UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR

Facultad de Filosofía, Letras y Ciencias de la Educación

Carrera de Pedagogía de los Idiomas Nacionales y Extranjeros – INGLÉS
CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS
Prof. Pablo Mejía Maldonado
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Graphic Organizer Nº 2 15.00/20

Full Name(s): Barrera Keyla, Flores Jaime, Mora Mónica, Pomasqui Leslie, Yugcha Erika Class: UCE-2A

Topic: Vowel Inventory and its properties.

Group Nº: 6
Date: Friday, June 23, 2023 Score: 15
CRITERIA Excellent = 4 points Good = 3 points Fair =2 points Poor = 1 point

Completeness Graphic organizers are labeled Graphic organizers are labeled. At least half of the assignment Less than half of the assignment was
Contains ALL information as as directed. Definitions, if Definitions are mostly complete. There was attempted. Some attempted and/or complete. Most
requested. used, are complete. Examples are good examples on most of the definitions are missing. definitions are missing. Examples
are given as directed. subjects. Drawings are mostly accurate Examples are not complete. are incomplete. Drawings are
Drawings are accurate and and labeled. Scientific understanding of Drawings are incomplete and incomplete and not labeled.
labeled appropriately. concept is adequate. inconsistently labeled. Scientific understanding of concept
Scientific understanding of Scientific understanding of shows more than two
concept is clear and on grade concept shows one or two
level. misconceptions.

Legibility All writing is legible and Majority of the writing is legible and Writing is somewhat legible Writing is not legible and pictures
Is the student's writing picture is neat. Overall, the most of the pictures are neat. and the assignment is a bit are not neat. Shows a lack of
legible? graphic organizer is neat. It is messy. understanding or carelessness.
also disaggregated and cut
correctly.

Accuracy All of the assignment is Most of the assignment (more than a At least half of the assignment Less than half of the assignment is
Did the student recheck the correct, and neat. Picture is half) is complete but the definitions is correct. accurate. Pictures or definitions are
assignment? neat. Definitions are accurate and/or picture is not accurate. not accurate.
and complete.

Requirements Goes beyond the requirements More than half of the requirements are At least half of the Less than half of the requirements
Did the student follow the of the assignment. Color is met. Shows some color and requirements are met. Pictures are met. Pictures and/or definitions
directions given? added and picture shows understanding. are not colorful and lack are missing.
details. Key words are used Key phrases are used detail. Sentences are used. Paragraphs are used.1
and written in detail.

Grammar and Mechanics There are no grammatical There are 1-2 grammatical and/or There are 3-4 grammatical There are more than 4 grammatical
Did the student check and/or mechanical mistakes on mechanical mistakes on the graphic and/or mechanical mistakes on and/or mechanical mistakes on the
spelling? the Graphic organizer. organizer. the graphic organizer. 2 graphic organizers.

Total => 4 9 2 -

Comments:

firma firma
Barrera Keyla
_____________________ Flores Jaime
_____________________
Apellido y Nombre Apellido y Nombre

firma firma firma

Mora Mónica
_____________________ Pomasqui Leslie
_____________________ Yugcha Erika
_____________________ Prof. Pablo Mejía Maldonado
________________________________________
Apellido y Nombre Apellido y Nombre Apellido y Nombre Apellido y Nombre

Students Professor

1
 UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR
Facultad de Filosofía, Letras y Ciencias de la Educación
Carrera de Pedagogía de los Idiomas Nacionales y Extranjeros – INGLÉS
CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS
Prof. Pablo Mejía Maldonado
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Description of the Speech Organs

is divided into

Supraglottic Cavity Glottic Cavity Infraglottic Cavity

Placed above the glottis is located inside the neck objective

is divided into

Pharynx Oral Cavity Produce the sounds breathing for sound emission

Figure 1. Pharynx Figure 2. Oral Cavity Figure 4. Glottic Cavity

Figure 1. Glottic Cavity Figure 5. Infraglottic cavity

Note. Parts of mouth.

Note. Digestive system. Taken from (Belem, 2017)
Taken from (Freitas, 2021)
Figure 3. Nasal Cavity
Note.Parts of the glottic cavity. Note. Parts of the infraglottic cavity.
Nasal Cavity Taken from (Alambert, 2017) Taken from (Ferney, 2017)
2
Note. parts of the nasal cavity.
Taken from (Osorio, 2017)
 UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR
Facultad de Filosofía, Letras y Ciencias de la Educación
Carrera de Pedagogía de los Idiomas Nacionales y Extranjeros – INGLÉS
CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS
Prof. Pablo Mejía Maldonado
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

THE VOWEL
INVENTORY

deals with the mouth cavity

depending on movements > different vowel sounds

Ecuadorian Spanish / North American English

Figure 6

Note. specify when it is rounded or

extended. take from (eMe,2020)

3
 UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR
Facultad de Filosofía, Letras y Ciencias de la Educación
Carrera de Pedagogía de los Idiomas Nacionales y Extranjeros – INGLÉS
CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS
Prof. Pablo Mejía Maldonado
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

VOWELS

core > syllable

continual vibration > vocal cords
unobstructed

English: tense/lax
tongue forward, backward, upward single sound quality: monophthong
Spanish: tense
rounding/ stretching combination weak-strong or strong-weak
vowels: diphthong

4
 UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR
Facultad de Filosofía, Letras y Ciencias de la Educación
Carrera de Pedagogía de los Idiomas Nacionales y Extranjeros – INGLÉS
CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS
Prof. Pablo Mejía Maldonado
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

VOWEL PRODUCTION

Muscle
Roundness
tense / lax
spread, neutral or
Monophthongs height rounded
Backness
(simple) (pure movement
vowels) palate: tongue Vowel Lenght Stress
tongue: high,
middle, or low moves forwards/ English:
diphthongs towards
(complex) vowel >voiced consonant not stressed : /ə/ and /i/
front, central, or : double tense ( use
back if <a>,<o><u>
chroneme diacritic)
vowel >voiceless ( use /ə/ <e><i> use / / ᶦ
unlengthened)
Spanish: all unlengthened

Figure 7. vowel quality also depends on the

shape of the lips

5 of the corners
Note. based on the position
of the mouth. take from ( Doclecture, 2015).
 UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR
Facultad de Filosofía, Letras y Ciencias de la Educación
Carrera de Pedagogía de los Idiomas Nacionales y Extranjeros – INGLÉS
CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS
Prof. Pablo Mejía Maldonado
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

ENGLISH VOWEL PHONEME

QUADRANT

Cardinal vowels > most familiar > European

languages

British isles-northeast USA = [ↄ] [a] General English Vowel Quadrant tense and lax vowel classification debate
two vowels merged = [α] General American English

Figure 8. vowel sounds

Note. is pronounced with an open6vocal tract. take from (Ana,

2014).
 UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR
Facultad de Filosofía, Letras y Ciencias de la Educación
Carrera de Pedagogía de los Idiomas Nacionales y Extranjeros – INGLÉS
CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS
Prof. Pablo Mejía Maldonado
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

SPANISH VOWEL PHONEME QUADRANT

≠ Two vowels together

simple rules strong or open sounds weak or closed sounds

/a/ /e/ /i/ /u/

7
 UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR
Facultad de Filosofía, Letras y Ciencias de la Educación
Carrera de Pedagogía de los Idiomas Nacionales y Extranjeros – INGLÉS
CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS
Prof. Pablo Mejía Maldonado
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC VOWEL CONTRAST

• utterances in a language
difference in pronunciation

monophthongs and diphthongs

8 • analized = orthographic, phonological notation and name
 UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR
Facultad de Filosofía, Letras y Ciencias de la Educación
Carrera de Pedagogía de los Idiomas Nacionales y Extranjeros – INGLÉS
CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS
Prof. Pablo Mejía Maldonado
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

MONOPHTHONGS

simple or pure vowels English English and Spanish

front, central and back sound One vowel or two vowel but a single sound /i/ /u/
simple sounds
but
English: /i/ and /u/ gliding process

9
 UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR
Facultad de Filosofía, Letras y Ciencias de la Educación
Carrera de Pedagogía de los Idiomas Nacionales y Extranjeros – INGLÉS
CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS
Prof. Pablo Mejía Maldonado
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

FRONT VOWEL SOUNDS

Many more spellings Top left pad One spelling

ENGLISH differ SPANISH

Vowel phoneme -Vowel quality Vowel sounds

Two allophones -Muscle tension nasalized

lengthened unlengthened Closed nasal Internal sound

syllable environment

Stressed
V.S.
Adopt the Drop the
chroneme chroneme

10
 UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR
Facultad de Filosofía, Letras y Ciencias de la Educación
Carrera de Pedagogía de los Idiomas Nacionales y Extranjeros – INGLÉS
CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS
Prof. Pablo Mejía Maldonado
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

FRONT VOWEL SOUNDS

ANALYSIS SPANISH ENGLISH ENGLISH

Voicing i i I

Vowel Quality Two allophones Two allophones Two allophones

Tongue Height Most frequent Amerincan

V.S. English

Backness

Muscle Tension
High-front

Roundness

11
 UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR
Facultad de Filosofía, Letras y Ciencias de la Educación
Carrera de Pedagogía de los Idiomas Nacionales y Extranjeros – INGLÉS
CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS
Prof. Pablo Mejía Maldonado
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

FRONT VOWEL SOUNDS

SPANISH ENGLISH ENGLISH

e ɛ æ

Four allophones Mid-front Two allophones Low-front

Two allophones

Stands for <a> 97% of cases

Uses: Combination of 3% of cases

letters

Stressed letter Mostly

<a> Roundness pronounced

12
 UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR
Facultad de Filosofía, Letras y Ciencias de la Educación
Carrera de Pedagogía de los Idiomas Nacionales y Extranjeros – INGLÉS
CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS
Prof. Pablo Mejía Maldonado
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Central Vowel Sounds

Is produced Characteristic Tongue

Located midway Anterior-posterior

Tongue in central position vowel

Spanish /a/ English /a/

Vocal cavity center

Low central, tense, Low central, lax,

neutral neutral

English / Ə /
Holds 2 allophones
Forks 2 allophones

Unstressed syllables Represented Figure 10 Figure 11

Mid-central,
• Broadly lax, neutral Pronunciation /a/ Pronunciation /æ/
• Narrowly
Figure 9 pronunciation
Pronunciation /Ə/

/[^]/

Note. Vowel sound /a/ Note. Vowel sound /æ/

(The voice cafe, 2022) (Demirezen, 2017)
13
Note. Vowel sound /Ə/ (Sívori, 2013)
 UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR
Facultad de Filosofía, Letras y Ciencias de la Educación
Carrera de Pedagogía de los Idiomas Nacionales y Extranjeros – INGLÉS
CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS
Prof. Pablo Mejía Maldonado
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Back Vowel Sounds

Highest point Velar vowels

Tongue

Far back the mouth

Spanish /o/ English /Ɔ/ Spanish /u/ English /Ʊ/

Mid-back, tense, rounded

Mid-back, lax,rounded High-back, tense, rounded High-back, lax, rounded

<tomo>
<walk> <puro> <woman>
[´tomo]
[´wƆk˺] /´puɾo/ /´wƱmƏn/

14
 UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR
Facultad de Filosofía, Letras y Ciencias de la Educación
Carrera de Pedagogía de los Idiomas Nacionales y Extranjeros – INGLÉS
CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS
Prof. Pablo Mejía Maldonado
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Diphthongs

Open vowel Voiced

Phonological Combination of
Distinctive language Vowel sound Diphthon
group Two vowels
g

Closed Tense
vowel

Weak sound Adjacent slip Non-adjacent slippage

/j/ /w/ = <i,u> Happen in the same area Front Happens in different areas

Central

English diphthong Phonological identification

Back

15
 UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR
Facultad de Filosofía, Letras y Ciencias de la Educación
Carrera de Pedagogía de los Idiomas Nacionales y Extranjeros – INGLÉS
CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS
Prof. Pablo Mejía Maldonado
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Spanish diphthongs

Combination of both Basic rule

Weak Spanish vowels Strong
vowels

Ejample: Ejample:
Vowel combination
A single syllable <i,u> < o, e, a >

Determination of
diphthong type Cannot be on the
otherwise
same syllable
Examples of
diphthongs:

separate syllables
< ai > / aj / < ui > / uj /
Bai - le Fui - mos

Example: hiatus
< Río > / Rí – o /
Formation Sinalefa Keeps

Word Element Rhythmic structure

Example:
16
La lata es Final vowel Initial vowel Spanish prosody Harmonious effect
pequeña
 UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR
Facultad de Filosofía, Letras y Ciencias de la Educación
Carrera de Pedagogía de los Idiomas Nacionales y Extranjeros – INGLÉS
CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS
Prof. Pablo Mejía Maldonado
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

English diphthongs

Dialects Phonemic diphthongs Complex vowel

Extra Nucleus
diphthongs / aj / Two components Example < miles >

Off-glide
/ oj /
Nucleus Off-glide
Tense Glides-off /a/ /j/
/ ej /

/ aw /
Not phonemic / j- / Initial position Final position Diphthong
/ w- /
/ aj /
/ jә /

/ -j / / -w /
Semi-consonants

Phonetic transcription

Semivowel diacritic: ⁔

17
 UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR
Facultad de Filosofía, Letras y Ciencias de la Educación
Carrera de Pedagogía de los Idiomas Nacionales y Extranjeros – INGLÉS
CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS
Prof. Pablo Mejía Maldonado
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

In-Common English and Spanish Diphthongs

/aw/ /aj/ /ɔj/ - /oj/ /ej/ /ow/

Spanish English Spanish English Spanish English Spanish English

Spanish English
One spelling More spellings Represent Represent Tongue= from
mid-back to Represent Represent
<au> <auto> <ou> <mouth> <ai> <desaire> <ei>; <ey>; high-front <ei> <a>; <ai>; Represent Represent
<ow> <cow> <i>; <ie>; <ay>; <ei>;
<uy>; <y> /ɔ/ <ea>; <ey>; <-o>+<u-> <ew>; <o>;
low-central Lips= rounded <oa>; <oe>;
low-central become spread lower <ei>
becoming <ou>; <ow>
high-back becoming position
high-front than /o/ Adjacent-
tense, Jaw= upward glided Mid-back
slightly diphtongs becoming high
neutral becoming back, tense,
rounded tense,
[ɔi̯] Mid-front rounded
neutral [ɔɪ̯]
Two becoming high
allophones becoming front, tense,
spread spread
<oi>; <oy> [ou̯]
[eɪ̯ː] [oʊ̯ː]
[au̯] [aʊ̯] One allophone Two
allophones [eɪ̯] [oʊ]
[aʊ̯ː]
Non-adjacent [ɛi̯]
[aɪ̯ː] glided Figure 15: American IPA
[ai̯] diphthongs Figure 16: American IPA
[aɪ̯] Chart
Figure 12: American IPA Chart Figure 14: American IPA Chart
Figure 13: American IPA Chart
Chart

Note. English-Spanish /aw/ Note. English-Spanish /ej/ Note. English-Spanish /ow/

sounds. Taken from (Sounds sounds. Taken from (Sounds sounds. Taken from
Note. English-Spanish /aj/ American, 2022) (Sounds American, 2022)
American, 2022)
sounds. Taken from Note. English /ɔj/-Spanish
(Sounds American, 2022) /oj/ sounds. Taken from
(Sounds American, 2022)

18
 UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR
Facultad de Filosofía, Letras y Ciencias de la Educación
Carrera de Pedagogía de los Idiomas Nacionales y Extranjeros – INGLÉS
CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS
Prof. Pablo Mejía Maldonado
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Other Glided Sounds /j/-/w/

/j/-/w/ with strong vowels Diphthongs

Beginning of diphthong End of diphthong

Semiconsonants

Semivowels

/j-/, /w-/ => [j-], [w-]

/-j/, /-w/

Spanish English

/-j/, /-w/ => [-i̯ ], [-u̯] /-j/, /-w/ => [-ɪ̯ ], [-ʊ̯]

19
 UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR
Facultad de Filosofía, Letras y Ciencias de la Educación
Carrera de Pedagogía de los Idiomas Nacionales y Extranjeros – INGLÉS
CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS
Prof. Pablo Mejía Maldonado
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
References

Ana. (2014). How to describe vowel sounds? [Imagen].

http://easypeasyenglishlearning.blogspot.com/2014/12/how-to-describe-vowel-

sounds.html

Alambert, P. (12 de marzo de 2017). Exame físico de cabeca e pescoco[fotografia].

SlideShare. cuello y cavidad glotica - Bing

Belem, R. (23 de enero de 2017). Parts of mouth[fotografia]. Pinterest. Pin de BELEM 2R en

English | Aprender ingles online, Paginas de ingles, Paginas para aprender ingles

(pinterest.com)

Demirezen, M. (18 de 08 de 2017). Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies. Obtenido de

https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1159193.pdf

Doclecture. (2015). How are vowels grouped according to the position of the lips? [Imagen].

https://doclecture.net/1-8690.html

Ferney, M. (17 de febrero de 2017). Partes del sistema respiratorio y sus

funciones[fotografía]. ImagenPNG. Partes del sistema respiratorio y sus funciones

(imagenpng.com)

Freitas, A. (17 de marzo de 2021). Biología o sistema digestorio [fotografia]. Biología

Lógica. Biologia Lógica: O SISTEMA DIGESTÓRIO (8° ano) - Aula 5 - 1° Bimestre

(biologialogica.blogspot.com)

Mejía Maldonado P. (2023). Contrastive Phonology Essentials. (1st ed.) A Descriptive

Linguistics Course for Spanish English Teachers. (pp. 34-68). CLASSROOM

Publishing.

Nesterenko, R. (25 de marzo de 2020). Icono del concepto de escucha [fotografia]. Alamy:

https://www.alamy.es/icono-del-concepto-de-escucha-percepcion-auditiva-idea-linea-

20
 UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR
Facultad de Filosofía, Letras y Ciencias de la Educación
Carrera de Pedagogía de los Idiomas Nacionales y Extranjeros – INGLÉS
CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS
Prof. Pablo Mejía Maldonado
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
delgada-ilustracion-audiencia-escuchar-musica-vector-esquema-aislado-

image337310191.html

Osorio, S. (22 de marzo de 2014). End Cavidad Nasal[fotografía]. SlideShare. cavidad nasal

en ingles - Bing

Sívori, L. (2013). Pronunciado en inglés. Obtenido de Pronunciado en inglés:

https://www.pronunciandoeningles.com/pronunciacion/fonetica-elemental.html

Sívori, L. (2013). Pronunciado en inglés. Obtenido de Pronunciado en inglés:

https://www.pronunciandoeningles.com/pronunciacion/fonetica-elemental.html

Sound American. (2022). American IPA Chart. https://soundsamerican.net/

The voice cafe. (2022). Obtenido de https://www.thevoicecafe.net/improve-english-speaking-

long-short-a-vowel/

10 voice search statistics businesses need to know in 2020. (10 de septiempre de 2020).

Wigman Direct Marketing : 10 estadísticas de búsqueda por voz que las empresas

deben saber en 2020 - Wingman Direct Marketing (wmdm.ca)

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