English | Academic Guide II - Letters (V-SM)

5 PRACTICE 5

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

PAST PERFECT AND PAST PROGRESSIVE

PAST PERFECT TENSE

S + had
d + past participle + ...
..
+ She
he had finished the test.

S + had not/hadn't + past participle + ...

–
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She hadn't finished the test

test.

Had + S + past participle + ...?

? Had she finished the test?

Usage Example
To describe an action finished before • Richard had gone out when his
another past action. wife arrived in the office.

Describe an action that happened • Christine had never been to an

before a specific time in the past. opera before last night.

To describe cause and effect (combi- • I got stuck in traffic because

ne with Past Simple) there had been an accident.

To emphasize the result of an activi- • I had been to London twice by

ty in the past. the time I got a job in New York.

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PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

S + had + been + V-ing

+ They had been playing tennis.

S + had not/hadn't + been + V-ing

– They hadn't been playing tennis.

Had + S + been + V-ing?

? Had they been playing tennis?

Usage Example
To describe a past action, already star- • The
e boys had been
bee playing soccer
ted and continued up to another action when it started
for about an hour w
or time in the past. to rain.

To express the duration before so- • Richard needed a hol

holiday because
he had been working hard for six
mething in the past.
months.
hs.

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To describe the cause
ause of something in • He was tired be
because
cau he had been
the past. jogging.

Let's
Let'
'ss Practi
Practice!

1. Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the verb in parentheses in past perfect tense.

a. Tonya (work) ______________ as a decorator before she opened her shop.

b. My daughter and I (enjoy) ______________ the ballet so much that we wanted to
see it again.
c. The power supply (fail) ______________ during the night, so the house got cold.
d. You (call) ______________ earlier in the day, so we knew you were on your way.
e. The cat (scratch) ______________ a hole in the sofa before its owner noticed.

2. Complete the sentences with the correct negative form of the verb.

a. He ________________ her for that. (marry)

b. He ________________ these steps without an object. (take)

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c. He ________________ it at all. (like)
d. I ________________ to tell you yet. (mean)
e. But the girl ________________ him. (see)

3. Fill in the blanks with the correct question form of the verb in the past perfect.

a. _______________________________ at home? (why/I/not/stay)

b. _______________________________ her? (How much/her mother/tell)
c. _______________________________ it an hour earlier! (they/not/witness)
d. _______________________________ of him before? (why/I/not/think)
e. But ______________________ red that way, he wondered? (why/her face/grow)

4. Match the sentence beginnings with the endings.

a. _______ I had just started a new chapter 1. before she lef

left school
b. _______ Had the movie begun 2. everything had ch changed
c. _______ I hadn’t seen a Shakespeare
peare play 3. until I went to England
Eng
d. _______ Jen had written two o books 4.
4 when the phone rangra
e. _______ when we went back 5. when you arrived at the movie
theater?
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5. Join the sentencess using the past perfect. Leave out THEN an
and
nd us
use the words in pa-
rentheses.

a. The plane left. Then we arrived at the airport. ( when

w )
____________________________________________________________________
_____________________ ______

b. They had lunch.

nch. Then Oscar arrived.
arrived ( by the time )
____________________________________________________________________

c. I read an article about the author. Then I bought one of his books. ( before )
____________________________________________________________________

d. She didn’t read much. Then she lost the book. ( when )
____________________________________________________________________

6. Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the verb in parentheses in past perfect pro-
gressive.

• The conversation had been going on about the departure for the last hour. (go on)
• The man had been holding to the end of the seat. (hold)
• I had been travelling for two days. (travel)

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• A man ________________ behind the hedge. (crouch)
• He ________________ of it for some considerable time. (think)
• The sun ________________ lower and lower. (get)
• She ________________ simply of his disease. (speak)
• It was what he ________________ at. (drive)

7. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in parentheses. ( negative)

• She hadn't been looking down at the deep, treacherous pool at all. (look)
• He ________________ for nothing. (think)
• He realized at once that Mrs. Green ________________ to his account of the statue,
but that she was replying to his original suggestion. (listen)
• Again, old man Carlson was in very needy circumstances; his boy ________________
with his wife for four years. (live)
• Although she and Miss Mercy ________________
______________ since the episod
episode of the butterfly,
her tender conscience was troubled
oubled that she had not said good-by
good-bye to her. (speak)

8. Fill in the blanks with the

e correct question form of the verbs in pare
parentheses.

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• Had he been dreaming,
reaming, he wondered a moment later, or h had that strange smile
indeed curved
ed her lips, that marvelous light indeed flow
flowed
wed ffrom her eyes? (he/
dream)
• And how had he been thinking about her? (how
(how/he/think)
ow/he/t
• _____________________
_____________ their loving,, anxious
a hearts about Bonny Lady, and lo!
(They all/not/break)
not/brea
• _____________________ that Philip had tortured him? (he/think)
• _____________________ it about with him? (how long/he/carry)
• _____________________ all the afternoon? (he/dream)

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6 PRACTICE 6

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

WILL vs BE GOING TO

WILL GOING TO

Rapid Decision Prior Plan

· I'm thirsty. I think I will buy a drink. = The decision was made
mad before the
Offer m
moment of spea
speaking.
· I'm going
g to the
th beach
eac next wee-
· That looks heavy. I will help
p you with
wi it.
with my
kend wit friends.
y fr nds.
Promise
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· Don't worry, I won'tt tell anyone.

anyon
ne. Evidence
Evidencce / Signs
Signs
Threat = W
When there
t are signs that so-
mething
methin
ing is lik
likely
ikely to h
happen.
· If you don't stop,
op, I will
ll ttell your
our mother.
· My sto
stomach
tomach hurts a lot and I think
Refusal won't
n't = will not I am going
go to throw up.
· She won't listen
en to anything
ing I say
say. · It
It's 70-0. They're going to win.

You can use both Will and Going to for making predictions.

I think it will rain tomorrow. = I think it is going to rain tomorrow.

COMPARE: Are you busy this evening?
· I haven't made any plans. · Yes, I'm going to the movies.
· I think I will probably watch TV.
I'm probably going to watch TV. Only Going to is possible
Will and going to are both possible because this is a prior plan.
here. We are "predicting" what will
OR
happen because nothing is planned.

In spoken English Going to is often pronounced as “gonna”

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FUTURE
Will Going to Present Continuous
Future beliefs, opinions,
hopes & predictions. Plans, Social Arrange-
Plans, intentions & Predictions.
A spontaneous decision ments & Appointments.
a promise.
• United will win defini- • I am going to have a party • I’m having a party
tely tonight. on Friday. next Friday.
• She will probably come • I’m going to leam to drive. • I’m taking my first
with us. • I think it’s going to rain to- driving lesson on Mon-
• It will probably rain morrow. day.
tomorrow.
I, you, we, they Will have I am going to have I am having
He, she, it Will have You, we, they are going to have You, we, they are having
He, she, it is going to have He, she, it is having
I, you, we, they Won’t have
He, she, it Won’t have I am
m not going to have
You, we, they
ey aren’t
aren’ going to have
He, she,
e, it isn’t going
go to have

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Let's
Let s Pr
Practice!
Practice!

1. Complete the sentences with WILL and the verbs in the box.

be - wear - pay - make

a. People ________________ More M for this movie tickets in the future.

b. It is a great movie, but it ________________ you cry.
c. One day, people ____________ headphones at the movie theater, like on planes.
d. In the future, there ________________ Special air conditioning in movie theaters to
release different smells.

2. Complete using the verbs in brackets to make NEGATIVE sentences.

a. Jack won’t go ________________ to the cinema. (go)

b. Sandy ________________ a novel. (write)
c. I ________________ a famous singer. (become)
d. In 2100 robots ________________ the housework. (do)

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3. Order to make INTERROGATIVE sentences.

a. will / you / What / have for dinner/?

____________________________________________________________________

b. will / she / go on holiday / Where /?

____________________________________________________________________

c. Who / help / you / will/?

____________________________________________________________________

d. will / When / play football / you /?

____________________________________________________________________

e. will / sing / who / with you /?

____________________________________________________________________
___________________________
___

4. Complete to make AFFIRMATIVE

ATIVE sentence
ssentences
ces
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a. He ______ is going
g to phone
phone _______ his friend. (to phone
phone)
b. We _________________________
____ ____ ___ a new computer
compu
puter game.
ga
ame. (to
(t play)
pla
c. My sister _________________________
___ ___ ___________ TV. (to watch
watch)
h)
d. You _________________________
___________ a picnic nex
next
ext Tuesday.
Tuesd (to have)
e. I _________________________
___ my homework after school. (to do)
f. Sophie and Nick
ick _________________________ their friends. (to meet)

5. Complete to make NEGATIVE sentences.

a. They ______ are not going to pack ______ the lunch basket. (not/to pack)
b. I _________________________ somebody the way. (not/to ask)
c. Rita _________________________ Jim’s book. (not/to borrow)
d. We _________________________ a T-shirt. (not/to design)
e. I _________________________ on the red button. (not/to click)
f. Andy and Fred _________________________ a song. (not/to sing)

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6. Add the necessary information to make INTERROGATIVE sentences.

a. You going to visit your sister.

Are you going to visit your sister?

b. She going to walk in the park with her friends.

____________________________________________________________________

c. Anna going to work.

____________________________________________________________________

d. John going to speak at the meeting.

____________________________________________________________________

e. You going to publish this novel.

____________________________________________________________________
_____________________

f. Lisa and Andrew going to come

me with us.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________

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g. She going to leavee the house.
____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________

7. You have decided

ded to change things in your life next year. Wh
What things are you going to
change? Writee four sentences.
sentenc

• I’m going to
o get up early today. I’m not going to eat candy too much……

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

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7 PRACTICE 7

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE

It is used to refer to actions that will have concluded before a 2033

particular time in the future.
Ex:
• The spacecraft will have reached Jupiter´s
r´s orbit in ten
years!

It is used to express an action that

hat will
ll have finished BEFORE
2023
23
another action in the future.
Ex:
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• She will have prepared

pared dinner by the time we arrive.

WATCH OUT: As in the example above FP can be used with state o

or stative verbs.
Ex:
• By the next week will have been married for 20 yea
years.

What is a state verb?

State verbs describe a STATE RATHER THAN AN ACTION. They aren’t usually used
in the continuous or progressive tenses. They are also known as stative verbs.

State verbs often relate to:

1) Thoughts and opinions: Agree, believe, doubt, guess, imagine, know, mean, recogni-
se, remember, suspect, think, understand. (Among others)
2) Feelings and emotions: Dislike , hate, like, love, prefer, want, wish. (Among others)
3) Senses and perception: Appear, be, feel, hear, look, see, seem, smell, taste. (Among
others)
4) Possesion: Belong, have, own, possess. (Among others)
5) Measurament: Measure, weigh (Among others)

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Time expressions used in this tense

• By the end, by midnight , by that time by tomorrow morning

• Before + time other time expressions (on Sunday, before 31 st June)
• By the end of the year.
• Yet (at the end of the sentence)
• Already (between have and V (PP)

Grammar structure

1. Affirmative:

S + WILL + HAVE + V (P. P)

+ The wonderful hummingbird will have dissapeared
by 2035 if people continue
nue hunting it.

2. Negative:

S + WILL
L + NOT/WON’T
T/WON’T + HAVE
HA + V (P. P)
– Repsol
psol wi
will
ill not have finished cleaning
clean up the o
oil spill

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by the
he end of the week.
w

3. Interrogative:

WILL + S + HA
HAVE
AVE + V (P. P)
? Will the students
t dents
t have com
completed their projects
by February
Fe 11th?

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Let's Practice!

1. Complete these sentences with the verbs in brackets.

Follow the example:

• The garden party will be in July. Do you think the grass _________________ in
time? (grow)
• The garden party will be in July. Do you think the grass will have grown in time?
(grow)

a. I’ll tell you tomorrow. I ______________________________ by then. (decide)

b. When you come next time, we __________________________________ in a new
house.( move)
c. By the time we reach the coast, the storm ___________________________.
__________ (end)
d. In two years’s time I ______________________________
_______ my unive
university classes. (fi-
nish)
e. Next year we will have in Spain fofor
or ten years. ((be)

2. Write five affirmative sentences

nces and five negative sentences with the information gi-
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ven.

Follow the example:

mple
+ Prepare theewwedding
ing reception
She will have
ve prepared
ared the wedding reception.
- Buy weddingg rings.
rin
She won’t have
ave bought wedding rings.

a. + send wedding invitations

____________________________________________________________________

b. – regret her decision

____________________________________________________________________

c. + order a photographer
____________________________________________________________________

d. – change her surname

____________________________________________________________________

e. + find a place for the wedding reception

____________________________________________________________________

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f. – prepare the wedding cake
____________________________________________________________________

g. + try on her wedding dress

____________________________________________________________________

h. – leave for her honeymoon

____________________________________________________________________

i. + book hotel rooms for wedding guests

____________________________________________________________________

j. – move to a new place

____________________________________________________________________

3. Make questions in the present perfect to complete the dialogues. Use the verbs in the
box.
Example:
• __________ the show _______________ iff we come in two hou
hours? (start)
sta
I’m afraid it will start in hour.
n an hou
our.
Will the show have started
tartedd if we come in two hours?
I’m afraid it will start in an hour.
hour

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read - clean - paint - do - cha
change
ange

a. What time e _________

______________ you ____________________________
____________ the windows? By
5 o’clock, I ho
hope.

b. When ______________
________ Samantha ____________________________ the book? She’ll
give it back to you
ou in two wee
weeks’ time, she promissed.

c. How many projects ______________ you ____________________________ when

you finish this one? This is only my second project.

d. When ______________ Susan ____________________________ the portrait? Before

the end of the day, I would say.

e. ______________ you ____________________________ the oil before we collect our

car? Yes, I will. I’ll have done it by one o’clock.

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FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

It is used to refer to activities that will continue until a point of time in the future and will
not be completed . Like the simple tense it is normally used with by or other time expres-
sions and future actions.

Ex
• At six o’clock he’ll have been waiting here for three hours.
• When you arrive, we’ll have been sitting in the hospital all day.

Future Simple Perfect vs Future Perfect Continuous

The future perfect continuous is used to refer to incomplete, uninterrupted activities.

If we refer to a number of individual actions or actions that were repeated, we must use
the future perfect simple.

Examples:
• When I am sixty, I’ll have been building
uilding houses for thirty ye
years.
ty)
(one incomplete activity)
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• When I am sixty, I’ll hav

have
ve built more than fifty houses.
(fifty individuall actions)
act ons)

• By 5 o’clock I’ll
’ll have been washing this car for an hour a
and a half.
rupted activity)
(one uninterrupted

• By 5 o’clock I’lll have washed this car and replaced the tyres.
h will be done one after another)
(two completed activities that

Grammar structure

1. Affirmative:

S + WILL + HAVE + BEEN + V (ING)

+ I’ll go home on 20th June. By then I’l l have been
staying at this hotel for a fortnight.

2. Interrogative:

WILL + S + HAVE + BEEN V (ING)

? Will you have been living in this house for a long time
before they pull it down?

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Let's Practice!

1. Complete these sentences with the verbs in brackets.

Example:
• How many years __________ your daughter ____________________ the flute
when she turns fifteen? (play)
How many years will your daughter have been playing the flute when she turns
fifteen?
a. _______________________________________________________ their house for
two or three years by the end of this year? (the Clarks - renovate)

b. How long ________________________________________________ your Spanish by

the time you leave for Madrid? (you - refresh)

c. How many days ______________________________________________________

___________________ for
the message before he gets it? (Tom
m - wait)

d. ____________________________________________________
____ ________________________
________ with
ith this company for
more than five years by the time
t work)
he is 30? (Ben - w k)

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e. How long ______________________________________________________
______________________________________
____________________________
__________________
____ ___ cakes by
the end of thee day?
day (your grandma - bake)

2. Complete the questions in the following dialogues.

Example:
A: When will you have cooked the dinner? (co
(cook)
B: By 7 o’clock.
a. A: How long ________ Sam _____________________ the book this year? (write)
B: For three or four years.

b. A: How many continents ________ you _____________________ after your journey

to Australia? (visite)
B: It will be my fifth continent.

c. A: When ________ Sarah _____________________ her project? (finish)

B: Before Friday.

d. A: How long ________ you __________________ the course this week? (attend)
B: For six weeks or so.

e. A: ________ they ___________________ the refrigerator before we leave? (deliver)

B: Yes, by 10 o’clock.

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