MAT455: KLINIK MATEMATIK 9 JUNE 2023

1.4 INTERVAL OF CONVERGENCE

The main tool for finding the interval of convergence is Ratio Test.
𝒖𝒌+𝟏
𝝆 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 | |
𝒌→∞ 𝒖𝒌

a) If 𝝆 < 𝟏, the series converges absolutely, therefore converges.

b) If 𝝆 > 𝟏 or 𝝆 = +∞ , the series diverges.
c) If 𝝆 = 𝟏, the test is inconclusive.

Example
𝑘 2 (3𝑥−4)𝑘
Find the value(s) of x where the power series ∑∞
𝑘=3 converges.
2𝑘+1
𝑘 2 (3𝑥−4)𝑘 𝑘 2 (3𝑥−4)𝑘
∑∞
𝑘=3 | | = ∑∞
𝑘=3
2𝑘+1 2𝑘+1

Apply Ratio Test,

𝑘 2 (3𝑥−4)𝑘 (𝑘+1)2 (3𝑥−4)𝑘+1
𝑎𝑘 = 𝑎𝑘+1 =
2𝑘+1 2𝑘+2
𝑎𝑘+1
𝜌 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 | |
𝑘→∞ 𝑎𝑘

(𝑘+1)2 (3𝑥−4)𝑘 (3𝑥−4)1 2𝑘 21

= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 | × 𝑘 2 (3𝑥−4)𝑘|
𝑘→∞ 2𝑘 22

(𝑘+1)2 (3𝑥−4)1 1
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 | × 𝑘2|
𝑘→∞ 2

3𝑥−4 (𝑘+1)2
=| | 𝑙𝑖𝑚 | |
2 𝑘→∞ 𝑘2
3𝑥−4
=| | 𝑙𝑖𝑚 |1|
2 𝑘→∞
3𝑥−4
=| |
2
3𝑥−4
For the series to be convergent, |𝜌| < 1, | |<1
2
3𝑥−4
−1 < <1
2

−2 < 3𝑥 − 4 < 2
2
<𝑥<2
3

Check for endpoints:

2 𝑘
2 𝑘 2 (3𝑥−4)𝑘 𝑘 2 (3[ ]−4)
At 𝑥 = , ∑∞
𝑘=3 = ∑∞
𝑘=3
3
3 2𝑘+1 2𝑘+1
𝑘 2 (−2)𝑘
= ∑∞
𝑘=3 2𝑘+1
 𝑘 2 (−1)𝑘 2𝑘
= ∑∞
𝑘=3 2𝑘 21
𝑘2
= ∑∞
𝑘=3(−1)
𝑘
2
1
= 2 ∑∞ 𝑘 2
𝑘=3(−1) 𝑘

2
Use AST, 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑎𝑘 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑘 2 = ∞ ≠ 0, series diverges at 𝑥 = 3
𝑘→∞ 𝑘→∞

𝑘 2 (3𝑥−4)𝑘 𝑘 2 (3[2]−4)𝑘
At 𝑥 = 2, ∑∞
𝑘=3 = ∑∞
𝑘=3
2𝑘+1 2𝑘+1
𝑘 2 (2)𝑘
= ∑∞
𝑘=3 2𝑘 21
𝑘2 1
= ∑∞ ∞
𝑘=3 21 = 2 ∑𝑘=3 𝑘
2

Use Divergence Test

𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑎𝑘 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑘 2 = ∞ ≠ 0 , series diverges at 𝑥 = 2
𝑘→∞ 𝑘→∞

2
Therefore, the interval of convergence is 3 < 𝑥 < 2

2.1-2.2 DOUBLE INTEGRAL

Example 1:
3
9−𝑥 2
Sketch the region of integration for ∫ ∫0 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 and evaluate the integral by reversing
0

the order of the integration.

Given 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 9 − 𝑥 2 → To sketch 𝑦 = 9 − 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = 0
Given 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3 → To sketch 𝑥 = 3 and 𝑥 = 0

Reversing order,
3
9−𝑥 2
∫ ∫0 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 becomes..
0
9
√9−𝑦
= ∫ ∫0 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
0
9
𝑥2
= ∫ 𝑦 [ 2 ] √9 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 = 9 − 𝑥 2 → 𝑥 = √9 − 𝑦
0 0
9
(√9−𝑦)2
= ∫ 𝑦[ ] 𝑑𝑦
2
0
 9
𝑦(9−𝑦)
=∫ 𝑑𝑦
2
0
1 9
= 2 ∫0 9𝑦 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
1 9𝑦 2 𝑦3 9
= 2[ − ]
2 3 0
1 9(92 ) 93 243
= 2( − 3) =
2 4

Example 2:
4 𝑦
Sketch the region of integration ∫ ∫0 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 and switch the order of integration.
0

0≤y≤4 → sketch 𝑦 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 4

0≤x≤y → sketch 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑦

Reversing order becomes..

4
𝑦=4 4 4
∫ ∫𝑦=𝑥 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 [𝑒 𝑦 ] 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑥
4
= ∫0 𝑒 4 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4
= [𝑒 4 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 ]
0
= (𝑒 4 (4) − 𝑒 4 ) − (𝑒 4 (0) − 𝑒 0 )
= 3𝑒 4 + 1

FEB. 2022

32
Answer = 5
2.3-2.4 TRIPLE INTEGRAL
Example 1:
Write down the iterated integral to find the volume of the solid region bounded below by the
paraboloid 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 and above by the sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 6.

The projection on the xy-plane:

𝑧 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 (1)
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 = 6 (2)
Substitute eq. (1). into eq. 2),
𝑧 + 𝑧2 = 6
𝑧2 + 𝑧 − 6 = 0
(𝑧 − 2)(𝑧 + 3) = 0
𝑧 = 2, −3
Intersection occurs above xy-plane, then z = 2.
Hence, the projection circle is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2.

Limits for z:
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 = 6 → 𝑧2 = 6 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 → 𝑧 = √6 − 𝑟 2
𝑧 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 → 𝑧 = (𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)2 + (𝑟 sin 𝜃) 2 → 𝑧 = 𝑟2

Using cylindrical coordinates:

2𝜋 √2 𝑧=√6−𝑟 2
𝑉 = ∫0 ∫0 (∫𝑧=𝑟 2 𝑑𝑧 ) 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃

Using Cartesian coordinates:

√2 𝑦=√ 2−𝑥 2 𝑧=√ 6−𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
𝑉 = ∭𝑄 𝑑𝑉 = ∫−√2 ∫𝑦=−√ 2−𝑥2 ∫𝑧=𝑥 2+𝑦 2 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 or

√2 𝑥=√ 2−𝑦2 𝑧=√ 6−𝑥 2 −𝑦 2

𝑉 = ∭𝑄 𝑑𝑉 = ∫−√2 ∫𝑥=−√ 2−𝑦2 ∫𝑧=𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Example 2:
Determine the volume of the solid shown below, which is bounded above by the paraboloid
1
𝑧 = 2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ), bounded below by the xy-plane and bounded laterally by the cylinder

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 9.

Using Cartesian coordinates:

1
3 √9−𝑥 2 𝑧= (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )
𝑉 = ∫−3 ∫−√9−𝑥2 ∫𝑧=02 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

Using cylindrical coordinates:

1
2𝜋 3 𝑧= (𝑟 2 )
𝑉 = ∫0 ∫0 (∫𝑧=02 𝑑𝑧 ) 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
81
= (D.I.Y)
4

2.5 UV TRANSFORMATION
Steps in solving transformation problem:

1. Identify the uv transformation

2. Determine the upper and lower limit of u and v
3. Find 𝒖𝒙 , 𝒖𝒚 , 𝒗𝒙 , 𝒗𝒚
4. Calculate the Jacobian:
𝒙,𝒚 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝝏(𝒙,𝒚)
𝑱 [𝒖,𝒗] = 𝒖,𝒗 = 𝒖𝒙 𝒖𝒚 = 𝒖 𝒗 − 𝒖 𝒗 (= 𝝏(𝒖,𝒗))
𝑱[ ] |𝒗 𝒗𝒚 |
𝒙 𝒚 𝒚 𝒙
𝒙,𝒚 𝒙

determinant absolute value

5. Write down the new integral and solve

𝒙, 𝒚
∫ ∫ 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 = ∫ ∫ 𝑭(𝒖, 𝒗) |𝑱 [ ]| 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒗
𝑹 𝑮 𝒖, 𝒗
Example:
1
Region R is bounded by the parabolas 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 , 𝑦 = √𝑥 and 𝑦 = 2 √𝑥 . Using the
𝑦 𝑥 3
transformation 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑣 = 𝑦 2 , evaluate ∫ ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑦 3 𝑑𝐴 .
𝑅

𝑦 𝑦
As 𝑥 2 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =4 → then 𝑢 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢 = 4 → 1≤𝑢≤4
𝑥2
𝑥 𝑥
As = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =4 → then 𝑣 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = 4 → 1≤𝑣≤4
𝑦2 𝑦2

𝑢𝑥 = −2𝑦𝑥 −3, 𝑢𝑦 = 𝑥 −2 , 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑦 −2, 𝑣𝑦 = −2𝑥𝑦 −3

 𝑥,𝑦 1
𝐽 [𝑢,𝑣] = −2𝑦𝑥 −3 𝑥 −2
| |
𝑦 −2 −2𝑥𝑦 −3

1
= (−2𝑦𝑥 −3 )(−2𝑥𝑦−3 )− (𝑦−2)(−2𝑥𝑦 −3)

1
= 4 1
( 2 2 )−( 2 2 )
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦

𝑥2𝑦2
= 3

𝑥,𝑦
Hence, ∫𝑅 ∫ 3 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫ 𝐹(𝑢, 𝑣) |𝐽 [𝑢,𝑣]| 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝐺
4 4 3 𝑥2𝑦2
= ∫1 ∫1 | | 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑥3𝑦3 3
4 4 1
= ∫1 ∫1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑥𝑦
𝟏 𝒚 𝒙
= (𝒙𝟐 ) (𝒚𝟐 ) = 𝒖𝒗
𝒙𝒚
4 4
= ∫1 ∫1 (𝑢𝑣) 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
4 𝑢2 4
= ∫1 𝑣 [ 2 ] 𝑑𝑣
1
1 4
= 2 ∫1 𝑣 [15] 𝑑𝑣
15 𝑣 2 4
= [2] 𝑑𝑣
2 1
15
= (15)
4

= 56.25

2.6 MASS OF LAMINA

Mass, 𝑴 = ∫𝑹 ∫ 𝝆 (𝒙, 𝒚) 𝒅𝑨
𝑴𝒙 = ∫𝑹 ∫ 𝒚 𝝆 (𝒙, 𝒚) 𝒅𝑨
𝑴𝒚 = ∫𝑹 ∫ 𝒙 𝝆 (𝒙, 𝒚) 𝒅𝑨
𝑴𝒚 𝑴𝒙
The coordinate of the center of mass is (𝒙 ̅) = ( ,
̅, 𝒚 )
𝒎 𝒎

Example 1:
Find the x-coordinate for the center of mass of a half-circle lamina of radius 3, centered at the
origin, with density 𝜌(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥.
Mass of lamina, 𝑴 = ∫𝑹 ∫ 𝝆 (𝒙, 𝒚) 𝒅𝑨
= ∬ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜋
2 3
= ∫ ∫0 (𝑟 cos 𝜃) 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
−
2
𝜋
2 𝑟3 3
=∫ (cos 𝜃) [ 3 ] 𝑑𝜃
−
𝜋 0
2
𝜋
2
= 9[sin 𝜃] 𝜋
−2
𝜋 𝜋
= 9 [sin 2 − sin(− 2 )]

= 9(1 − (−1)) = 18

𝑴𝒚 = ∫𝑹 ∫ 𝒙 𝝆 (𝒙, 𝒚) 𝒅𝑨
𝑀𝑦 = ∬ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜋
3
= ∫ 2𝜋 ∫0 (𝑟 cos 𝜃)2 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
−
2
𝜋
2 𝑟4 3
=∫ (cos 𝜃)2 [ 4 ] 𝑑𝜃
−
𝜋 0
2
𝜋
81
= 4
∫−2𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2

cos 2𝜃 = 2 cos2 𝜃 − 1
2 cos 2 𝜃 = cos 2𝜃 + 1
1 1
cos2 𝜃 = 2 cos 2𝜃 + 2
𝜋
81 2 1 1
= ∫ cos 2𝜃 + 2 𝑑𝜃
4 𝜋 2
−
2
𝜋
81 sin 2𝜃 2
= [ + 𝜃] 𝜋
8 2 −2
81 sin 𝜋 𝜋 sin(−𝜋) (−𝜋)
= [( + 2) − ( + )]
8 2 2 2
81 sin 𝜋 𝜋 − sin(𝜋) 𝜋 81𝜋
= [( + 2) − ( − 2) ] =
8 2 2 8

The x-coordinate of the center of the mass is:

81𝜋
𝑴𝒚 8 81𝜋
̅=
𝒙 = =
𝒎 18 144
 LIST OF FORMULA

Center of mass of lamina

m=  ( x , y )dA
R
Mx =  y( x , y )dA
R
My =  x( x , y )dA
R
 My Mx 
(x , y ) =  , 

 m m 
Green’s theorem
 N M 
 M dx + N dy =   x −  dA
y 
C R

Stokes’ theorem
→ →  → →
 F •d r =  curl F  • n dS
 
C S  

Divergence theorem
→ → →
 F • n dS =  div F dV
S Q

TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
cos 2 A + sin 2 A = 1
cos 2A = cos 2 A − sin 2 A = 2 cos 2 A − 1 = 1 − 2 sin 2 A
sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A