrolysis.

29
 MODEL PAPER
SECOND YEAR B.Sc., DEGREE EXAMINATION
SEMESTER-IV
CHEMISTRY COURSE V: INORGANIC & PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

Time: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 75

PART- A5 X 5 = 25 Marks

Answer any FIVE of the following questions. Each carries FIVE marks

1. Write note on Jahn-Teller distortion.

2. Explain Labile & inert complexes.
3. Explain Job’s method for determination of composition of complex.
4. Explain Thermodynamic derivation of Gibb’s phase rule.
5. Explain any two conductometric titrations.
6. Write note on Fuel Cells with examples and applications.
7. What is enzyme catalysis? Write any three factors effecting enzyme catalysis.
8. Derive Michaels- Menten equation.

PART- B 5 X 10 = 50
Marks

Answer ALL the questions. Each carries TEN marks

9 (a). Explain Valence Bond theory with Inner and Outer orbital complexes. Write
limitations of VBT.

(or)

(b). Define CFSE. Explain the factors effecting the magnitude of crystal field
splitting energy.

10 (a). Explain Trans effect. Explain the theories of trans effect and write any two
applications of trans effect.
(or)

(b). (i) Write the biological functions of Haemoglobin and Myoglobin.

(ii) Write note on use of chelating agents in medicines.

11.(a). Define Phase rule and terms involved in it. Explain phase diagram of Pb-Ag
system.
(or)

(b). (i) Explain phase diagram for NaCl-water system.

30
 (ii) Explain briefly about Freezing mixtures.

12.(a). Define Transport number. Write experimental method for the determination of
transport number by Hittorf method.
(or)

(b).(i) Define single electrode potential.

(ii) Explain four types of electrodes with examples.

13.(a). Explain general methods for determination of order of a reaction.

(or)

(b).Explain Collision theory and Activated complex theory of bimolecular

reactions.

***

31
 SUBJECT EXPERTS

Prof. C. Suresh Reddy

Professor, Department of Chemistry
S.V. University
Tirupati.

Dr. M. Mahaboob Pacha

Lecturer in Chemistry
Government Degree College
Ramachandrapuram – 533255

SYLLABUS VETTED BY

Prof. N.V.S. Naidu,

Professor, Department of Chemistry
S.V. University
Tirupati.

32