CHAPTER – 25
PROBABILITY
Exercise 25.1
Page No: 25.13
Question 1: A coin is tossed 1000 times with the following sequence:
Head: 455, Tail: 545
T IO S I
Compute the probability of each event.
NO A D
CO N
Solution:
A
Coin is tossed 1000 times, which means, number of trials are 1000.
PY
DO U A
Let us consider, event of getting head and event of getting tail be E and F
T
ED PR
respectively.
Number of favorable outcome = Number of trials in which the E happens
C
= 455
©
(Number of favorable outcome)
So, Probability of E = (Total number of trials)
455
P(E) = = 0.455
1000
Similarly,
Number of favorable outcome = Number of trials in which the F happens
= 545
545
Probability of the event getting a tail, P(F) = = 0.545
1000
Question 2: Two coins are tossed simultaneously 500 times with the
following frequencies of different outcomes:
Two heads: 95 times
One tail: 290 times
No head: 115 times
Find the probability of occurrence of each of these events.
Solution:
(Number of favorable outcome)
We know that, Probability of any event = (Total number of trials)
T IO S
Total number of trials = 95 + 290 + 115 = 500
I
Now,
NO A D
CO N
A
95
P (Getting two heads) = = 0.19
500
PY
DO U A
290
P (Getting one tail) = = 0.58
500
T
ED PR
115
P (Getting no head) = = 0.23
500
C
©
Question 3: Three coins are tossed simultaneously 100 times with the
following frequencies of different outcomes:
Outcome No head One head Two heads Three heads
Frequency 14 38 36 12
If the three coins are simultaneously tossed again, compute the
probability of:
(i) 2 heads coming up
(ii) 3 heads coming up
(iii) At least one head coming up
(iv) Getting more heads than tails
(v) Getting more tails than heads
Solution:
(Number of Favorable outcomes)
We know, Probability of an event = (Total Numbers of outcomes)
In this case, total numbers of outcomes = 100.
36
(i) Probability of 2 Heads coming up = = 0.36
100
12
(ii) Probability of 3 Heads coming up = = 0.12
T IO S
100
I
(38+36+12) 86
(iii) Probability of at least one head coming up = = = 0.86
NO A D 100 100
CO N
A
(36+12) 48
(iv) Probability of getting more Heads than Tails = = = 0.48
100 100
PY
DO U A
(14+38) 52
(v) Probability of getting more tails than heads = = = 0.52
T 100 100
ED PR
Question 4: 1500 families with 2 children were selected randomly, and
C
the following data were recorded:
©
No. of girls in a family 0 1 2
No. of girls 211 814 475
If a family is chosen at random, compute the probability that it has:
(i) No girl (ii) 1 girl (iii) 2 girls (iv) At most one girl (v) More girls than
boys
Solution:
(Number of Favorable outcomes)
We know, Probability of an event = (Total Numbers of outcomes)
In this case, total numbers of outcomes = 211 + 814 + 475 = 1500.
(Here, total numbers of outcomes = total number of families)
211
(i) Probability of having no girl = = 0.1406
1500
814
(ii) Probability of having 1 girl = = 0.5426
1500
475
(iii) Probability of having 2 girls = = 0.3166
1500
(211+814) 1025
(iv) Probability of having at the most one girl = = =
1500 1500
0.6833
475
T IO S
(v) Probability of having more girls than boys = = 0.31
1500
I
NO A D
CO N
A
Question 5: In a cricket match, a batsman hits a boundary 6 times out
of 30 balls he plays. Find the probability that on a ball played:
PY
DO U A
(i) He hits boundary (ii) He does not hit a boundary.
T
ED PR
Solution:
Total number of balls played by a player = 30
C
©
Number of times he hits a boundary = 6
Number of times he does not hit a boundary = 30 – 6 = 24
(Number of Favorable outcomes)
We know, Probability of an event = (Total Numbers of outcomes)
Now,
(Number of times he hit a boundary)
(i) Probability (he hits boundary) = (Total number of balls he played)
6 1
= =
30 5
24 4
(ii) Probability that the batsman does not hit a boundary = =
30 5
Question 6: The percentage of marks obtained by a student in
monthly unit tests are given below:
UNIT TEST I II III IV V
PERCENTAGE 69 71 73 68 76
OF MARK
OBTAINED
Find the probability that the student gets
T IO S
(i) More than 70% marks
I
NO A D
(ii) Less than 70% marks
CO N
A
(iii) A distinction
PY
Solution:
DO U A
T
Total number of unit tests taken = 5
ED PR
(Number of Favorable outcomes)
We know, Probability of an event = (Total Numbers of outcomes)
C
(i) Number of times student got more than 70% = 3
©
3
Probability (Getting more than 70%) = = 0.6
5
(ii) Number of times student got less than 70% = 2
2
Probability (Getting less than 70%) = = 0.4
5
(iii) Number of times student got a distinction = 1 [Marks more than 75%]
1
Probability (Getting a distinction) = = 0.2
5
Question 7: To know the opinion of the students about Mathematics,
a survey of 200 students were conducted. The data was recorded in
the following table:
Opinion Like Dislike
No. of students 135 65
Find the probability that student chosen at random:
(i) Likes Mathematics (ii) Does not like it.
Solution:
Total number of students = 200
T IO S
Students like mathematics = 135
I
NO A D
Students dislike Mathematics = 65
CO N
(Number of Favorable outcomes)
A
We know, Probability of an event = (Total Numbers of outcomes)
PY
DO U A
135
(i) Probability (Student likes mathematics) = = 0.675
T 200
ED PR
65
(ii) Probability (Student does not like mathematics) = = 0.325
200
C
©
Question 8: The blood groups of 30 students of class IX are recorded
as follows:
A B O O AB O A O B A O B A O O
A AB O A A O O AB B A O B A B O
A student is selected at random from the class from blood donation,
Fin the probability that the blood group of the student chosen is:
(i) A
(ii) B
(iii) AB
(iv) O
Solution:
The total number of trials is 30.
Remember the empirical or experimental or observed frequency approach
to probability.
If n be the total number of trials of an experiment and A is an event
associated to it such that A happens in m-trials. Then the empirical
probability of happening of event A is denoted by 𝑃(𝐴) and is given by
𝑚
𝑃(𝐴) =
𝑛
T IO S I
NO A D
(i) Let A1 be the event that the blood group of a chosen student is A.
CO N
A
The number of times A1 happens is 9.
PY
Therefore, we have
DO U A
T 9
𝑃(𝐴1 ) =
ED PR
30
= 0.3
C
(ii) Let A2 be the event that the blood group of a chosen student is B.
©
The number of times A2 happens is 6.
Therefore, we have
6
𝑃(𝐴2 ) =
30
= 0.2
(iii) Let A3 be the event that the blood group of a chosen student is AB.
The number of times A3 happens is 3.
Therefore, we have
3
𝑃(𝐴3 ) =
30
= 0.1
(iv) Let A4 be the event that the blood group of a chosen student is O.
The number of times A4 happens is 12.
Therefore, we have
12
𝑃(𝐴4 ) =
30
= 0.4
T IO S
Question 9: Eleven bags of wheat flour, each marked 5 Kg, actually
I
contained the following weights of flour (in kg):
NO A D
CO N
4.97, 5.05, 5.08, 5.03, 5.00, 5.06, 5.08, 4.98, 5.04, 5.07, 5.00
A
Find the probability that any of these bags chosen at random contains
PY
DO U A
more than 5 kg of flour.
T
ED PR
Solution:
The total number of trials is 11.
C
Remember the empirical or experimental or observed frequency approach
©
to probability.
If n be the total number of trials of an experiment and A is an event
associated to it such that A happens in m-trials. Then the empirical
probability of happening of event A is denoted by 𝑃(𝐴) and is given by
𝑚
𝑃(𝐴) =
𝑛
Let A1 be the event that the actual weight of a chosen bag contains more
than 5 Kg of flour.
The number of times A1 happens is 7.
Therefore, we have
7
𝑃(𝐴1 ) =
11
Question 10: Following table shows the birth month of 40 students of
class IX.
Ja Fe Mar Ap Ma Ju Jul Au Sep Oc No De
n. b ch ril y ne y g. t. t. v. c.
3 4 2 2 5 1 2 5 3 4 4 4
Find the probability that a student was born in August.
Solution:
T IO S
The total number of trials is 40.
I
NO A D
Remember the empirical or experimental or observed frequency approach
CO N
to probability.
A
If n be the total number of trials of an experiment and A is an event
PY
DO U A
associated to it such that A happens in m-trials. Then the empirical
T
probability of happening of event A is denoted by 𝑃(𝐴) and is given by
ED PR
𝑚
𝑃(𝐴) =
𝑛
C
Let A1 be the event that the birth month of a chosen student is august.
©
The number of times A1 happens is 5.
Therefore, we have
5
𝑃(𝐴1 ) =
40
1
=
8
Question 11: Given below is the frequency distribution table
regarding the concentration of sulphur dioxide in the air in parts per
million of a certain city for 30 days.
Conc. of 0.00- 0.04- 0.08- 0.12- 0.16- 0.20-
SO2 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24
No. days: 4 8 9 2 4 3
Find the probability of concentration of sulphur dioxide in the
interval 0.12-0.16 on any of these days.
Solution:
The total number of trials is 30.
T IO S
Remember the empirical or experimental or observed frequency approach
I
to probability.
NO A D
CO N
If n be the total number of trials of an experiment and A is an event
A
associated to it such that A happens in m-trials. Then the empirical
PY
probability of happening of event A is denoted by 𝑃(𝐴) and is given by
DO U A
𝑚
T
𝑃(𝐴) =
ED PR
Let A1 be the event that the concentration of sulphur dioxide in a day is
C
0.12-0.16 parts per million.
©
The number of times A1 happens is 2.
Therefore, we have
2
𝑃(𝐴1 ) =
30
1
=
15
Question 12: A company selected 2400 families at random and survey
them to determine a relationship between income level and the
number of vehicles in a home. The information gathered is listed in
the table below:
Monthly income: Vehicles per family
(in Rs) 0 1 2 Above 2
Less than 7000 10 160 25 0
7000-10000 0 305 27 2
10000-13000 1 535 29 1
13000-16000 2 469 29 25
16000 or more 1 579 82 88
T IO S
If a family is chosen, find the probability that family is:
I
NO A D
(i) earning Rs10000-13000 per month and owning exactly 2 vehicles.
CO N
A
(ii) earning Rs 16000 or more per month and owning exactly 1 vehicle.
PY
DO U A
(iii) earning less than Rs 7000 per month and does not own any
T
vehicle.
ED PR
(iv) earning Rs 13000-16000 per month and owning more than 2
vehicles.
C
©
(v) owning not more than 1 vehicle
(vi) owning at least one vehicle.
Solution:
The total number of trials is 2400.
Remember the empirical or experimental or observed frequency approach
to probability.
If n be the total number of trials of an experiment and A is an event
associated to it such that A happens in m-trials. Then the empirical
probability of happening of event A is denoted by 𝑃(𝐴) and is given by
𝑚
𝑃(𝐴) =
𝑛
(i) Let A1 be the event that a chosen family earns Rs 10000-13000 per
month and owns exactly 2 vehicles.
The number of times A1 happens is 29.
29
Therefore, we have 𝑃(𝐴1 ) =
2400
(ii) Let A2 be the event that a chosen family earns Rs 16000 or more per
month and owns exactly 1 vehicle.
T IO S
The number of times A2 happens is 579.
I
NO A D
Therefore, we have 𝑃(𝐴2 ) =
579
CO N
2400
A
PY
DO U A
(iii) Let A3 be the event that a chosen family earns less than Rs 7000 per
T
ED PR
month and does not owns any vehicles.
The number of times A3 happens is 10.
C
Therefore, we have
©
10
𝑃(𝐴3 ) =
2400
1
=
240
(iv) Let A4 be the event that a chosen family earns Rs 13000-16000 per
month and owns more than 2 vehicles.
The number of times A4 happens is 25.
Therefore, we have
25
𝑃(𝐴4 ) =
2400
1
=
96
(v) Let A5 be the event that a chosen family owns not more than 1 vehicle
(may be 0 or 1). In this case the number of vehicles is independent of the
income of the family.
The number of times A5 happens is
(10 + 0 + 1 + 2 + 1) + (160 + 305 + 535 + 469 + 579) = 2062.
Therefore, we have
2062
𝑃(𝐴5 ) =
2400
T IO S
1031
=
I
1200
NO A D
CO N
A
(vi) Let A6 be the event that a chosen family owns at least 1 vehicle (may
PY
DO U A
be 1 or 2 or above 2). In this case the number of vehicles is independent
T
of the income of the family.
ED PR
The number of times A6 happens is
C
(160 + 305 + 535 + 469 + 579) + (25 + 27 + 29 + 29 + 82) +
©
(0 + 2 + 1 + 25 + 88) = 2356.
Therefore, we have
2356
𝑃(𝐴6 ) =
2400
589
=
600
Question 13: The following table gives the life time of 400 neon lamps:
Life time 300- 400- 500- 600- 700- 800- 900-
(in hours) 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Number
14 56 60 86 74 62 48
of lamps:
A bulb is selected of random, Find the probability that the life time
of the selected bulb is:
(i) less than 400
(ii) between 300 to 800 hours
(iii) at least 700 hours.
T IO S
Solution:
I
The total number of trials is 400.
NO A D
CO N
Remember the empirical or experimental or observed frequency approach
A
to probability.
PY
DO U A
If n be the total number of trials of an experiment and A is an event
T
ED PR
associated to it such that A happens in m-trials. Then the empirical
probability of happening of event A is denoted by 𝑃(𝐴) and is given by
𝑚
C
𝑃(𝐴) =
𝑛
©
(i) Let A1 be the event that the lifetime of a chosen bulb is less than 400
hours.
The number of times A1 happens is 14.
Therefore, we have
14
𝑃(𝐴1 ) =
400
7
=
200
(ii) Let A2 be the event that the lifetime of a chosen bulb is in between 300
to 800 hours.
The number of times A2 happens is 14 + 56 + 60 + 86 + 74 = 290.
Therefore, we have
290
𝑃(𝐴2 ) =
400
29
= .
40
(iii) Let A3 be the event that the lifetime of a chosen bulb is at least 700
T IO S
hours.
I
The number of times A3 happens is 74 + 62 + 48 = 184.
NO A D
CO N
A
Therefore, we have
PY
184
𝑃(𝐴3 ) =
DO U A
400
T
23
ED PR
= .
50
C
Question 14: Given below is the frequency distribution of wages (in
©
Rs) of 30 workers in a certain factory:
110- 130- 150- 170- 190- 210- 230-
Wages (in Rs)
130 150 170 190 210 230 250
No. of workers 3 4 5 6 5 4 3
A worker is selected at random. Find the probability that his wages
are:
(i) less than Rs 150
(ii) at least Rs 210
(iii) more than or equal to 150 but less than Rs 210.
Solution:
The total number of trials is 30.
Remember the empirical or experimental or observed frequency approach
to probability.
If n be the total number of trials of an experiment and A is an event
associated to it such that A happens in m-trials. Then the empirical
probability of happening of event A is denoted by 𝑃(𝐴) and is given by
𝑚
T IO S
𝑃(𝐴) =
𝑛
I
NO A D
(i) Let A1 be the event that the wages of a worker are less than Rs 150.
CO N
A
The number of times A1 happens is 3 + 4 = 7.
PY
7
Therefore, we have 𝑃(𝐴1 ) =
DO U A
.
30
T
ED PR
(ii) Let A2 be the event that the wages of a worker are at least Rs 210.
The number of times A2 happens is 4 + 3 = 7.
C
7
Therefore, we have 𝑃(𝐴2 ) = .
©
30
(iii) Let A3 be the event that the wages of a worker are more than or equal
to Rs 150 but less than Rs 210.
The number of times A3 happens is 5 + 6 + 5 = 16.
Therefore, we have
16
𝑃(𝐴3 ) =
30
8
= .
15
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPES QUESTION (VSAQs)
Page No: 25.16
Question 1: Define a trial.
Solution:
When we perform an experiment it is called a trial of the experiment.
Whereas, an operation which can produce some well-defined outcomes is
T IO S
called an experiment.
I
NO A D
For example, we have 6 possible outcomes while rolling a die.
CO N
A
PY
Question 2: Define an elementary event.
DO U A
T
Solution:
ED PR
An outcome of a trial of an experiment is an elementary event.
C
©
Question 3: Define an event.
Solution:
A subset of the sample space is called an event.
For Example: In the experiment of tossing a coin:
Event E = the event of getting a head
Event F = the event of getting a tail
Question 4: Define Probability of an Event.
Solution:
Suppose an event E can happen in m ways out of a total of n possible
equally likely ways.
Then, the probability of occurrence of the event = P(E) = m/n.
Question 5: A big contains 4 white balls and some red balls. If the
𝟐
probability of drawing a white ball from the bag is , find the number
𝟓
of red balls in the bag.
T IO S
Solution:
I
NO A D
The number of white balls is 4. Let the number of red balls is x. Then the
CO N
total number of trials is 4 + 𝑥.
A
Let A be the event of drawing a white ball.
PY
DO U A
The number of times A happens is 4.
T
ED PR
Remember the empirical or experimental or observed frequency approach
to probability.
C
If n be the total number of trials of an experiment and A is an event
©
associated to it such that A happens in m-trials. Then the empirical
probability of happening of event A is denoted by 𝑃(𝐴) and is given by
𝑚
𝑃(𝐴) =
𝑛
4
Therefore, we have 𝑃(𝐴) = .
4+𝑥
2
But, it is given that 𝑃(𝐴) = . So, we have
5
4 2
=
4+𝑥 5
⇒ 2(4 + 𝑥 ) = 20
⇒ 8 + 2𝑥 = 20
⇒ 2𝑥 = 20 − 8
⇒ 2𝑥 = 12
12
⇒𝑥=
2
𝑥=6
Hence the number of red balls is 6.
Question 6: A die is thrown 100 times. If the probability of getting an
𝟐
T IO S
even number is . How many times an odd number is obtained?
𝟓
I
NO A D
Solution:
CO N
A
The total number of trials is 100. Let the number of times an even number
is obtained is x.
PY
DO U A
Let A be the event of getting an even number.
T
ED PR
The number of times A happens is x.
Remember the empirical or experimental or observed frequency approach
C
to probability.
©
If n be the total number of trials of an experiment and A is an event
associated to it such that A happens in m-trials. Then the empirical
probability of happening of event A is denoted by 𝑃(𝐴) and is given by
𝑚
𝑃(𝐴) =
𝑛
𝑥
Therefore, we have 𝑃(𝐴) = .
100
2
But, it is given that 𝑃(𝐴) = . So, we have
5
𝑥 2
=
100 5
⇒ 5𝑥 = 200
200
⇒𝑥=
5
⇒ 𝑥 = 40
Hence an even number is obtained 40 times. Consequently, an odd
number is obtained 100 – 40 = 60 times.
Question 7: Three coins are tossed simultaneously 200 times with the
following frequencies of different outcomes:
T IO S
Outcome 3 heads 2 heads 1 head No head
I
NO A D Frequency 23 72 77 28
CO N
A
PY
DO U A
Find the probability of getting at most two heads.
T
Solution:
ED PR
The total number of trials is 200.
C
Let A be the event of getting at most two heads.
©
The number of times A happens is 28 + 77 + 72 = 177.
Remember the empirical or experimental or observed frequency approach
to probability.
If n be the total number of trials of an experiment and A is an event
associated to it such that A happens in m-trials. Then the empirical
probability of happening of event A is denoted by 𝑃(𝐴) and is given by
𝑚
𝑃(𝐴) =
𝑛
177
Therefore, we have 𝑃(𝐴) = .
200
Question 8: In Q. No. 7, what is the probability of getting at least two
heads?
Solution:
The total number of trials is 200.
Let A be the event of getting at least two heads.
The number of times A happens is 72 + 23 = 95.
Remember the empirical or experimental or observed frequency approach
T IO S
to probability.
I
NO A D
If n be the total number of trials of an experiment and A is an event
CO N
associated to it such that A happens in m-trials. Then the empirical
A
probability of happening of event A is denoted by 𝑃(𝐴) and is given by
PY
DO U A
𝑚
𝑃(𝐴) =
𝑛
T
ED PR
Therefore, we have
95
𝑃(𝐴) =
C
200
©
19
=
40
