GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY DATES

 Between 1890 and 1920 – marital fertility began to

IMPORTANT
decline in most European provinces, with a median decline
 Demography – scientific study of human populations
of about 40 percent from 1870 to 1930
primarily with respect to their size, structure and
 Between 1950 and 2050 – the actual and projected
development.
trajectories for the More, Less and Least Developed
 Mortality – term used for death rate, or number of deaths
Countries are plotted.
in certain group of people in a certain period of time.
 Since 1800 – global population size has already increased
 Fertility - refers to the actual production of offspring and
by a factor of six, and by 2100 will have risen by a factor of
not the biological potential to reproduce.
ten.
 BEFORE the start of the demographic transition .  In 1800 – women spent about 70% of their adult years
Life was short, births were many, growth was slow and the bearing and rearing young children, but that fraction has
population was young. decreased in many parts of the world to only about 14%,
 DURING the demographic transition. First mortality due to lower fertility and longer life.
and then fertility declined, causing population growth
rates first to accelerate and then to slow again, moving GLOBAL MIGRATION
toward low fertility, long life, and an old population. IMPORTANT
 Global demographic transition has brought  Migration – crossing the boundary of a political or
momentous changes: reshaping the economic and administrative unit for a certain minimum period (Boyle et
demographic life cycles of individuals and restructuring al. 1998).
populations  Migration – tends to be regarded as problematic, curbed,
 First stage of mortality decline – due to reductions in for it may bring unpredictable changes.
contagious and infectious diseases by air or water  Migration – affects certain areas within both the sending
 Continuing reduction in mortality – due to reductions in and the receiving countries more than others.
chronic and degenerative diseases, notably heart disease  Migration – needs to take place in an orderly way to
and cancer safeguard the human rights of migrants.
 Preventive medicine & small pox vaccine – played  Internal migration – movement of people from one area
significantly in the mortality decline in the 18th century like a province, a district, or municipality to another within
 Gem Theory of Diseases – become more widely known & one country.
accepted when mortality declines.  International migration – crossing the frontiers which
 Population Growth – combination of fertility & mortality separate one of the world’s approximately 200 states from
 The idea behind the newly adopted master plan through another.
2035 is to curb the maladies common to major cities such  Temporary labor migrants – who migrate for a limited
as environmental pollution, gridlock traffic, and a decline period of time in order to work and send remittances to
in the quality of public services such as medical care and families in the country of origin
education. The State Council, which refers to all of the  Highly-skilled and business migrants – people with
above as "big city disease," also will limit the amount of qualifications such as the managers, executives,
land made available for development in the coming years. professionals, technicians, and the like, who move within
 Demos (Greek word) – means people the internal labor markets of transnational corporations
 Graphy – means “writing about” or “recording something” and international organizations.
 Big Three of Demography – birth, death, migration  Irregular migrants – also known as the undocumented or
NAMES illegal migrants. They enter the country in search for
 (Riley, 2001) Continuing reduction in mortality is due to employment with no necessary documents and permits.
reductions in chronic and degenerative diseases, notably  Refugees – those who are unable or unwilling to return to
heart disease and cancer. their country because of a ‘well-founded fear or
 Oeppen and Vaupel (2002) offer a remarkable graph that persecution on account of race, religion, nationality,
plots the highest national female life expectancy attained membership in a particular social group or political
for each calendar year from 1840 to 2000. opinion.
 (Coale and Treadway, 1986) Between 1890 and 1920,  Asylum seekers – those who move across borders in
marital fertility began to decline in most European search of protection.
provinces, with a median decline of about 40 percent from  Forced migration – in a broader sense, this includes not
1870 to 1930 only refugees and asylum seekers but also people forced to
 (Nerlove, 1974) Some of the improvement in child move by environmental catastrophes or development
survival is itself a response to parental decisions to invest projects like new factories, roads or dams.
more in the health and welfare of a smaller number of  Family members – also known as family reunion or family
children. reunification migrants.
 JOHN JOHNSON – Shanghai will allow only 800k more to  Return migrants – those who return to their countries of
live there chinese city will cap its permanent population at origin after a period in another country
25m  International migration – arises in a world divided up
COUNTRIES into nation-states, in which remaining in the country of
 Northwest Europe – World’s demographic transition birth is still seen as norm and moving to another country
started where mortality began a decline around 1800. as a deviation.
 India – life expectancy rose from 24 years in 1920 to 62  International migrants – remain a fairly small minority;
years today, a gain of .48 years per calendar year over 80 Internal migration – conversely much larger
years.  Causes of migration – disparity in levels of income,
 China – life expectancy rose from 41 in 1950–1955 to 70 employment, social well-being, differences in demographic
in 1995–1999, a gain of .65 years per year over 45 years. patterns with regard to fertility, mortality, age structure,
 China – hopes to cap the population of Beijing at 23 million and labor-force growth.
by 2020  Effects of migration – brain drain, remittances, abuse of
migrants, re-integration; benefits for destination country
(flexible, lower cost labor)
 The United Nations figures show that the global migrant
stock (the number of people resident in a place outside DATES
their country of birth) grew from 75 million in 1965 to 120  2007 – dimension of crisis began
million in 1990  First decade of the 21st Century
NAMES  Collapsing Financial Markets
 (Hugo, 1994) Migration decisions are made not just by  Rising Unemployment Rate
individuals- they often represent family strategies to  Shrinking Middle Class
maximize income and survival chances  Deeper Inequalities
 Extreme Indebtedness
SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC SYSTEMS  Inability of Governments to force through reforms
IMPORTANT  Climate Change Problems
 Sustainable Development – economic development that  Scarcity (Challenges to Availability of Resources)
is conducted without depletion of natural resources  1929 – Great Depression where the economy collapsed in
 Sustainable development (SD) – defined in the a dramatic way after long years of post-war prosperity and
Brundtland Report as "development that meets the needs overproduction
and aspirations of the present without compromising the  1990’s still experienced world economy collapses such as
ability of future generations to meet their own needs". the Asian financial crisis in 1997, the Russian crisis
 Sustainable development – organizing principle for followed by the disaster in Argentina that started in 1999.
sustaining finite resources necessary to provide for the  Before 21st Century challenge: excessive highs & lows
needs of future generations of life on the planet should be avoided
 Global economy became the sphere of extreme  19th century – the issue of sustainability considered
uncertainty and risk during the first decade of the twenty- mainly social conditions in early industrial capitalism
first century NAMES
 Symptoms of crisis – collapsing financial markets, rising  Ulrich Beck – German sociologist, has predicted these
unemployment, deeper inequalities, a shrinking middle things to happen years back, and has coined the term, “risk
class, extreme indebtedness, and inability of governments society” (Beck, 1986).
to force through reforms  International Monetary Fund (2012) – defines stability
 Risk Society (Beck 1986) - main reason for the current as ‘avoiding large swings in economic activity, high
problems has been the inability of modern societies to inflation, and excessive volatility in exchange rates and
produce enough stability and sustainability. financial markets.
 Stability – sustainable development refers to the ability of  Knoop (2009) – expressed that within a few years, every
a society or system to maintain a state of balance or economy moves through periods of rapid growth with
equilibrium over time which includes economic, social and rising demand, higher inflation and dropping
environmental stability. unemployment, followed by depression with reversal
 Stability – Firmness in position, permanence, and phenomena.
resistance to change especially in a disruptive way  Milton Friedman – started to dominate global capitalism.
 Stability – indexes that describe the economy in short term  Global capitalism fitted well with neo-liberalism, which
categories. expanded with the free market reforms of Ronald Reagan
 Monetarism – premised on the idea that stabilization in the USA and Margaret Thatcher in the United Kingdom.
could be produced control of amount of money in  John Maynard Kaynes – government should interfere &
circulation. raise spending
 “Economy is stable” – It just means that the system is in  Bruntland Report (World Commission on
one of the calm phases of the business cycle. Environment and Development, 1987) – ‘development
 Sustainability – long term capacities of a system to exist that meets the needs of the present without compromising
not its short term resistance to change the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’
 Sustainability – process of maintaining change in deserves the label of sustainability.
balanced fashion, in which exploitation of resources,  Paul Romer and Robert Lucas in 1980’s proposed a new
direction of investments, orientation of technological theory called, the New Growth Theory posits that humans'
development & institutional change are all in harmony. desires and unlimited wants foster ever-increasing
 Solow-Swan model from the 1950’s saw the only chance productivity and economic growth.
for innovations that attempts to explain long-run economic  Garret Hardin wrote the famous book, “Tragedy of
growth by looking at capital accumulation, labor or Commons” that analyzed how public goods got exhausted
population growth, and increases in productivity, by actors in a free market economy
commonly referred to as technological progress.  Club of Rome published, “The Limits to Growth” that dealt
 Escape from sustainability dilemma – technology, with the connection between economic growth and the
capital, education scarcity of resources.
 Rapid expansion of neo-liberal ideology problems -  Dani Rodrik – “Markets are the essence of a market
increased exposition of the world economic systems on economy in the same sense that lemons are the essence of
crisis and contagion effects, efficiency & legitimacy of a lemonade pure lemon juice is barely drinkable to make a
market based solutions good lemonade, you need to mix it with water and sugar.”
 The Roll-over Effect – domination of GDP index in  Tyler Cowen – “there are no low hanging fruits anymore”
measurements of performance of national economies.
 More Growth – the more goods produced, the better for GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY
economies. IMPORTANT
 Amended Growth – GDP is just one important index.  New Hope against Hunger: These ‘Super Beans’ Early
There are many more indexes such as HDI (Human signs of success in Africa By Newser Editors & Wire
Development Index). Services posted December 3, 2017 3:10 PM CST
 Super Bean – a fastmaturing, high-yield variety, is being
promoted by Uganda‘s government and agriculture
 experts amid efforts to feed hunger-prone parts of Africa, influence the food security discourse and international
the AP reports agenda.
 FAO Goal - to achieve food security for all and make sure  First paradigm shift was through the late 1970‘s and
that people have regular access to enough high-quality early 1980‘s in which the academic and policy
food to lead active, healthy lives with over 194 member discourse on food security witnessed a shift away from
states, FAO works in over 130 countries worldwide. the rather limiting focus on food availability and supply
 Prevalence of food insecurity – manifested by the as the core concerns of food security
presence of hunger and malnourishment  Second paradigm shift highlighted the importance of
 Four key pillars of food security – food availability, food livelihood security as a key household priority and
access, food utilization, food stability (FAO) component of food security, shaping decisions around
 Several reasons global food price spike whether or not to go hungry in the short term
 On-going world population growth - growth of the  Third paradigm shift indicates a move away from a
world population is proportionate to the demand for purely calorie- counting approach to food security, to
food and rising incomes and growing per capita food one that incorporates subjective measures of what it
consumption. means to be food-secure, including access to food that
 rising cost of fuel and agricultural inputs likes is preferable
fertilizers and pesticides; in developing countries,  FAO (2002) Food security exists when all people, at all
declining or stagnating agricultural yield growth rates times, have physical, social and economic access to
in the context of the poor; adverse weather events such sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their dietary
as droughts and floods; the knee-jerk government need and food preferences for an active and healthy life
export bans in the face of food shortage, and the  Jean Ziegler (2007:2), the UN special rapporteur on the
financial speculation in agricultural commodities right to food, stated that the sudden, ill-conceived, rush to
 Slums – characterized by lack of access to clean drinking convert food into fuels is a recipe for disaster.
water, inadequate sanitation and waste disposal 
mechanism, making resident population highly vulnerable DATES
to quick-spreading disease and chronic food insecurity  Mid 2000s – global food prices began to climb – prices of
(CISS, 2013). key staples such as wheat, rice, maize, and soy-bean as well
 Global surge in bio-fuel production happened when the as edible oils all soared
United States and the European Union adopted a number  2007-2008 – global food crisis may have forced as many
of policies and incentives to boost bio-fuel consumption as 100 million people deeper into poverty
(USAID, 2009).  2010-2011 – global food price spike may have consigned
 First generation bio fuel – plant starch, oils, animal fats & an additional 44 million around the globe to a life of
sugars poverty and food insecurity (Rastello and Pugh 2011)
 Most widely used form of biofuel – Bio-ethanol –  Mid-century – world‘s total population is set to reach over
produces from food crops such as sugarcanes, maize, 9 billion, doubling the demand of food, feed and fiber
wheat, sugar beets and sweet sorghum (FAO,2009)
 Largest quantities of biodiesel – made from edible oils,  2030 – urban populations and the number of slum
come from Germany, France, United States and Italy dwellers in Africa and Asia are set to double
 IMF highlighted that biofuels were responsible for almost  Between 1963 and 2005 – Global consumption of meat
half the increase in the total consumption of key food crops increased by around 62%
in 2006-2007.  2004 to 2005 – global surge in bio-fuel production was
 Agriculture – highly sensitive to climate, and food triggered
production is affected directly by variations in  Next four decades – average global temperature will rise
agroecological conditions for growing crops by 2-3 degree celcius
 Livestock contributes almost 80 percent of agricultural  By 2050 – climate change impacts could increase the risk
methane emissions, and about 66 percent of greenhouse of food insecurity by up to 20 percent.
gas emissions. 
NAMES COUNTRY
 International Center for Tropical Agriculture says the  Asia (China) – growth of meat consumption took place
beans have been bred by conventional means to resist the
 India – consumption of meat continues to lag behind when
drought conditions that can lead to starvation as arable
compared to Brazil and china for people at similar income
land disappears.
levels.
 UN Development Program said that the beans kept at the
 China – increasing conversion of land for intensive mono-
two banks are sent to partners in 30 across countries the
cropping of soybeans and maize for animal feed over the
continent to be developed further so they can cope with
decades had caused immense pollution of waterways by
local conditions
pesticides and fertilizers, declines in biodiversity, the
 Uganda bank stores around 4,000 types of beans, destruction of natural carbon sinks and rising greenhouse
including some sourced from neighboring Rwanda before gas emissions (Schneider 2011).
its 1994 genocide killed around 800,000 people and wiped
 Africa, India & China – fastest growing countries in Asian
out many of the country‘s bean varieties
Region
 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) – specialized
 United States & Brazil – world’s largest bioethanol
agency of the United Nations that leads international
producing countries
efforts to defeat hunger.
 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is
 UN World Food Conference (1974) defined food security
the United Nations body for assessing the science related
as the availability at all times of adequate world food
to climate change.
supplies of basic foodstuffs to sustain a steady expansion of
 Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, with the highest
food consumption and to offset fluctuations in production
levels of hunger and malnourishment worldwide, are set to
and prices
suffer from the negative impacts of climate change on crop
 Maxwell (1996) mentioned that in subsequent decades,
production
three distinct paradigm shifts took place to significantly
 GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP 
NAMES/ORGANIZATIONS
IMPORTANT
 Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack
 The UK Commits to Safer Schools, Urged by the Actions
(GCPEA) found that the overall reported incidents of
of Global Citizens and Partners: This is vital news at a
military use of schools and universities declined between
time of escalating conflict Katie Dallas (Published April
2015 and 2018
20, 2018)
 Defined by OXFAM “A global citizen is someone who’s
 An often-overlooked consequence during these periods is
aware of and understands the wider world – and their
the impact on education, despite how critical learning is
place in it.”
for children to rebuild their war-torn communities.
 Hegel and Marx conceptualized civil society as the sphere
 More than a third of Syrian schools have been destroyed or
defined by the market economy, and its resulting
damaged by fighting leaving nearly 2 million children
individualism and socially divisive effects.
out of the classroom.
 Richard Falk discussed how global civil society promotes
 UK became the 74th signatory to the Safe Schools
a world order based not on state interests but on the
Declaration.
interests and rights of human beings.
 Safe Schools Declaration— a commitment that serves as
 Amnesty International and regional human rights
an official assurance that the UK will condemn attacks on
bodies typify this move towards ‘a law of humanity.
schools, protect education during armed conflict, and
 Amnesty International is probably the best-known
offer supervision, services and teaching to save
human rights campaigning organization with a separate
children’s lives.
international secretariat and sections in many parts of the
 Safe School Declaration – An inter-governmental political
world. It is used to exemplify transnational action to
commitment to protect students, teachers, schools, and
protect individual rights. Amnesty has also played a role in
universities from the worst effects of armed conflict.
strengthening global civil society. It can also be seen as a
 Global Citizenship – way of living that recognizes our
collective global citizen.
world is an increasingly complex web of connections and
 Human Rights Watch – which is based in the USA, is one
interdependencies. One in which our choices and actions
of those who play important role in monitoring human
may have repercussions for people and communities
rights worldwide and protesting about abuses.
locally, nationally or internationally
 Global Citizenship – term for social, political,
environmental, and economic actions of globally minded
individuals & communities on a worldwide scale
 Citizen – an intellectual, who travelled widely, met and
corresponded with intellectuals in many countries and
advanced cosmopolitan views
 Cosmopolitanism – idea that all human beings are, or
could or should be, members of a single community
 Mass tourism – which often shields people from the
society they are visiting, has nothing to do with increasing
international understanding and may hay harmful effects
on the environment and local culture.
 Transnational organizations like Amnesty International,
Oxfam, and Greenpeace cite discussions on global
citizenship. Transnational movements usually involve
political lobbying and protest. Sometimes, they encompass
more extreme form of resistance. They also depend on
volunteers who offer direct assistance to those who are
suffering from abuse, poverty, war, among others.
 Democratic theorists have argued that civil society is
essential to liberal democracies as a barrier to an
encroaching state
 Civil society also suggests very informal links – whether
between neighbors or fellow enthusiasts of a particular
hobby.
 The implication of global civil society must depend on
how it is defined and on the comparative economic and
political power of groups within it.
 Global civil society poses a direct challenge to states when
groups within one country ignore or oppose official
policies to create links with citizens in other countries.
 Basic tenet of cosmopolitanism – is the belief in universal
equality and human rights.
 International law means a body of rules that control or
affect the rights of nations in their relations with each
other.
DATES
 May 2017 – the United Nations Secretary General, António
Guterres, urged all Member States to endorse the Safe
Schools Declaration.
 November 2020 – 106 countries have endorsed the
Declaration.
 Since 1945 – the global citizen is usually pictured as the
activist on transnational social movements.