FACT
FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) refers to a group of power electronic-based
controllers and devices employed in alternating current (AC) power transmission systems to
enhance controllability, stability, and power transfer capability. FACTS technology has
revolutionized the way power systems are operated and controlled, enabling more efficient and
reliable power transmission.
FACTS Controllers
FACTS controllers can be broadly classified into four categories:
1. Series Controllers: These devices are connected in series with the transmission line and
can control the flow of active and reactive power through the line. Examples include
Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) and Static Synchronous Series
Compensator (SSSC).
2. Shunt Controllers: These devices are connected in shunt with the transmission line and
can control the voltage at the point of connection by injecting or absorbing reactive
power. Examples include Static VAR Compensator (SVC) and Static Synchronous
Compensator (STATCOM).
3. Combined Series-Shunt Controllers: These devices combine the functionalities of series
and shunt controllers, providing comprehensive control over active and reactive power
flow as well as voltage regulation. An example is the Unified Power Flow Controller
(UPFC).
4. HVDC Controllers: These devices are used in High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC)
transmission systems to control the power flow and provide stability in AC-DC
interconnections. Examples include HVDC Back-to-Back Stations and HVDC Light.
Benefits of FACTS
The implementation of FACTS technology in power systems offers several benefits, including:
1. Increased Power Transfer Capability: FACTS devices can control the impedance of
transmission lines, allowing more power to be transferred over existing infrastructure
without compromising stability or voltage limits.
2. Improved System Stability: By providing fast and accurate reactive power
compensation, FACTS devices can enhance the transient stability of the system during
disturbances or faults, reducing the risk of blackouts or cascading outages.
3. Voltage Regulation: Shunt FACTS controllers can regulate voltage at specific points in
the system, mitigating voltage fluctuations and ensuring a more reliable and consistent
power supply.
4. Power Oscillation Damping: FACTS devices can damp out low-frequency power
oscillations, improving the overall stability and reliability of the system.
5. Renewable Energy Integration: FACTS technology can facilitate the integration of
intermittent renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power, by providing the
necessary voltage and reactive power support to maintain grid stability.
6. Increased Asset Utilization: By optimizing power flows and reducing transmission
losses, FACTS devices can increase the utilization of existing transmission assets,
deferring or eliminating the need for costly new infrastructure.
FACTS technology has become an essential component of modern power systems, enabling more
efficient, reliable, and flexible power transmission. As the demand for electricity continues to
grow and the integration of renewable energy sources increases, FACTS devices will play a
crucial role in ensuring the stability and reliability of power grids worldwide.
