DOT - CHAPTER 4 - DIESEL POWER PLANT, CHAPTER 5 - GAS TURBINE PLANT, CHAPTER 6 - STEAM POWER PLANT, CHAPTER 7 - STEAM
GENERATOR
CHAPTER 4 - DIESEL POWER PLANT THERMAL EFFICIENCY (et) - ratio of the work done
by a heat engine to the heat supplied by the fuel
DIESEL, RUDOLF CHRISTIAN KARL - (1858 -
1913), German engineer who invented the diesel A. INDICATED THERMAL EFFICIENCY (eti)
engine. Studied in England. Attended Polytechnic - ratio of indicated power to the heat supplied
School in Munich, settled in 1893. Patented by the fuel.
internal-combustion engine (auto-inition of fuel) in
1892. Associated in Krupp firm in Essen, built 1st B. BRAKE THERMAL EFFICIENCY (etb) -
successful diesel engine (low-cost fuel). Died in 1913 ratio of brake power to the heat supplied by
from drowning in the English Channel while on the fuel.
voyage.
C. COMBINED OR OVER-ALL THERMAL
DIESEL ENGINE - excellent prime mover for EFFICIENCY (etc) - ratio of electrical or
electric power generation in capacities of 101 hp generator efficiency power to the heat
to 5070 hp. These are widely used in hotels, utility supplied by the fuel.
companies, and municipalities and private
industries. ENGINE EFFICIENCIES (ee)
A. INDICATED ENGINE EFFICIENCY (eei) -
FOLLOWING ELEMENTS OF THE DESIGN OF ratio of the indicated thermal efficiency to the
DIESEL ELECTRIC POWER PLANT: ideal thermal efficiency.
1. Stationary Diesel Engine B. BRAKE ENGINE EFFICIENCY (eeb) - ratio
2. Fuel System of the brake thermal efficiency to the ideal
3. Lubricating System thermal efficiency.
4. Cooling System
5. Intake and Exhaust System C. COMBINED OR OVER-ALL
6. Starting System EFFICIENCY (eec) - ratio of the combined or
7. Governing System over-all thermal efficiency to the ideal thermal
efficiency.
ADVANTAGES OF DIESEL ENGINE
1. The cost of diesel fuel is cheaper than other fuels VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY (ev) - ratio of the
2. It needs no long warming up volume of air drawn into a cylinder to the piston
3. It has no standby losses displacement.
4. It has uniformly high efficiency of all sizes
5. It has a simple plant lay out SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION (m) - mass flow
6. It needs no large water supply rate of fuel consumed per unit power developed.
Also known as Specific Propellant Consumption.
PISTON DISPLACEMENT (VD) - volume displaced
by the piston as it moves from top dead center to HEAT RATE (HR) - rate of energy charge per unit of
bottom dead center. power.
PISTON SPEED - total distance a piston travels in CHAPTER 5 - GAS TURBINE PLANT
a given time
GAS TURBINE - combustion engine in applications
INDICATED POWER (Pind) - power developed by much above 10 MW. Large units regularly operate in
the action of piston within a cylinder, so named 100 MW to approximately 230 MW.
because it is measured by use of an indicator
THE LUCKY 9 POINTS TO REMEMBER IN GAS
PLANIMETER - measures the area of actual P-V TURBINES
diagram traced by engine indicator. 1. Temperature of the gas entering the expander
is 1200°C to 1290°C.
BRAKE POWER (Pb) - power delivered to a shaft. 2. Exhaust temperature is 540°C to 590°C.
Always less than indicated power because some of 3. The exhaust flowrate in modern heavy duty
the work developed by the cylinders is used to turbines per 100 MW is approximately 240 to 250
overcome the friction of running the engine. Other kg/s.
term is Shaft Power. Calculated using prony brake 4. Approximately 50 to 75% of the turbine power is
or dynamometer. used to drive the high efficiency compressor.
5. Temperature of the air entering the turbine will
FRICTION POWER (Pf) - power dissipated in an be between 650°C and 1000°C. Maximum
engine through friction. temperature by metallurgical reasons is 1700 K.
6. Thermal efficiency of existing heavy-duty
MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY (em) - ratio of the combustion turbines in simple cycle is 34 to 36%.
brake power to the indicated power. 7. Thermal Efficiency of aeroderivative turbines
commonly achieve efficiencies up to 42%.
ELECTRICAL OR GENERATOR EFFICIENCY (egen) 8. The back work ratio is approximately 50 to 75%.
- ratio of the generator power to the brake power. 9. Actual regeneration efficiency rarely exceeds
75%.
DOT - CHAPTER 4 - DIESEL POWER PLANT, CHAPTER 5 - GAS TURBINE PLANT, CHAPTER 6 - STEAM POWER PLANT, CHAPTER 7 - STEAM GENERATOR
1. When r is the compression ratio, the efficiency of [Link]
Brayton cycle is given by [Link]
ANS. 1 - 1 / r (1 - k) Answer: REGENERATION
2.A regenerator in a gas turbine: [Link] the boiler pressure increases or when the
Ans: Improves thermal efficiency exhaust pressure decreases, the amount of moisture.
[Link]
[Link] of the following compressors is generally [Link]
used for gas turbines? [Link]
Ans: Axial Flow Type [Link]
Answer. INCREASES
[Link] constant pressure gas turbine works on the
principle of: [Link] the number of reheat stages in a reheat
Ans: Brayton Cycle cycle is increased, the average temperature
[Link]
[Link] type of gas turbine is used in air craft? [Link] constant
Ans: Open Cycle Type [Link]
[Link] zero
[Link] a gas turbine combined cycle plant, a waste heat Answer: INCREASES
boiler is used to:
Ans: Recover heat from exhaust gases 6.A heat transfer device that reduces a
thermodynamic fluid from its vapor phase to its liquid
[Link] efficiency of a gas turbine is: phase such as in vapor compression refrigeration
Ans: Less than Diesel cycle efficiency plant or in a condensing steam power plant.
[Link] vessel
[Link]
CHAPTER 6 - STEAM POWER PLANT [Link] tower
[Link] separator
RANKINE CYCLE - is the ideal cycle used as the Answer: CONDENSER
standard of comparison for steam power plants.
7.A simultaneous generation of electricity and steam
REHEAT CYCLE - the efficiency of the plant (or heat) in a single power plant.
sometimes can be increased by withdrawing the [Link] turbine
steam from the turbine after it has partially expanded [Link] heat recovery
and piping the steam back to the steam generator for [Link] turbine
reheating. [Link]
Answer: COGENERATION
REGENERATIVE CYCLE - cycle efficiency can be
increased by bleeding a fraction of steam from the CHAPTER 7 - STEAM GENERATOR
turbine and using this steam for regenerative heating STEAM GENERATOR
of the feedwater. STEAM GENERATOR OR STEAM BOILER - is an
integrated assembly of several essential
REHEAT REGENERATIVE CYCLE - are combined components the function of which is to produce
to further improved the overall thermal efficiency and steam at a predetermined pressure and
further reduced the moisture content of steam to temperature.
minimize corrosion.
CLASSIFICATION OF BOILERS:
[Link] cycle is used in vapor cycle of steam power WATER TUBE BOILER - a steam boiler in which
plant? water circulates within tubes and heat is applied
[Link] cycle from outside the tubes to generate steam.
[Link] cycle
[Link] cycle FIRE TUBE BOILER - a steam boiler in which hot
[Link] cycle gaseous products of combustion pass through
Answer: BRAYTON CYCLE tubes surrounded by boiler water.
[Link] droplets of water are carried by steam in the DEFINITONS:
boiler.
[Link] POWER BOILER - is a closed vessel in which
[Link] steam or other vapor (to be used externally to itself)
[Link] is generated at a pressure of more than 1.055
[Link] kg/cm² gage by the direct application of heat.
Answer. PRIMING
PORTABLE BOILER - is an internally fired boiler
[Link] process in which heat energy is transferred to which is self- contained and primarily intended for
a thermal energy storage device is known temporary location and the construction and usage is
[Link] obviously portable.
[Link]
DOT - CHAPTER 4 - DIESEL POWER PLANT, CHAPTER 5 - GAS TURBINE PLANT, CHAPTER 6 - STEAM POWER PLANT, CHAPTER 7 - STEAM GENERATOR
LOCOMOTIVE BOILER - is a boiler mounted on a ECONOMIZER - is a feed water preheating device
self-propelled track locomotive and used to furnish which utilizes the heat of the flue gases.
motivating power travelling on rails. It does not
include locomotive cranes, tractors, or other self- FEEDWATER HEATER - is the preheating device
propelled apparatus. Locomotive boilers however if which utilizes steam mixed and the feed water.
dismantled from locomotive and reinstalled for
stationary use are not included in this definition.
FEEDWATER PUMP - is a device used to deliver
MINIATURE BOILER - is any boiler which does not water into the boiler.
exceed any of the following limits: 405 mm inside
diameter, 1,065 mm overall length of outside to FURNACE - a device that encloses the
outside of heads at center 1.85 mm of water heating combustion equipment so that the heat generated
surface, 7.03 kg/cm² maximum allowable working will be utilized effectively.
pressure.
FUSIBLE PLUG - is a metal plug with a definite
LOW PRESSURE HEATING BOILER - is a boiler melting point through which the steam is released
operated at pressure not exceeding 1.055 kg/cm²
in case of excessive temperature which is usually
gage steam, or water temperature not exceeding
121°C. caused by low water level.
HOT WATER SUPPLY BOILER - is a boiler GAGE GLASS (WATER COLUMN) - a device that
furnishing hot water to be used externally to itself. indicates the water level existing in the boiler.
UNFIRED PRESSURE VESSEL - is a vessel in PRESSURE GAGE - is a device that indicates the
which pressure is obtained from an external pressure of the steam in the boiler.
sources or from an indirect application of heat.
SAFETY VALVE - is a safety device which
REINSTALLED BOILER - is a boiler removed from
its original setting and re-erected at the same automatically releases the steam in case of over-
location or erected at location without change of pressure.
ownership.
SOOT BLOWER - is a device which uses steam or
SECOND HAND BOILER - is a boiler of which both compressed air to remove the soot that has
the location and ownership have been changed accumulated in the boiler tubes and drums.
after primary use.
TEMPERATURE GAGE is a device that indicates
CONDEMED BOILER - is a boiler that has been
the temperature of the steam in the boiler
inspected and declared unsafe to operate or
disqualified stamped and marked indicating its
rejection by qualified inspecting authority. WATER WALLS - are water tubes installed in the
furnace to protect the furnace against high
BOILERS AND ITS ACCESSORIES: temperature and also serve as extension of heat
transfer area for the feed water.
AIR PREHEATER - is a heat exchanger which
utilizes the heat of the flue gases to preheat the air PERFORMANCE OF STEAM GENERATOR
needed for combustion. (BOILER):
BAFFLES - a device that direct the flow of the hot 1. HEAT SUPPLIED BY FUEL (Qs) - heat generated
gases to effect efficient heat transfer between the hot by the fuel.
gases and the heated water.
2. BOILER HEATING SURFACE (HS) - total area in
BLOWDOWN VALVE - is a valve through which the m2 through which the heated water and hot gases
exchange heat.
impurities that settle in the mud drum are
removed. 3. RATED BOILER HORSEPOWER (Rated Bo. HP)
- is the Manufacturer’s Rating equivalent to the
BREECHING - is the duct that connects the boiler Heating Surface in m2 divided by 0.91 for water
and chimney. tube and 1.1 for Fire Tube.
BURNER - is the combustion equipment for firing 4. DEVELOPED BOILER HORSEPOWER - actual
liquid and gaseous fuels. heat absorption divided by 35,322.
5. PERCENT RATING - percentage rating is the ratio
DRAFT FANS (INDUCED DRAFT & FORCED
of the developed boiler horsepower to the rated
DRAFT) - are devices used to supply air needed boiler horsepower.
for the combustion and create the draft required for
the flow of gases in the boiler.
DOT - CHAPTER 4 - DIESEL POWER PLANT, CHAPTER 5 - GAS TURBINE PLANT, CHAPTER 6 - STEAM POWER PLANT, CHAPTER 7 - STEAM GENERATOR
6. ASME EVAPORATION UNITS - heat output of the A. Produce condensate
boiler or the rate at which heat is transformed. B. Produce steam
C. Create heat
7. FACTOR OF EVAPORATION (FE) - actual heat D. Bum fuel
absorption per kg of steam generated divided by Answer: PRODUCE STEAM
2257 (hfg) from and at 100°C) 7. The ASME code states that boilers with over
____ square feet heating surface must have two
8. EQUIVALENT EVAPORATION - is the product of or more safety valve.
the rate of evaporation of steam and factor of A. 200
evaporation. B. 400
C. 400
9. ACTUAL SPECIFIC EVAPORATION OR BOILER D. 500
ECONOMY - ratio of the mass of steam to the mass Answer: 500
of fuel.
10. EQUIVALENT SPECIFIC EVAPORATION - CHAPTER 8
product of the Actual Specific Evaporation and the STEAM PRIME MOVERS
Factor of Evaporation STEAM PRIMEMOVER - is machine which
originates mechanical motion using some of
11. BOILER EFFICIENCY OR OVERALL natural force. All heat engines are prime movers
THERMAL EFFICIENCY - is the measure of ability such as steam engines and turbines.
of a boiler or steam generator to transfer the heat STEAM TURBINE & ITS ACCESSORIES
given it by the furnace to the water and steam. STEAM TURBINE - is a prime mover for the
conversion of heat energy of steam into work on
12. NET BOILER EFFICIENCY - boiler efficiency a revolving shaft, utilizing fluid acceleration
less the energy consumed by accessories. principles in jet and vane machinery
STEAM ENGINE
STEAM ENGINE is a device for the conversion of
Multiple Choices heat in steam into work, generally in the form of a
1. Which of the following is necessary to generate positive displacement, piston and cylinder
steam in a boiler? mechanism.
A. A container STEAM CONDENSER
B. Water STEAM CONDENSER - is a device used to
C. Heat maintain vacuum conditions on the exhaust of a
D. All of the above steam prime mover by transfer of heat to circulating
Answer: ALL OF THE ABOVE water or air at the lowest ambient temperature.
2. It is the part of the boiler with water on one side
and heat on the other side. CLASSIFICATION OF STEAM CONDENSERS:
A. Furnace volume SURFACE CONDENSER - is a heat transfer device
B. Heating surface used to condense a steam under vacuum, by
C. Fire side absorbing its latent heat in cooling fluid, ordinarily
D. Water side water. It is a device in which the steam and cooling
Answer: HEATING SURFACE water do not mix.
3. A ______ boiler has heat and gases of
combustion that pass through tubes surrounded CONTACT CONDENSER - is a heat transfer device
by water. in which the steam is brought into direct contact
A. fire tube with a cooling liquid such as water and is
B. water tube condensed by giving up its latent heat to the liquid
C. cast iron sectional
D. straight-tube FEEDWATER PUMP - is a device used to pump
Answer: FIRE TUBE boiler feedwater.
4. A ______ boiler has water in the tubes and heat
gases of combustion passing around the tubes. WILLAN’S LAW - when the power is varied by
A. Fire tube throttling only, the mass of steam used by the engine
B. Water tube varies proportionally as the indicated power.
C. Cast iron sectional
D. Firebox
Answer: WATER TUBE
5. Which of the following are used in boilers to
direct the gases of combustion over the boiler
heating surface?
A. Combustion control
B. Fire tubes
C. Baffles
D. Zone controls
Answer: BAFFLES
6. The function of the steam boiler is to _____.
