Manual for Standard Design of Irrigation Canal

(Ver.1.1)
for
Technical Cooperation for Capacity Development
for the Promotion of Irrigation Scheme Development
under the District Agriculture Development Plans (DADPs)

Sept. 2017

National Irrigation Commission, Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MoWI)

 Table of Contents

Page
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Background .................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Objective ........................................................................................................................ 1
1.3 Scope of the manual ....................................................................................................... 1
1.4 Relation to relevant Guidelines and manuals ................................................................. 2
2. Summary of the design for open canals ................................................................................. 3
2.1 Procedure for decision of canal cross-section ................................................................ 3
2.2 Examination item in each step ....................................................................................... 4
3. Detailed description of the components ................................................................................. 8
3.1 Design discharge ............................................................................................................ 8
3.2 Canal route selection .................................................................................................... 10
3.3 Classification of open canal ......................................................................................... 11
3.4 Evaluation of the soil property ..................................................................................... 16
3.5 Hydraulic design by normal calculation ...................................................................... 22
3.6 Hydraulic design using the proposed chart .................................................................. 30
3.7 Economic comparison .................................................................................................. 34
4. Incidental structure ............................................................................................................... 36
4.1 Division structure ......................................................................................................... 36
4.2 Drop structure .............................................................................................................. 37
Annex-1 Calculation Chart for Cross-section Settling .......................................................... 39
Annex-2 Drawing Collection of Standard Design for Irrigation Canal ................................. 69
1. Introduction

1.1 Background

The promotion of irrigation project becomes the urgent matter as a policy to plan improvement
of the farm productivity in Tanzania. However, a great variety of irrigation facilities exist
because the standard guidance about the design of canals and related structures is not arranged.

On the other hand, the staff of Zonal Irrigation Office and District taking the role that is
important to the promotion of the irrigation project largely is in hard situation; lack the number
of engineer or insufficient accumulation of technical know-how, so improvement of these
circumstance is necessary.

1.2 Objective

Problems related to the existing irrigation facilities in selected area from the viewpoint of
policy system and technical aspect are to be grasped and clarified through survey and collection
of data. Objective of this manual is to support smooth enforcement of designing of irrigation
canal by LGA supported by ZIO and NIC using the flowchart for selecting the canal type and
calculation charts for decision of canal cross-section, etc.

On the occasion of the development of the manual, the following points are noted.

- Arranging the problem of existing irrigation facilities and the cause of issue on every stage
of investigation, plan, design, construction and maintenance respectively, standard design
manual of irrigation canal should be made included the measures corresponding to these
problem.

- Confirming the capacity of technical staff and material/tools which can be obtained locally
by execution of survey in cooperation with Counter Part engineer, this standard design
considers Tanzanian situation.

1.3 Scope of the manual

This manual covers standard design of the open canals such as lining canal mainly.
Especially, the method for decision of canal cross-section using calculation chart based on the
direct calculation method will be described. In addition, division structure and drop structure
are attached as incidental structure.

The scope of irrigation canal is as Table 1-1 in next page. Because this manual relatively
intends for the small canal of the scale as it is listed, larger scale irrigation facilities more than
this range needs original detailed design separately.

3
 Table 1-1 Scope of application

Item Scope of application Remark

Open canal generally has advantages compared
Canal system Open canal
with other water conveying facilities.
Intending for small irrigation scheme less than
Design discharge 0.2 – 2.0 m3/sec about 500ha of beneficial area, main canal and
secondary canal can be applied.

When there is no explanation in particular, the technical standard and the standard
numerical value described in this manual shall be quoted from “Land Improvement Project
Plan Design Standard, Design, Canal Works”, as Japanese Design Standard (hereinafter called
as JDS) or from small scale irrigation design manual and CGL.

1.4 Relation to relevant Guidelines and manuals

The Guidelines consist of the main part and reference materials. The former shows the
process of the procedure for Formulation, Construction, O&M and training. The latter collects
a series of technical standard to supplement the main body.

The standard design manual improves the ability of Zonal Irrigation Offices and Districts
staff by being made as Technical Guidance in the Comprehensive Guidelines. (Figure 1-1)

GL
I The Comprehensive Guidelines (CGL)
Technical Guidance

Standard design manual

Rehabilitation manual
Manual for Farmers’ Participatory Repair work of irrigation facilities

II Reference materials
Formulation Irrigation design manual (volume 1,2)
Others
Design Standard design manual
Irrigation design manual (volume 1,2)
Standard Tendering Document (Procurement of Works)
Others
Construction Construction supervision and so on
Others

Figure 1-1 Relation to relevant guidelines

4
2. Summary of the design for open canals

2.1 Procedure for decision of canal cross-section

Procedure for decision of canal cross-section shall be as shown in Figure 2-1.

Start

- Securing functions required

Setting up design discharge / - Generality of materials
Step-1 Canal route selection - Water control
- Safety

Step-2 Study on Soft ground

canal type Restriction of land use

Lining canal Flume / others

Step-3 Study on Sandy soil

soil property Black cotton soil
Good
Side slope =1:1.2 Side slope =1:1.5

Study on Need
backfilling replacement
Step-4
Need to set base &
No need backfilling gravel

Study on
Step-5 hydraulic design

Study on
Step-6 economic comparison
Cheaper
Concrete slab / Masonry
lining canal

End

Figure 2-1 Procedure for decision of canal cross-section

5
2.2 Examination item in each step

Step-1 Setting up design discharge / canal route selection

For the design discharge of the irrigation canal, the planned maximum discharge for each
season and irrigation water system defined in the irrigation plan is generally used. For
example, design discharge shall be calculated based on CGL: Comprehensive Guidelines, or it
may be determined using another technical documents or in reference to the example of other
scheme.
< For details, refer to 3.1 >

The canal route should be examined taking into consideration of maintenance, operation
and economic efficiency after reviewing result of the field survey. Moreover, main canal
should be located at the higher level of the land surface.
< For details, refer to 3.2 >

Step-2 Study on canal type

In the selection of canal type, several factor such as design discharge, securing functions
required, generality of materials, etc. should be considered comprehensively. Moreover,
irrigation facilities should be designed and constructed to show high performance during the
service period. As a result of examination, masonry lining canals and concrete slab lining
canals are selected as the most suitable canal type in Tanzania.
< For details, refer to 3.3 >

Step-3 Study on soil property

The soil property should be determined using easy method described in the CGL. The side
slope of lining canal shall be decided based on the soil property because there is a difference
in stability of the slope or resistance for scouring against water flow. In this manual, the side
slope of lining canal is proposed as follows.

Normal (cohesive) soil 1:1.2

Sandy soil 1:1.5
Black cotton soil 1:1.5
< For details, refer to 3.4 >

Step-4 Study on backfilling replacement

In case of soft ground such as black cotton soil or high groundwater level, the irrigation
canal possibly deteriorates with differential settlement due to expansion of the soil or uplift
pressure of groundwater, replacement of backfilling using gravel, sand soil or morrum is
proposed while weep hole or under drain is effective as a counter measure.
< For details, refer to 3.4.5 >

6
Step-5 Study on hydraulic design

This manual is introducing a simple design method of canal cross-section settling for small
scale irrigation schemes by using “Calculation Chart” as attached in Annex-1.

After getting Q (discharge), S (canal slope), m (side slope) and assuming the canal type
such as concrete slab lining, masonry lining, you can simply design the cross-section of canals
using the chart.
< For details, refer to 3.5 >

Step-6 Study on economic comparison

Since the coefficient of roughness between concrete slab and masonry differ, the
cross-section of each canal changes even if the discharge is the same. So, after setting the
cross-section of both lining canal using calculation chart, economic comparison should be
executed.
< For details, refer to 3.7 >

The most suitable cross-section of irrigation canal shall be decided based on this flow chart
mentioned above. Several calculation chart for cross-section settling of concrete slab lining
canal, masonry lining canal and flume are attached in Annex-1.

Moreover, actual construction plan shall be examined using drawings of standard design for
irrigation canal attached in Annex-2.

7
 Table 2-1 Classification of open canal

Item Unlined canal Lining canal Retaining wall canal

Canals where the natural ground is simply Canal where concrete slabs, masonry and Canals where the wall body is independent
excavated or dikes, and canals where inner concrete are used for a pavement material. from the canal base, and the retaining wall
Outline flow portions are protected by turf, These materials have higher resistance itself acts a role for maintaining stability
stabilizer or granular fill. against corrosion than other materials, and against earth pressure from behind,
is adaptable to comparatively large velocity.
groundwater pressure, etc.
Applied to irrigation and drainage canals. Applied to irrigation canal generally in Applied to irrigation canal having an
Tanzania. Superior to retaining wall canal advantage in structural durability,
Application
in economy. conveyance efficiency and its suitability
for large-sized canal system.
Clay or clay loam soil used for both Concrete slabs, masonry, plain concrete and Masonry, concrete slab, plain concrete,
Materials
irrigation and drainage canal. reinforced concrete. reinforced concrete
1:1.0 (consolidated gravelly clay) to 1:2.0 More than 1:1.0 determined through Less than 1:1.0, and flumes have
Side slope (gravel-mixed sandy loam) considering soil character, canal size, rectangular cross-section
construction method, maintenance, etc.
In cases of soft ground or large-sized In cases of unsuitable soil such as where The construction cost shall be expensive
canals, it is often difficult to maintain slopes are not stable, designs shall be rather than other method. Therefore, it is
Points of attention slope stability, and careful studies are performed on necessity of replacing desirable to carry out a comparison study
required for adopting gentler side slopes banking, conditions of groundwater, etc. on ease of work, cost efficiency.
or other bank protection methods.

Cross-section

8
Photo-1 Photo-2
Unlined canal Masonry lining canal
(Igongwa, Misunguwi, Mwanza) (Chomachankora, Igunga, Tabora)

Photo-3 Photo-4
Masonry lining canal Concrete slab lining
(Ulyanyama, Sikonge, Tabora) (Msagali, Mpwapwa, Central)

Photo-5 Photo-6
Concrete lining (With RBC) canal Concrete retaining wall canal
(Nyida, Shinanga, Mwanza) (Msufini, Mvomero, Morogoro)

Figure 2-2 Open canal in Tanzania

9
3. Detailed description of the components

3.1 Design discharge

Design discharge means the planned maximum discharge in the irrigation plan for each
season and irrigation water system, or the planned maximum discharge in the drainage plan.
While the size of canal is expressed in the design discharge, other discharges shall be studied as
well in determining cross sections, structures, water level control, etc.

3.1.1 Irrigation canal

For the design discharge of the irrigation canal, the planned maximum discharge for each
season and irrigation water system defined in the irrigation plan is generally used. However,
when diversion of discharge not in accordance with the plan can occur in upstream sections, or
when it is possible that the inflow of flood water is unavoidable due to topological restrictions,
the design discharge can be obtained by adding the planned diversion discharge or inflow flood
water volume.

Generally, the design discharge shall be determined after completing comparative studies for
the overall facility costs covering possible new construction of wasteways/spillways for each
section and improvement plan of discharging rivers.

Also, since it is often that planning conditions of the irrigated areas change over time during
each phase of planning, design, and construction, periodical confirmations of determining
factors for irrigation volume (e.g. water requirement rate, cultivation system, irrigated acreage,
diversion points, irrigation methods, etc.) are necessary.

Calculation example of design discharge in CGL is as follows.

Figure 3-1 Calculation form of GWR: Gross unit Water Requirement

(quoted from Vol 1, Sec 3 in CGL: Comprehensive Guide Line)

10
 Figure 3-2 Parameter for calculation of GWR)

< Calculation example >

1. Place Arusha
2. Crop Paddy (Clay Loam)
3. Irrigation efficiency 0.40 (Lined)

Table 3-1 Result of discharge calculation

Dry season Rainy season

Mon
Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
NWR 432 310 352 346 - - 481 241 236 118 142 -
GWR 4.03 2.89 3.40 3.23 - - 4.49 2.49 2.20 1.14 1.33 -
- NWR (Net Unit Water Requirement): mm/month
- GWR = NWR / E (Irrigation efficiency) / 8.64 / D (number of days by the month):
ℓ/sec/ha
- Design discharge may be decided using maximum GWR as 4.49 ℓ/sec/ha

3.1.2 Drainage canal

The design discharge of the drainage canal shall be the planned maximum discharge defined
in the drainage plan. While the flow exceeding the design discharge is not expected in the
normal irrigation canal, the drainage runoff with frequency exceeding the planned probability is
possible. Therefore, thoughtful considerations shall be given for the flow equal to or exceeding
design discharge.

Also, although there is generally no change in catchment area of the drainage plan, runoff
data may vary as hydrological conditions, land use category, site social environment, and other
items change. Therefore, it is necessary to check these items throughout each phase of planning,

11
design, and construction, and to advance the project while implementing necessary response
measures.

3.2 Canal route selection

The canal route shall be selected in a way that it assures the design discharge and designed
water level that are determined based on the irrigation and drainage plan, and that it shall be
able to accommodate assumed canal types.

In doing so, the route shall be selected with consideration of the canal structure selected for
water conveying facilities, the layout of various facilities, and their structural systems as well.
Also, in canal route selection, problems with social implications, such as site acquisition and
changes in irrigation and drainage practices, may arise. Thus a rigorous comparative study shall
be conducted on map drawings beforehand.

The following are general points to be considered for canal route selection.

- For the irrigation canal, the route selection shall be made with consideration that the canal,
in principle, can irrigate by gravity to the benefited area, and that the available water head at
the intake point will be utilized as much as possible.

- Canal route selection shall be made so that the drainage canal shall, in principal, run
through the section of lowest elevation within the project area.

- Items including spillways, waste-weir, and turnouts in irrigation canals shall be located in
appropriate locations after a thorough investigation of matters such as conditions of rivers
and project area in connection with these facilities, and after coordination with relevant
organizations and bodies.

- When the irrigation canal system is very long or it mainly irrigates upland fields, the
necessity and possibility of establishing regulating reservoirs shall also be studied because
benefits including effective utilization of water and rationalization of water distribution
management can be expected by having intervening regulating reservoirs.

- Agricultural water use has multilateral functions as a region's service water system
including domestic water, water for purification of water quality, groundwater stabilization,
landscape/eco-system conservation water, fire protection water.

- In case of a modification or shifting of canals, those points mentioned above shall be fully
considered in the design as well. In addition, great efforts are needed to ensure that this
project conforms to other regional development projects by studying them carefully.

12
3.3 Classification of open canal

3.3.1 Type of open canal

Figure 3-3 shows a structural classification of open canals.

Unlined Unlined canals

Covered canals (turf, granular fill)
Masonry lining canals
Lining Concrete slab lining canals
Open canals Concrete lining canals
Reinforced concrete lining canals
Masonry retaining wall canals
Retaining wall Concrete block retaining wall canals
Concrete retaining wall canals
Flumes

Figure 3-3 Classification of open canals

3.3.2 Unlined canal

(1) Outline of applications

Unlined canals consist of unlined and

protected canals. The former are canals where
the natural ground is simply excavated or dikes
are filled up on the natural ground, and the latter
are canals where inner flow portions are
protected by turf, stabilizer or granular fill, etc.

Unlined canals are generally applied to

irrigation canals and drainage canals. It is
favorable to make up a safe and cost efficient
design through sufficient studies on alignment of Unlined canal
(Chomachankora, Igunga, Tabora)
the canal, longitudinal slope, cross-section, so
that the canal should be a structure where mechanical stability is secured and where scouring
and erosion are not developed by water flow.

(2) Cross-sections of canals

Cross-sections of canals differ depending on the respective canal size, but generally in
cases of canals where quantity of flow is small, bottom width/depth ratio of around 2:1 is
adopted, and where quantity of flow is large, the ratio of up to around 8:1 is applied.

13
 Inner side slopes of canals often take values of around 1:1.5 to 1:2.5, and in cases where
soil character is especially of good quality and the canal size is small, inner side slopes shall
be able to be steeper within a range where no trouble occurs on the slope stability.

On the other hand, in cases of soft ground or large-sized canals, it is often difficult to
maintain slope stability, and careful studies are required for adopting gentler side slopes or
other bank protection methods, after grasping accurate geological features by soil tests.

Canal size, purposes, site conditions shall be considered for determining cross-sections of
canals including side slope of the canal. Table 3-2 shows general values for side slope by soil
character.

Table 3-2 Side slopes of unlined canals

Nature of soils Side slope

Hard rock 1:0.3
Weathered rock with cracks 1:0.5
Hard plane of clayey gravelly soil 1:0.5 – 1:1.0
Consolidated gravelly clay 1:1.0 – 1:1.5
Sand-mixed clayey loam 1:1.5 – 1:2.0
Gravel-mixed sandy loam 1:2.0
Sandy loam, soft clay 1:3.0
(Quoted from JSD)
3.3.3 Lining canal

(1) Outline for applications

Lining canal is a canal where concrete slabs,

masonry, plain concrete and reinforced concrete
are used for a pavement material. These
materials have higher resistance against
corrosion than other generally used materials,
and is adaptable to comparatively large velocity.

Since stability of canals of this type depends

basically on the stability of the foundation
ground, the lining thickness generally requires
Masonry lining canal
only the bare minimum. However, where the (Inara, Sikonge, Tabora)
groundwater level is high and amount of spring
water is large, or the foundation ground is unsuitable and the canal is structurally unstable and
consequently, it is desirable to discuss on structures or to select other construction method.

14
(2) Basement of linings

i. Banking

For basement of banking parts, surface soils shall be peeled away, garbage, etc. shall be
removed, and proper materials shall be filled back, so that the linings and the filling materials
should come into intimate contact with each other.

ii. Cutting

In cases where some or all parts of the lining canal is placed after excavating the foundation
ground, the ground shall be properly treated through a judgment whether the ground is
appropriate or not.

In cases of unsuitable soil such as where slopes are not stable, designs shall be performed
through overall discussions on necessity of replacing banking, conditions of groundwater,
range of the unsuitable ground, and presence/absence of banking materials, etc.

(3) Side slope

Side slope of lining canals shall be

determined through considering soil character,
canal size, construction method, maintenance,
etc. In general cases, the values of grade fall into
a range of 1:1 to 1:1.5.

Stability side slopes of the canals performed

by earth works, and the side slope shall be
determined considering nature of soil, canal size,
construction method, extent of compaction,
distinction of cut or fill, slope height, rapid draw Masonry lining canal
(Buhekela, Igunga, Tabora)
down of water level, etc., so that earth pressure,
which can lessen the slope stability, should not act on.

3.3.4 Retaining wall canal

(1) Outline for applications

A retaining wall canal is a type of canals where the wall body is independent from the canal
base, and the retaining wall itself maintains stability against earth pressure from behind,
groundwater pressure, inner water pressure, etc., and is often adopted for wide canals such as
drainage canals.

This type has an advantage in its suitability for large-sized canals. From an aspect of
construction works, this type enables partial construction and is employed in cases where works

15
in the canal portion, such as repair works are required.

(2) Type of canal

i. Stone masonry canals

Revetments of these type of canal are formed

by laying up cobble stones, rag-stones, etc.
Generally, they are often used for canals with
broad width. In cases of irrigation canals, many
of them are of the type where water tightness and
durability are planned to improve by applying
wet masonry walls, or others, considering flow
velocity or canal functions, etc.

ii. Gravity type retaining wall canals

Masonry retaining wall canal
Gravity type retaining wall canals are generally (Msagali, Mpwapwa, Central)
of plain concrete structures that act as earth
retaining structures as well, and are often used for drainage canals and combination canals for
drainage and irrigation, where wall heights are less than 2 m.

Meanwhile, semi-gravity type retaining wall canals reduce the concrete volume, comparing
with those of gravity type, and instead steel bar reinforcement is provided at points where
tensile stress is developed.

iii. Flumes

A flume is a canal of such type where the

canal sidewall and bottom slab form a
single-piece structure and support together loads
such as water pressure or others. A flume is
generally used as a reinforced concrete
rectangular cross-sectioned canal. Sidewalls of
flumes should preferably be vertical.

For rectangular cross-sections, hydraulically

the most effective ratio of bottom width and
water depth is 2:1, but the most effective Flume (Lusu, Nzega, Tabora)

cross-section is not always superior from structural and economical points of view. Therefore,
for decision of the cross-section, it is desirable to carry out a comparison study on safety, ease
of work, cost efficiency, with sufficient considerations for characteristics of the flume and the
site conditions, etc.

16
 iv. Precasted reinforced concrete flumes

Precasted reinforced concrete flumes are canals where unit bodies, produced at factories or
the like, or factory-produced members, either of which is manufactured basing on specified
design characteristics, are connected or combined by concrete materials, etc.

Generally, the smaller the canal size is, the more ease of works can be obtained, and this
type is adopted when it is economically advantageous. In area where yearly number of
workable days is small, this type is often used to shorten construction period.

3.3.5 Points to be considered for selection of canal type

In the selection of canal type, several factor such as design discharge, securing functions
required, generality of materials, etc. should be considered comprehensively. Moreover,
irrigation facilities should be designed and constructed to show high performance during the
service period.

Based on following reason, lining canal is selected as the most suitable canal type in
Tanzania except under special condition such as soft ground, restriction of land use, and so
on.

- There is much construction example in the country.

- It is not necessary to consider influence of the earth pressure from back soil by inclining
canal sidewall because active earth pressure does not act and only examining the measures
to prevent scouring of the side slope with the running water is needed.

- Superior to other construction method in economy.

- Materials such as natural stone or concrete slabs are available easily.

- Considerable degree of durability can be secured if appropriate construction is

undertaken.

17
3.4 Evaluation of the soil property

3.4.1 Classification of soil materials

Those soil materials composed of grain sizes less than 75 mm excluding rock fractions are
classified into major classifications mainly by observations. According to percentage content
(percent by mass,) of coarse-grained fraction or fine-grained fraction, content amount of
gravel faction or sand fraction and so on, soil type shall be divided.

The percentage contents in Figure 3-4 are component fractions of 75 μm to 75 mm for

coarse-grained fraction, less than 75 μm for fine-grained fraction, 75 μm to 2 mm for sand
fraction, and 2 to 75 mm for gravel fraction.

Here, when coarse grained fraction occupies above 50% and sand fraction is more than
gravel fraction, “sandy soil” shall be selected as representative soil type. Similarly, when fine
grained fraction occupies above 50% without organic or volcanic ingredient, “cohesive soil”
shall be selected.

Classification-1 Fine-grained fraction Coarse grained fraction

Grain size less than 75μm up to 2mm up to 75mm
Classification-2 - Sand fraction Gravel fraction
Representative soil type Cohesive soil Sandy soil Gravelly soil

Figure 3-4 Engineering classification system for soil materials

18
3.4.2 Confirmation of soil property

Easy method for confirmation of soil property is as shown in Figure 3-5. The property of
the soil can be estimated by utilizing this method.

Sandy soil

Cohesive soil

In this manual, “Sand” and “Sandy Loam” evaluated in

CGL shall be handled as “Sandy soil”. Similarly, “Clay
Loam” and “Clay” shall be handled as “Cohesive soil”.

Figure 3-5 Easy method for confirmation of soil property

(quoted from Vol 1, Sec 3 in Comprehensive Guidelines)

19
 Note: Black cotton soil (Vertisols: Name of Soil Orders in Soil Taxonomy)
The central concept of Vertisols is that of soils that have a high content (>30%) of
expanding clay known as montmorillonite and that have at some time of the year deep wide
cracks. They shrink when drying and swell when they become wetter. The shrinking and
swelling of Vertisols can damage buildings and roads, leading to extensive subsidence.
Therefore, a form to reduce influence by the expansion of the soil as much as possible is
desirable in the setting of the canal cross-section and the replacement of backfilling and
basement with gravel shall be necessary as a counter measure.

3.4.3 The side slope of lining canal

The side slope of lining canal should be decided so that it cannot be scoured or washed out
by water flow. In addition, water loss such as leakage from the canal section have to be
reduced as much as possible to supply irrigation water to the beneficial area certainly.

In this manual, the side slope of lining canal is proposed as follows.

Table 3-3 Side slope of lining canal

Soil type Side slope Remark

Cohesive (Normal) soil 1:1.2
Sandy soil 1:1.5
Black cotton soil 1:1.5 With backfilling and base gravel

The reason of decision is as follows.

(1) Little influence of “Active Earth Pressure”

It is not necessary to consider influence of the earth pressure from back soil by inclining
canal sidewall because active earth pressure does not act.

Considered cohesive strength (c=10kN/m2)

with Cohesive soil

Figure 3-6 Calculation example of active earth pressure

20
(2) Current situation of canal construction in Tanzania

There is much construction example in the country. Moreover, as for the serious problem
was not supposed in the site survey was executed from 18th, Jan to 18th, Feb, 2016.

The survey result is as shown blow.

Table 3-4 Representative cross section of canal according to the scheme

Const.
Scheme District Zone W H m Classification
year
Igongwa Misungwi Mwanza 1,00 0.70 1.20 Unlined 1997
Bukigi Mleba Mwanza 1.30 0.60 1.25 Masonry lining 2006
Itilima Kishapu Mwanza 1.00 1.00 1.20 Unlined 2003
Nyida Shinyanga Mwqanza 0.4 0.7 1.20 Con. lining (BRC) 2017
Buhekela Igunga Tabora 0.60 1.00 1.20 Masonry lining 2003
Chomachankora Igunga Tabora 1.50 1.30 1.20 Masonry lining 1994
(Mwamapuli) Igunga Tabora 1.50 1.25 1.20 Concrete slab lining 1986
Lusu Nzega Tabora 1.20 0.80 0.00 Flume 1996
Ulyanyama Sikonge Tabora 0.80 0.50 1.20 Masonry lining 2007
(Inara) Sikonge Tabora 0.45 0.70 1.20 Masonry lining 2015
(Chalinze) Dodoma Central 0.70 0.85 1.00 Concrete slab lining 2012
Bahi-sokoni Bahi Central 0.50 1.00 1.00 Masonry lining 2012
0.70 0.70 0.00 Masonry 2003
Msagali Mpwapwa Central
0.60 0.70 1.20 Concrete slab lining 2013
Msufini Mvomero Morogoro 0.50 0.80 0.80 Conc. retaining wall 2013
Kimbande Nyasa Mtwara 0.60 0.90 0.50 Masonry lining 2008

Figure 3-7 Cross-section model

(3) Japanese criteria for lining canal

Since stability of lining canal depends on stability of side slopes and side slope as a
standard shall be determined in the range of 1:1.0 to 1:1.5 at Japanese criteria.

(4) Japanese criteria for unlined canal

Referring to Table 3-2, side slopes of unlined canals, “Normal soil” as “Consolidated
gravelly clay” and “Sandy soil” as “Sandy mixed clayey loam”, can be employed.

21
(5) Japanese criteria for earth work

The gradient of slop in earth work referring to Table 3-5 (cutting) and Table 3-6 (banking)
is established as rather stable shape after earth work. So, the gradient value of sandy soil (not
dense) and cohesive soil can be handled for a reference.

i. Cutting

Natural ground often shows non-uniformity with reasons including that soil property
significantly differs depending on the extent of weathering and cracking, cutting height, state
of spring water, conditions of stratification, water content, etc.

Therefore, for designing gradient of slopes, investigations should be carried out in advance
for site conditions, state of existing slopes, and then design specifications including cutting
heights or gradient of slope should be determined referring to Table 3-5.

Table 3-5 Standard side cutting slope

Soil property of natural ground Cutting height Gradient

Hard rock 1:0.3 – 1:0.8
Soft rock 1:0.5 – 1:1.2
Sand Not dense and gradation distribution is bad 1:1.5 -
5m or less 1:0.8 – 1:1.0
Dense (tight)
5 – 10m 1:1.0 – 1:1.2
Sandy soil
5m or less 1:1.0 – 1:1.2
Not dense (loose)
5 – 10m 1:1.2 – 1:1.5
Pebbly soil, 10m or less 1:0.8 – 1:1.0
Dense or gradation distribution is good
Gravel or 10 – 15m 1:1.0 – 1:1.2
rock-hump mixed 10m or less 1:1.0 – 1:1.2
Not dense or gradation distribution is bad
sandy soil 10 – 15m 1:1.2 – 1:1.5
Cohesive soil 10m or less 1:0.8 – 1:1.2
5m or less 1:1.0 – 1:1.2
Rock-lump or cobble stone mixed cohesive soil
5 – 10m 1:1.2 – 1:1.5
(Quoted from JSD)
ii. Banking (Embankment)

For lining canals where stability of structures heavily depends on the banking conditions, it
is required to fill up good quality soil and compact it sufficiently so that rainwater should not
enter into the backside of linings.

Gradients of banking slopes cannot be defined easily as they depend on the site topography,
banking materials, banking methods, slope protection methods, etc. Design specifications, for
including banking heights or gradients of banking slopes should be determined referring to
Table 3-6.

22
 Table 3-6 Standard side banking slope

Banking
Banking material Gradient Notes
height
Sand with good gradation, pebble, and 5m or less 1:1.5 – 1:1.8 Applied to the banking
fine-grain mixed pebble 5 – 10m 1:1.8 – 1:2.0 whose base ground
Sand with bad gradation 10m or less 1:1.8 – 1:2.0 provides sufficient
10m or less 1:1.5 – 1:1.8 bearing capacity that
Rock lump (including muck) will not be affected by
10 -20m 1:1.8 – 1:2.0
5m or less 1:1.5 – 1:1.8 water exposure.
Sandy soil, hard viscous soil, hard clay
5 – 10m 1:1.8 – 1:2.0
Volcanic cohesive soil 5m or less 1:1.8 – 1:2.0
(Quoted from JSD)
3.4.4 Study on backfilling replacement

On the basis of foundation ground conditions that have been grasped through soil
investigations, safety of the canal structures should be studied so that an appropriate design
should be performed. When unfavorable ground exists in the foundation of the canal, it is
normally preferable to make a plan avoiding such a site.

However, if it is inevitable to make such a plan due to various conditions including cost
efficiency of the alignment of the canal or ease of works, suitable soil stabilization works or
foundation works should be selected, so that the design should be executed to take
countermeasures for preventing differential settlement and others.

In canal construction, however, changes in the foundation ground are often realized in the
site working stage, and therefore supplement investigations should be executed for such
occurrences, and it is required to cope with quickly basing on the investigation results.

In case of soft ground such as black cotton soil or high groundwater level, the irrigation
canal possibly floats or deteriorates with differential settlement due to uplift pressure of
groundwater. Moreover, when groundwater moves to the canal inside, hollowing out by a
particle of the soil from backfilling and foundation of the canal may lead to structural collapse
at last.

In consideration of the situation

mentioned above, replacement of backfilling
and basement using gravel, sandy soil or
morrum is proposed while weep hole or
under drain is effective as a counter measure.
In addition, the thickness of the gravel layer
should be set at least 15 cm so that abnormal (unit:mm)

pressure to act by groundwater shall be absorbed.

Figure 3-8 Model of backfilling

23
3.5 Hydraulic design by normal calculation

3.5.1 Discharge in canal

In hydraulic design of the canal, the following equation shall be used generally.

Q = A・v

Q: Discharge (m3/s)
A: Cross-sectional area of flow (m2)
v: Mean velocity (m/s)

3.5.2 Mean velocity formula for open channel system

The mean velocity of uniform flow in the open channel system is calculated by the
Manning’s equation. The relation of each element is as shown in Figure 3-9 and 3-10.

v = 1/n・R2/3・S1/2

v: Mean velocity (m/s)

n: Coefficient of roughness
R: Hydraulic mean depth (m) R = Cross-sectional area (A) / Wetted perimeter (P)
S: Canal slope
Start

Q (discharge) n (roughness) m (side slope) S (canal slope)

Manning b/d ratio

b and d

Change m, S or b/d
Check v (velocity)

End

Figure 3-9 Flowchart for canal design calculations

24
 Figure 3-10 Canal parameters

The steeper the side slope, the faster the water will flow and the greater the discharge will
be. Velocity increases with an increase in side slope or longitudinal slope. It therefore follows
that a canal with a steeper side slope but with the same cross-section can discharge more
water than a canal with a smaller side slope.

3.5.3 Selection of coefficient of roughness

The applicability of the Manning’s equation depends on whether selection of coefficient of

roughness is appropriate. Therefore, determination of coefficient of roughness requires careful
consideration because the result varies depending on numerous factors including surface
roughness, grass vegetation, curvature of the canal, cross-sectional shape, velocity, hydraulic
mean depth, sediment deposition and scour, suspended substance, future maintenance and
operation conditions of the canal, etc.

Generally, if canals constructed by the same materials are compared to each other, the
coefficient of roughness tends to be larger when the velocity is extremely small, or when the
hydraulic mean depth is small. Although commonly used coefficient of roughness are listed in
Table 3-7, standard values are being typically used in design.

Also, in canal, since the smoothness of the inside wall surface are gradually lost due to
wear, scour, sediment from flowing water actions, or due to overgrowth of water weeds, stains
and rusts on the surface generated by suspended solid, thoughtful considerations shall be
provided in design for these items.

The standard values in Table 3-7 are used, taking these factors considered to be common
items into considerations as well. Specifically, when the degree of roughness degradation is
not considered to be common, the minimum or maximum value can be selected.

25
 Table 3-7 Values for coefficient of roughness
< Canals constructed by excavation or dredging >

Coefficient of roughness
Material of canal and its condition Minimum Standard Maximum
value value value
Earth, straight and uniform
1. No weed (immediately after completion of the canal) 0.016 0.018 0.020
2. No weed (after the canal has been exposed to weather) 0.018 0.022 0.025
3. Gravels (no weed) 0.022 0.025 0.030
4. Few weeds with short grasses 0.022 0.027 0.033
(Quoted from JSD)
< Lining, retaining wall canals >

Coefficient of roughness
Material of canal and its condition Minimum Standard Maximum
value value value
Concrete (cast-in-place flume, culverts, etc.) 0.012 0.015 0.016
Concrete (reinforced concrete pipe) 0.011 0.013 0.014
Concrete(metal trowel finishing) 0.011 0.015 0.015
Concrete slab masonry 0.014 0.016 0.017
Cement (mortar) 0.011 0.013 0.014
Masonry (rubble stone mortar masonry) 0.017 0.025 0.030
Masonry (rubble stone cavity wall) 0.023 0.032 0.035
Vegetation coverage (sodding) 0.030 0.040 0.050
(Quoted from JSD,JRA)
< Natural flow canals >

Coefficient of roughness
Material of canal and its condition Minimum Standard Maximum
value value value
Small canals in plain area
1. No weed and straight. No fracture or deep water spot when 0.025 0.030 0.033
the high-water level is reached
2. No weed, but meandering. Some shoals and deep water 0.033 0.040 0.045
spots
3. Weeds and deep spots in mild flow sections 0.050 0.070 0.080
4. Section with thick vegetation of weed. Many deep water 0.075 0.100 0.115
spots and trees
Canal in mountainous land, no plant. River banks are steep.
1. River bed is covered by cobble stones and gravels 0.030 0.040 0.050
2. River bed is covered by large cobble stones 0.040 0.050 0.070
(Quoted from JSD)

26
 Table 3-8 Values for coefficient of roughness (FAO)

Type of surface Range of roughness

Pipes, precast and lined canal
Metal, wood, plastic, cement, precast concrete etc. 0.010 – 0.015
Concrete canal and canal structures 0.012 – 0.016
Rough concrete lining 0.017 – 0.025
Masonry 0.025 – 0.035
Corrugated pipe structures 0.023 – 0.025
Earthen canals, straight and uniform
Clean, recently completed 0.016 – 0.020
Clean, after weathering 0.018 – 0.025
With short grass, few weeds 0.022 – 0.027
Earthen canals, winding and sluggish
No vegetation 0.023 – 0.030
Grass, some weeds 0.025 – 0.033
Dense weeds or aquatic plants in deep canal 0.030 – 0.040
Canals, not maintained, weeds and brush uncut
Dense weeds as high as flow depth 0.050 – 0.120
Clean bottom, brush on sides 0.040 – 0.080
Note: Since there is not much difference in values of coefficient of roughness between Japanese
Standard Design and FAO, JSD value can be employed.

3.5.4 Composite coefficient of roughness

When the Manning’s equation is applied to the cross section of canal which coefficient of
roughness at the wetted perimeter varies depending on spot locations, the velocity shall be
obtained by calculating the composite coefficient of roughness for the entire wetted perimeter.
(Figure 3-11 and Table 3-9)

Table 3-9 Composite coefficient of roughness

Figure 3-11 Wetted perimeter diagram (Quoted from JSD)

27
3.5.5 Minimum allowable velocity

Object discharges in studying the minimum allowable velocity are as shown in Table 3-10.

Table 3-10 Object discharges in studying the minimum allowable velocity

Type of canal Object discharges

Most frequent discharge (the discharge which occurs most times in the pentad
Irrigation canal
mean discharge unit throughout the water conveyance period of the canal)
Discharge to study the low water revetment, etc. (1-year or 2-year probability
Drainage canal
discharge)
(Quoted from JSD)
It is appropriate that the minimum allowable velocity would not be below the velocity under
the object discharge flow condition. However, when the velocity is below the minimum
allowable velocity out of necessity, the structure and management system that are capable of
maintaining drainage function of the canal shall be provided.

Also, the minimum allowable flow velocities shall follow values provided in Table 3-11.

Table 3-11 Minimum allowable flow velocities

Minimum allowable
Condition of canal
velocity
Canal where concerns regarding deposition of floating sediment do exist. 0.45 - 0.90 m/s
Canal where concerns regarding overgrowth of water weed do exist. 0.70 m/s
(Quoted from JSD)
Note: The minimum allowable velocity shall be determined by the grain size of floating sediment.

3.5.6 Maximum allowable velocity

Object discharges in studying the maximum allowable velocity are as shown in Table 3-12.

Table 3-12 Object discharges in studying the maximum allowable velocity

Type of canal Object discharges

Irrigation canal Planned maximum flow discharge
Discharge to study the low water revetment, etc. (1-year or 2-year
Drainage canal
probability discharge) season
(Quoted from JSD)
The maximum allowable velocity is a value determined mainly by structural durability of
the material of the canal structure against scour and wear. This velocity involves uncertainties
because it significantly varies depending on the material constituting the canal. Therefore,
judgments have to be exercised based on experiences and other case examples.

Based on materials and thickness of the members of the canal and the inside surface of the
canal structure, those values shown in Table 3-13 are considered as approximate limiting

28
values.

Table 3-13 Maximum allowable velocity

Maximum Maximum
Type of
allowable Classification allowable
material
velocity (m/s) velocity (m/s)
Sandy soil 0.45 Thick concrete (approximately 18 cm) 3.00
Sandy loam 0.60 Thin concrete (approximately 10 cm) 1.50
Loam 0.70 Asphalt 1.00
Clayey loam 0.90 Block cavity wall (buttress pier less than 30 cm) 1.50
Clay 1.00 Block cavity wall (buttress pier 30 cm or larger) 2.00
Sandy clay 1.20 Block mortar masonry 2.50
Soft rock 2.00 Reinforced concrete pipe 3.00
Semi-hard rock 2.50 Steel pipe, ductile cast iron pipe 5.00
Hard rock 3.00 Reinforced concrete secondary product canal 3.00
(Quoted from JSD)
3.5.7 Freeboard

The freeboard deals with unanticipated events that a canal may encounter such as water
surface vibration, and its size shall be assessed by the discharge. The basic equations for canal
freeboard calculation by cross section shapes and types of canal are as follows.

< Non-lining canals and lining canals >

Fb = 0.05 d + β • hv + hw

Fb: Freeboard (m)

d: Water depth corresponding to design discharge (m)
hv: Velocity head (m) = v2 / 2g
β: Conversion factor from velocity head to static head, ranging 0.5 - 1.0
Note: When there are gates and/or screens that can block the canal completely, it is possible to
have an upraise of water surface by 50 to 100 % of the velocity head in the upstream side of
these structures depending on their operation mode.
Moreover, 50 % of the velocity head shall be allotted to deal with unanticipated situations
and other events for canals where factors for water surface upraise due to velocity head is not
particularly expected.
hw: Freeboard for water surface vibration (m) = 0.05 - 0.15m
Note: The flow in a canal generates wave movement due to structures (gates, drops, chutes,
pumping stations, etc.), wind, etc. Therefore, 5 to 15 cm shall be added as freeboard
specifically for the water surface vibration

< Retaining wall canals: flumes, retaining wall canals, box culverts, etc.>

Fb = 0.07 d + β • hv + hw

29
3.5.8 Hydraulically effective cross-sections

When a flow area “A” is given, a canal cross-section with the shortest length of wetted
perimeter “P” is capable for the largest quantity of flow. Such a cross-section is called the
most hydraulically effective cross-section, and it is generally accepted that cross-sections
close to the most effective cross-section are usually most cost effective as well.

The most hydraulically effective cross-sections for trapezoid and rectangular cross-sections
are obtained through following equations.

b = 2 d・tan (θ /2)

d: Water depth (m)

b: Bed width (m)
θ: Angle between sidewall and horizontal plane (°)
m: Side slope Figure 3-12 Model of canal dimension
(quoted from JSD)
K: (Q・n) / (S1/2・b8/3)

Here, “K” is the parameter that is obtained by transformation of Manning’s equation and it
is necessary to calculate the cross-section based on the direct calculation method for the depth
of uniform flow.

The most hydraulically effective cross-sections for each side slope “m” in canals of
trapezoid and rectangular cross-section are as shown in Table 3-14.

Table 3-14 The most hydraulically effective cross-sections and dimensions

m 0.0 0.3 0.5 1.00 1.20 1.25 1.50 2.00

θ 90 73.30 63.43 45.00 39.81 38.66 33.69 26.57
d/b 0.500 0.672 0.809 1.207 1.381 1.425 1.651 2.118
K 0.198 0.396 0.622 1.903 2.851 3.141 5.058 11.445

< Calculation example >

(1) Test condition

The test condition is as follows;

Q (discharge) = 0.80 m3/sec

S (canal slope) = 1 / 1000 = 0.001
n (coefficient of roughness) = 0.016 (concrete slab lining)
m (side slope) = 1.20 (1:1.20)

When each element is determined as shown above, the parameter “d/b” and “K” shall be set

30
as follows on the basis of Table 3-14.

d/b = 1.381

K = (Q・n) / (S1/2・b8/3) = 2.851

Here, “b” is obtained by transformation of the equation written above.

b = (1 / 2.851)3/8 × (Q × n / S1/2)3/8

(2) Calculation

b = (1 / 2.851)3/8 × (0.80×0.016 / 0.0011/2)3/8

= 0.481 = 0.48 m

d = 0.48 ×1.381
= 0.663 = 0.66 m

A = (0.481 + 0.664 × 1.20) × 0.664

= 0.848 = 0.85 m2

v=Q/A
= 0.80 / 0.85
= 0.941 = 0.94 m/sec

Fb = 0.05 d + β • hv + hw
= (0.05 × 0.664) + (0.5 × 0.9412 / 19.6) + 0.10
= 0.033 + 0.023 + 0.10
= 0.156 = 0.16 m

Height of canal = d + Fb
= 0.664 + 0.156
= 0.82 m

31
3.6 Hydraulic design using the proposed chart

3.6.1 General

This Manual is introducing a simple design method of canal cross-section settling for small
scale irrigation schemes by using “Calculation Chart” as attached in Annex-1. After getting Q
(discharge), S (canal slope), m (side slope) and assuming the canal type such as concrete slab
lining, masonry lining, you can simply design the cross-section of canals using the chart.

The contents of Annex-1 is as follows.

Table 3-15 Contents of “Calculation Chart for Cross-section Settling”

Item Side slope Curve name Result to be provided Chart No.

Q–b b (Bed width) C-1
1:1.2 Q–v v (Velocity of flow) C-2
Q–H H (Height of canal) C-3
Concrete Lining Canal
Q–b b (Bed width) C-4
1:1.5 Q–v v (Velocity of flow) C-5
Q–H H (Height of canal) C-6
Q–b b (Bed width) CS – 1
1 : 1.2 Q–v v (Velocity of flow) CS – 2
Q–H H (Height of canal) CS – 3
Concrete Slab Lining Canal
Q–b b (Bed width) C S- 4
1 : 1.5 Q–v v (Velocity of flow) C S– 5
Q–H H (Height of canal) C S– 6
Q–b b (Bed width) M–1
1 : 1.2 Q–v v (Velocity of flow) M–2
Q–H H (Height of canal) M–3
Masonry Lining Canal
Q–b b (Bed width) M–4
1 : 1.5 Q–v v (Velocity of flow) M–5
Q–H H (Height of canal) M–6
<Reference>
Q–b b (Bed width) U–1
1 : 1.2 Q–v v (Velocity of flow) U–2
Q–H H (Height of canal) U–3
Unlined Canal
Q–b b (Bed width) U–4
1 : 1.5 Q–v v (Velocity of flow) U–5
Q–H H (Height of canal) U–6
Q–b b (Bed width) F–1
Flume
- Q–v v (Velocity of flow) F–2
(Rectangular cross-section)
Q–H H (Height of canal) F–3
The setting condition for calcullation is as follows.
Table 3-16 Setting condition

32
 Item Setting value Remark
Coefficient of Concrete Slab Lining Canal 0.016
roughness Masonry Lining Canal 0.025
Minimum allowable velocity 0.50 m/sec
Maximum allowable velocity 2.50 m/sec
β 0.5 As minimum value in the range
Freeboard (Fb = 0.05 d + β • hv + hw)
hw 0.10 m As average value in the range
Note: 1. When obtained b using Q – b curve, the parameter of “d (Water depth)” shall be obtained
from “d/b” ratio automatically. (Table 3-14, P.28)
2. Freeboard shall be calculated after obtained both of “d (Water depth)” and “v (Velocity of
flow)”. Moreover, “H (Height of canal)” means “d (Water depth)” + Freeboard.

3.6.2 How to use the chart

How to use the “Calculation Chart” is as follows;

Step-1

Set the “Q” (discharge) in vertical axis of the chart after selecting the line of S (canal
slope).

(1) “b” (Bed width) shall be decided using “Q – b curve” as Chart No. “C-1”.

When Q=0.80m3/sec and S=0.001,

then b=0.48m shall be obtained.
At this moment, since d/b=1.381
(refer to Table 3-14, in case m=1.20),
d=0.66m shall be obtained.

0.48

Figure 3-13 Example of Q – b curve

33
(2) “v” (Velocity of flow) shall be decided using “Q – v curve” as Chart No. “C-2”.

When Q=0.80m3/sec and S=0.001,

then v=0.94m/sec shall be obtained.
At this moment, minimum velocity as
0.50 m/sec and maximum velocity as
2.50 m/sec should be checked.

0.94

Figure 3-14 Example of Q – v curve

(3) “H” (Height of canal) shall be decided using “Q – H curve” as Chart No. “C-3”.

When Q=0.80m3/sec and S=0.001,

then H=0.82m shall be obtained.

0.82

34
Step-2

Read the value of “b” (Bed width) in horizontal axis at the point to intersect.

An example of how to use “Concrete Slab Lining Canal (Side Slope = 1:1.2)” is as follows.
(Test condition is same as normal calculation mentioned above)

Figure 3-15 Example of Q – H curve

The cross-section as a result of above procedure is as follows.

b (Bed width) = 0.48 m (from Q – b curve)

d (Water depth) = 0.48 × 1.381 (d/b ration) = 0.66 m

H (Height of canal) = 0.82 m (from Q – H curve)

Fb = 0.82 – 0.66 = 0.16 m

(unit: mm)

Figure 3-16 Decided cross-section

For reference, accuracy confirmation of a demanded result by normal calculation described

at “(2) Calculation, P.29” is as follows;

Table 3-17 Summary of the calculation

Calculation chart Normal calculation Accuracy

Item
(A) (B) (A/B)
b (Bed width) 0.48 0.48 100.0 %
v (Velocity of flow) 0.94 0.94 100.0 %
H (Height of canal) 0.82 0.82 100.0 %

As shown in Table 3-17, the result of each calculation factors are same, and the validity of
the calculation chart shall be proved.

35
3.7 Economic comparison

3.7.1 The need of the economic comparison

After study on hydraulic design, the economic comparison is necessary because there are
two type of lining canal; concrete slab and masonry. Since the coefficient of roughness
between those types differ, the cross-section of each canal changes even if the discharge is the
same.

So, after setting the cross-section of both lining canal using calculation chart, economic
comparison should be executed.

3.7.2 Procedure of the comparison

The comparison is carried out as follows;

Step-1 Setting the cross-section

Test condition is same as an example described at 3.6.2.

Q (discharge) = 0.80 m3/sec

S (canal slope) = 1 / 1000 = 0.001
m = 1.2 (1:1.2)

Each factor of cross-section shall be obtained using calculation chart “Masonry Lining Canal
(Side Slope = 1:1.2): Chart No. M-1, M-2, M-3” in Annex-1.

The result of each item is as Table 3-18.

Table 3-18 Decided cross-section

Item Concrete slab lining Masonry lining

b (Bed width) 0.48 m 0.57 m
v (Velocity of flow) 0.94 m/sec 0.63 m/sec
H (Height of canal) 0.82 m 0.94 m
W (Width of canal) 2.45 m 2.83 m
SL (Side slope length: both side) 2.56 m 2.94 m

Step-2 Estimation of the unit cost. (Please calculate based on your local condition.)

Since the construction costs, material costs vary largely for each area in Tanzania and it is
difficult to estimate the accurate unit cost as a standard. However, the construction cost should
be calculated as usually and it is necessary to keep the execution of economical and effective
project in mind.

Moreover, when the estimation of unit cost is carried out, not only material cost but also
labor cost and transportation cost, etc. should be considered.

36
 The example of the cost estimation sheet is as shown in Table 3-19.

Table 3-19 Summary of the cost estimation

Item Concrete slab lining Masonry lining

Earth work (cutting)
Treatment of foundation
Mass concrete
Concrete slab lining -
Masonry lining -
Total

Finally, concrete slab or masonry lining canal will be selected as a suitable structure.

37
4. Incidental structure

4.1 Division structure

4.1.1 General

When installing division structures, it is necessary to plan with prescribed functions based
on the irrigation network studied in designing the canal system, scrap-and-build plan for
division structures, and the diversion plan and its arrangement of route system which consider
the local irrigation custom and the will of the community.

Accordingly, before designing a facility, design consideration points based on the canal
system must be confirmed; for example, water supply plan, water management system, type
of division structure considering the canal type, scale, and the number of facilities.

To select the installation location, the following matters should be considered from the
view point of maintenance, management and structural design.

- The location shall be on the good ground.

- The location shall be near the irrigated area and convenient for the maintenance and
management of the division structures.
- High banking or deep cutting shall be avoided as much as possible.
- The location where there is no possibility of the occurrence of disaster.
- The location at which construction can be executed easily.
- The location where water flow is stabilized.
- The location where necessary head can be ensured

4.1.2 Selection of type of division structure

Proper type of division structure shall be selected in accordance with the water
management system, water level and discharge control system, and canal type.

An indication of selecting the type of division structure is a diversion ratio which is a ratio of
branch canal discharge to main canal discharge. When the diversion ratio is almost equal to or
more than 20 %, selection of a dividing wall distributor, jet flow distributor, or a cylindrical
proportional distributor shall be considered, and when the diversion ratio is less than 20 %,
selection of a gate offtake regulator or a constant head orifice offtake regulator shall be
considered.

When discharge from a division structure needs to be measured, type of division structure
and a discharge measurement method that match the combination shall be selected. As shown
in Fig 4-1, when a diversion pipe shall be mounted directly to the side wall of the main canal
so as to divert water to the diversion canal, inflow loss shall be taken into consideration.

38
 Figure 4-1 Shape of sluice-pipe type division structure
(quoted from JSD)

4.1.3 Consideration points for designing division structures

- The structure shall be rigid, accurate, and durable.

- The costs of facility, maintenance and management shall be inexpensive.

- Division structures shall not cause hydraulic state of upstream and downstream to change
significantly.

- Although division structures are basically designed based on the design discharge, the
amount of discharge, such as most frequent discharge, minimum discharge shall be
considered according to the functions and purpose of each division structure.

- Head loss for diversion shall be minimized and easily regulated from the view point of
maintenance and management.

- The diversion type shall be united as much as possible so as to save labor for water
management and equalize diversion accuracy.

4.2 Drop structure

4.2.1 General

In the design of the canal system, when an excess head is present in spite of the appropriate
distribution of the longitudinal slope of the canal and the appropriate selection of route, drops
or chutes are installed in the canal so as to adjust the head, ensure the safety of the canal, and
make the best use of functions of the entire canal system.

Generally, locations and types of drops or chutes are selected according to topographic
features and other locational conditions. It is desirable that drops or chutes be stable and do
not inhibit functions of the canal and be planned and designed by fully considering the
economic efficiency.

In some cases, drops and chutes may vibrate due to impact resulting from the adjustment of
high heads; therefore, bearing capacity to withstand the impact as well as safety must be

39
ensured. Also, when drops and chutes are planned in the urban area and its vicinity, noise,
vibration, and splash must be considered and studied.

4.2.2 Selection of installation location

It is desirable that the following matters be considered when selecting a location to install
drop structures.

- A location in which drop structures can blend in with the surrounding topography, such as
a location where there is a topographical level difference, should be selected.
- A location on the base ground, which has bearing capacity to withstand impact of water
flow as well as the drop structures dead weight, should be selected.
- Drop structures shall be linear as long as possible and shall not be an asymmetric structure
so as to avoid generating unfavorable waves to the water flow. Therefore, it is desirable
that the section of the canal be selected in which both the upstream canal and the
downstream canal are in a straight line.
- In most cases, drop structures create vibration and noise due to falling water. Accordingly,
when installing a large-scale drop structures, it is desirable that installation near a residential
district be avoided in considering the effect on the surrounding communal environment.

4.2.3 Water-cushion type drop structures

The water-cushion type drop structures consist of an inlet canal which is normally a
transition section from an upstream canal, outfall, water cushion section for energy dissipation,
and an outlet canal for a downstream canal.

In this type of drop structures, vertical steps are made just below the outfall and energy is
dissipated by the impact resulting from falling water clashing into a water cushion and
disturbance in the water cushion.

Figure 4-2 Example of water cushion type drop structures

(quoted from JSD)

40
Annex-1

Calculation Chart
for
Cross-section Settling

41
 Contents

Item Side Curve name Result to be provided Chart No. page

Q-b b (Bed width) C-1 42
1 :1.2 Q-v v (Velocity of flow) C-2 43
Q-H H (Height of canal) C-3 44
Concrete lining canal
Q-b b (Bed width) C-4 45
1 : 1.5 Q-v v (Velocity of flow) C-5 46
Q-H H (Height of canal) C-6 47
Q-b b (Bed width) CS - 1 48
1 : 1.2 Q-v v (Velocity of flow) CS - 2 49
Q-H H (Height of canal) CS - 3 50
Concrete Slab Lining Canal
Q-b b (Bed width) CS - 4 51
1 : 1.5 Q-v v (Velocity of flow) CS – 5 52
Q-H H (Height of canal) CS – 6 53
Q-b b (Bed width) M–1 54
1 : 1.2 Q-v v (Velocity of flow) M–2 55
Q-H H (Height of canal) M–3 56
Masonry Lining Canal
Q-b b (Bed width) M–4 57
1 : 1.5 Q-v v (Velocity of flow) M–5 58
Q-H H (Height of canal) M–6 59
<Reference>
Q-b b (Bed width) U – 1 60
1 : 1.2 Q-v v (Velocity of flow) U – 2 61
Q-H H (Height of canal) U – 3 62
Unlined Canal
Q-b b (Bed width) U – 4 63
1 : 1.5 Q-v v (Velocity of flow) U – 5 64
Q-H H (Height of canal) U – 6 65

42
 Flume Q-b b (Bed width) F–1 66
(Rectangular cross-section) - Q-v v (Velocity of flow) F–2 67
Q-H H (Height of canal) F–3 68

Note: If there is not applied slope in the chart in Annex-1, input value of “Q” and “S” directly into the attached electrical data (Excel file
“effective cross-section.xls”), so that you can obtain exact figure of “b (bed width)”, “v (velocity of flow)” and “H (Height of canal)”.

43
 Chart number
Concrete Lining Canal (Side Slope = 1:1.2)
C-1
Q – b curve
Remark

1. Calculation condition is as
follows;
- Coefficient roughness: n=0.016
- d/b = 1.381
- K = (Q✕n) / (S1/2✕b8/3) = 2.851

2. When Q (discharge) and S

(canal slope) are given, b (Bed
width) shall be obtain as a result.

44
 Chart number
Concrete Lining Canal (Side Slope = 1:1.2)
C-2
Q – v curve
Remark

1. Calculation condition is as
follows;
- Coefficient roughness: n=0.016
- d/b = 1.381
- K = (Q✕n) / (S1/2✕b8/3) = 2.851

2. When Q (discharge) and S

(canal slope) are given, b (Bed
width) shall be obtain as a result.

45
 Chart number
Concrete Lining Canal (Side Slope = 1:1.2)
C-3
Q – H curve
Remark

1. Calculation condition is as
follows;
- Coefficient roughness: n=0.016
- d/b = 1.381
- K = (Q✕n) / (S1/2✕b8/3) = 2.851

2. When Q (discharge) and S

(canal slope) are given, b (Bed
width) shall be obtain as a result.

46
 Chart number
Concrete Lining Canal (Side Slope = 1:1.5)
C-4
Q – b curve
Remark

1. Calculation condition is as
follows;
- Coefficient roughness: n=0.016
- d/b = 1.651
- K = (Q✕n) / (S1/2✕b8/3) = 5.058

2. When Q (discharge) and S

(canal slope) are given, b (Bed
width) shall be obtain as a result.

47
 Chart number
Concrete Lining Canal (Side Slope = 1:1.5)
C-5
Q – v curve
Remark

1. Calculation condition is as
follows;
- Coefficient roughness: n=0.016
- d/b = 1.651
- K = (Q✕n) / (S1/2✕b8/3) = 5.058

2. When Q (discharge) and S

(canal slope) are given, b (Bed
width) shall be obtain as a result.

48
 Chart number
Concrete Lining Canal (Side Slope = 1:1.5)
C-6
Q – H curve
Remark

1. Calculation condition is as
follows;
- Coefficient roughness: n=0.016
- d/b = 1.651
- K = (Q✕n) / (S1/2✕b8/3) = 5.058

2. When Q (discharge) and S

(canal slope) are given, b (Bed
width) shall be obtain as a result.

49
 Chart number
Concrete Slab Lining Canal (Side Slope = 1:1.2)
CS - 1
Q – b curve
Remark

1. Calculation condition is as
follows;
- Coefficient roughness: n=0.016
- d/b = 1.381
- K = (Q✕n) / (S1/2✕b8/3) = 2.851

2. When Q (discharge) and S

(canal slope) are given, b (Bed
width) shall be obtain as a result.

50
 Chart number
Concrete Slab Lining Canal (Side Slope = 1:1.2)
CS - 2
Q – v curve
Remark

1. Calculation condition is as
follows;
- Coefficient roughness: n=0.016
- d/b = 1.381
- K = (Q✕n) / (S1/2✕b8/3) = 2.851

2. When Q (discharge) and S

(canal slope) are given, v (Velocity
of flow) shall be obtain as a result.

51
 Chart number
Concrete Slab Lining Canal (Side Slope = 1:1.2)
CS - 3
Q – H curve
Remark

1. Calculation condition is as
follows;
- Coefficient roughness: n=0.016
- d/b = 1.381
- K = (Q✕n) / (S1/2✕b8/3) = 2.851

2. When Q (discharge) and S

(canal slope) are given, H (Height
of canal including freeboard) shall
be obtain as a result.

52
 Chart number
Concrete Slab Lining Canal (Side Slope = 1:1.5)
CS - 4
Q – b curve
Remark

1. Calculation condition is as
follows;
- Coefficient roughness: n=0.016
- d/b = 1.651
- K = (Q✕n) / (S1/2✕b8/3) = 5.058

2. When Q (discharge) and S

(canal slope) are given, b (Bed
width) shall be obtain as a result.

53
 Chart number
Concrete Slab Lining Canal (Side Slope = 1:1.5)
C S- 5
Q – v curve
Remark

1. Calculation condition is as
follows;
- Coefficient roughness: n=0.016
- d/b = 1.651
- K = (Q✕n) / (S1/2✕b8/3) = 5.058

2. When Q (discharge) and S

(canal slope) are given, v (Velocity
of flow) shall be obtain as a result.

54
 Chart number
Concrete Slab Lining Canal (Side Slope = 1:1.5)
CS - 6
Q – H curve
Remark

1. Calculation condition is as
follows;
- Coefficient roughness: n=0.016
- d/b = 1.651
- K = (Q✕n) / (S1/2✕b8/3) = 5.058

2. When Q (discharge) and S

(canal slope) are given, H (Height
of canal including freeboard) shall
be obtain as a result.

55
 Chart number
Masonry Lining Canal (Side Slope = 1:1.2)
M-1
Q – b curve
Remark

1. Calculation condition is as
follows;
- Coefficient roughness: n=0.025
- d/b = 1.381
- K = (Q✕n) / (S1/2✕b8/3) = 2.851

2. When Q (discharge) and S

(canal slope) are given, b (Bed
width) shall be obtain as a result.

56
 Chart number
Masonry Lining Canal (Side Slope = 1:1.2)
M-2
Q – v curve
Remark

1. Calculation condition is as
follows;
- Coefficient roughness: n=0.025
- d/b = 1.381
- K = (Q✕n) / (S1/2✕b8/3) = 2.851

2. When Q (discharge) and S

(canal slope) are given, v (Velocity
of flow) shall be obtain as a result.

57
 Chart number
Masonry Lining Canal (Side Slope = 1:1.2)
M-3
Q – H curve
Remark

1. Calculation condition is as
follows;
- Coefficient roughness: n=0.025
- d/b = 1.381
- K = (Q✕n) / (S1/2✕b8/3) = 2.851

2. When Q (discharge) and S

(canal slope) are given, H (Height
of canal including freeboard) shall
be obtain as a result.

58
 Chart number
Masonry Lining Canal (Side Slope = 1:1.5)
M-4
Q – b curve
Remark

1. Calculation condition is as
follows;
- Coefficient roughness: n=0.025
- d/b = 1.651
- K = (Q✕n) / (S1/2✕b8/3) = 5.058

2. When Q (discharge) and S

(canal slope) are given, b (Bed
width) shall be obtain as a result.

59
 Chart number
Masonry Lining Canal (Side Slope = 1:1.5)
M-5
Q – v curve
Remark

1. Calculation condition is as
follows;
- Coefficient roughness: n=0.025
- d/b = 1.651
- K = (Q✕n) / (S1/2✕b8/3) = 5.058

2. When Q (discharge) and S

(canal slope) are given, v (Velocity
of flow) shall be obtain as a result.

60
 Chart number
Masonry Lining Canal (Side Slope = 1:1.5)
M-6
Q – H curve
Remark

1. Calculation condition is as
follows;
- Coefficient roughness: n=0.025
- d/b = 1.651
- K = (Q✕n) / (S1/2✕b8/3) = 5.058

2. When Q (discharge) and S

(canal slope) are given, H (Height
of canal including freeboard) shall
be obtain as a result.

61
 Chart number
Unlined Canal (Side Slope = 1:1.2)
U-1
Q – b curve
Remark

1. Calculation condition is as
follows;
- Coefficient roughness: n=0.027
- d/b = 1.381
- K = (Q✕n) / (S1/2✕b8/3) = 2.851

2. When Q (discharge) and S

(canal slope) are given, b (Bed
width) shall be obtain as a result.

62
 Chart number
Unlined Canal (Side Slope = 1:1.2)
U-2
Q – v curve
Remark

1. Calculation condition is as
follows;
- Coefficient roughness: n=0.027
- d/b = 1.381
- K = (Q✕n) / (S1/2✕b8/3) = 2.851

2. When Q (discharge) and S

(canal slope) are given, v (Velocity
of flow) shall be obtain as a result.

3. Maximum allowable velocity of

every soil type is as follows.
Maximum
Soil Type
allowable velocity
Sandy loam 0.60 m/sec
Loam 0.70
Clayey loam 0.90
Clay 1.00
Sandy clay 1.20

63
 Chart number
Unlined Canal (Side Slope = 1:1.2)
U-3
Q – H curve
Remark

1. Calculation condition is as
follows;
- Coefficient roughness: n=0.027
- d/b = 1.381
- K = (Q✕n) / (S1/2✕b8/3) = 2.851

2. When Q (discharge) and S

(canal slope) are given, H (Height
of canal including freeboard) shall
be obtain as a result.

64
 Chart number
Unlined Canal (Side Slope = 1:1.5)
U-4
Q – b curve
Remark

1. Calculation condition is as
follows;
- Coefficient roughness: n=0.027
- d/b = 1.651
- K = (Q✕n) / (S1/2✕b8/3) = 5.058

2. When Q (discharge) and S

(canal slope) are given, b (Bed
width) shall be obtain as a result.

65
 Chart number
Unlined Canal (Side Slope = 1:1.5)
U-5
Q – v curve
Remark

1. Calculation condition is as
follows;
- Coefficient roughness: n=0.027
- d/b = 1.651
- K = (Q✕n) / (S1/2✕b8/3) = 5.058

2. When Q (discharge) and S

(canal slope) are given, v (Velocity
of flow) shall be obtain as a result.

3. Maximum allowable velocity of

every soil type is as follows.
Maximum
Soil Type
allowable velocity
Sandy loam 0.60 m/sec
Loam 0.70
Clayey loam 0.90
Clay 1.00
Sandy clay 1.20

66
 Chart number
Unlined Canal (Side Slope = 1:1.5)
U-6
Q – H curve
Remark

1. Calculation condition is as
follows;
- Coefficient roughness: n=0.027
- d/b = 1.651
- K = (Q✕n) / (S1/2✕b8/3) = 5.058

2. When Q (discharge) and S

(canal slope) are given, H (Height
of canal including freeboard) shall
be obtain as a result.

67
 Chart number
Flume (Rectangular cross-section)
F-1
Q – b curve
Remark

1. Calculation condition is as
follows;
- Coefficient roughness: n=0.015
- d/b = 0.500
- K = (Q✕n) / (S1/2✕b8/3) = 0.198

2. When Q (discharge) and S

(canal slope) are given, b (Bed
width) shall be obtain as a result.

68
 Chart number
Flume (Rectangular cross-section)
F-2
Q – v curve
Remark

1. Calculation condition is as
follows;
- Coefficient roughness: n=0.015
- d/b = 0.500
- K = (Q✕n) / (S1/2✕b8/3) = 0.198

2. When Q (discharge) and S

(canal slope) are given, v (Velocity
of flow) shall be obtain as a result.

69
 Chart number
Flume (Rectangular cross-section)
F-3
Q – H curve
Remark

1. Calculation condition is as
follows;
- Coefficient roughness: n=0.015
- d/b = 0.500
- K = (Q✕n) / (S1/2✕b8/3) = 0.198

2. When Q (discharge) and S

(canal slope) are given, H (Height
of canal including freeboard) shall
be obtain as a result.

70
Annex-2

Drawing Collection
of
Standard Design for Irrigation Canal

71
 Contents
Item Drawing No. page
Side slope = 1 : 1.2 CL - 1 72
With backfilling CL - 2 73
Concrete Lining Canal (With RBC)
Side slope = 1 : 1.5 CL - 3 74
with backfilling CL - 4 75
CSL - 1 76
Side slope = 1 : 1.2
with backfilling CSL - 2 77
Concrete Slab Lining Canal
CSL - 3 78
Side slope = 1 : 1.5
with backfilling CSL - 4 79
ML - 1 80
Side slope = 1 : 1.2
with backfilling ML - 2 81
Masonry Lining Canal
ML - 3 82
Side slope = 1 : 1.5
with backfilling ML - 4 83
Side slope = 1 : 1.2 UL - 1 84
Unlined Canal
Side slope = 1 : 1.5 UL - 2 85
pipe type DI - 1 86
Division Structure
open type DI - 2 87
Dimension setting DR - 1 88
Drop Structure Drawing example DR - 2 89
Reinforcing bar processing DR - 3 90
<Reference: Japanese criteria>
Drawing example - 1 CF - 1 91
Flume Drawing example - 2 CF - 2 92
Drawing example - 3 CF - 3 93
Masonry Retaining Wall Canal Drawing example MR - 1 94
Precasted Concrete Flume Drawing example PF - 1 95
Note: You can use and arrange the attached electrical CAD data (Folder: drawing: cad data, file format is “dwg”.

72
 Quick Chart for Selection of Canal Type
Soil Type Side Slope Needs of Backfilling Canal Type Drawing No. page

Concrete Lining CL - 1 72

No Concrete Slab Lining CSL - 1 76

Masonry Lining ML - 1 80
Cohesive 1 : 1.2
Concrete Lining CL - 2 73

Yes Concrete Slab Lining CSL - 2 77

Masonry Lining ML - 2 81

Concrete Lining CL - 3 74
No
Concrete Slab Lining CSL - 3 78
Sandy 1 : 1.5

Yes Masonry Lining ML - 3 82

Concrete Lining CL - 4 75

Black Cotton 1 : 1.5 Yes Concrete Slab Lining CSL – 4 79

Masonry Lining ML - 4 83

73
 Drawing number
Concrete Lining Canal (Side slope = 1:1.2)
CL - 1

Remark
Cross Section

1. Assuming each barrel length

W are 1,000mm (10.0m).
235

CＬ

150
1.2
H

1
Concrete Lining
(Metal Torowel Finishing)

BRC Mesh Y6-150

150

(unit: mm)

74
 Drawing number
Concrete Lining Canal (Side slope = 1:1.2 with backfilling)
CL - 2

Remark
Cross Section
1. Assuming each barrel length are
1,000mm (10.0m).
W

235 235 2. Backfilling and base gravel

CＬ
should be installed when
groundwater level is high.

3. Sandy soil and morrum can be

used in substitution for gravel if
cheaper.
150
150
1.2
H

1
Concrete Lining
(Metal Torowel Finishing)

BRC Mesh Y6-150

150
150

Back Filling Ｇｒａｖｅｌ

75
 Drawing number
Concrete Lining Canal (Side slope = 1:1.5)
CL - 3

Remark
Cross Section
1. Assuming each barrel length
W
are 1,000mm (10.0m).

270

CＬ

150
1.5
H

1
Concrete Lining
(Metal Torowel Finishing)

BRC Mesh Y6-150

150

(unit: mm)

76
 Drawing number
Drawing number
Concrete Lining Canal (Side slope = 1:1.5 with backfilling)
CL - 4

Remark
Cross Section
1. Assuming each barrel length
W are 1,000mm (10.0m)
270 270
2. Backfilling and base gravel
CＬ should be installed when
basement is black cotton soil or
groundwater level is high.

3. Sandy soil and morrum can be

150
used in substitution for gravel if
1.5 cheaper.
H

1
Concrete Lining
(Metal Torowel Finishing)

BRC Mesh Y6-150

150
150

Back Filling Ｇｒａｖｅｌ

(unit: mm)

77
 Drawing number
Concrete Slab Lining Canal (Side slope = 1:1.2)
CSL - 1

Remark
Cross Section
1. Assuming slab size as 450mm
width 450mm length, but various
size is allowable.

(unit: mm)

78
 Drawing number
Concrete Slab Lining Canal (Side slope = 1:1.2 with backfilling)
CSL - 2

Remark
Cross Section

1. Assuming slab size as 450mm

width 450mm length, but various
size is allowable.

2. Backfilling and base gravel

should be installed when
groundwater level is high.

3. Sandy soil and morrum can be

used in substitution for gravel if
cheaper.

(unit: mm)

79
 Drawing number
Concrete Slab Lining Canal (Side slope = 1:1.5)
CSL - 3

Remark
Cross Section

1. Assuming slab size as 450mm

width 450mm length, but various
size is allowable.

(unit: mm)

80
 Drawing number
Concrete Slab Lining Canal (Side slope = 1:1.5 with backfilling)
CSL - 4

Remark
Cross Section
1. Assuming slab size as 450mm
width 450mm length, but various
size is allowable.

2. Backfilling and base gravel

should be installed when
basement is black cotton soil or
groundwater level is high.

3. Sandy soil and morrum can be

used in substitution for gravel if
cheaper.

(unit: mm)

81
 Drawing number
Masonry Lining Canal (Side slope = 1:1.2)
ML - 1

Remark
Cross Section

(unit: mm)

82
 Drawing number
Masonry Lining Canal (Side slope = 1:1.2 with backfilling)
ML - 2

Remark
Cross Section

1. Backfilling and base gravel

should be installed when
groundwater level is high.

2. Sandy soil and morrum can be

used in substitution for gravel if
cheaper.

(unit: mm)

83
 Drawing number
Masonry Lining Canal (Side slope = 1:1.5)
ML - 3

Cross Section Remark

(unit: mm)

84
 Drawing number
Masonry Lining Canal (Side slope = 1:1.5 with backfilling)
ML - 4

Cross Section Remark

1. Backfilling and base gravel

should be installed when
basement is black cotton soil or
groundwater level is high.

2. Sandy soil and morrum can be

used in substitution for gravel if
cheaper.

(unit: mm)

85
 Drawing number
Unlined Canal (Side slope = 1:1.2)
UL - 1

Remark

(unit: mm)

86
 Drawing number
Unlined Canal (Side slope = 1:1.5)
UL - 2

Remark

(unit: mm)

87
 Drawing number
Division Structure (pipe type)
DI - 1

Remark

1. The diameter of division pipe

should be arranged corresponding
to required discharge of the
connecting canal.

(unit: mm)

88
 Drawing number
Division Structure (open type)
DI - 2

Remark

1. The cross-section of division

canal should be arranged
corresponding to required
discharge of the connecting canal.

(unit: mm)

89
 Drawing number
Drop Structure (Dimension setting)
DR - 1
Plan Cross Section
Remark

1. This drawing shows the dimension

of drop box in consideration of the
height of discharge and drop height.

2. Each dimension is decided as a

result of hydraulic calculation.

List of dimensions
h H B1 B2 L1 L2 D1 D2
500 500 1000 1500 2800 1400 80 350
500 1000 1000 1500 4100 1600 80 400
500 1500 1000 1500 5200 2000 80 500
700 500 1400 1900 3000 1200 160 300
700 1000 1400 1900 4400 1600 160 400
700 1500 1400 1900 5700 2000 160 500
1000 500 2000 3000 3500 2300 350 300
1000 1000 2000 3000 5100 2300 350 450
1000 1500 2000 3000 6400 2300 350 550

90
 Drawing number
Drop Structure (Drawing example)
DR - 2
Plan
Remark

Longitudinal section

(unit: mm)

91
 Drawing number
Drop Structure (Reinforcing bar processing)
DR - 3
Cross Section
Section B - B Section C - C Remark

(unit: mm)

92
 Drawing number
Flume (Drawing example - 1)
CF - 1
Cross Section Side View
Remark

1. This drawing applies to flume

(reinforced concrete canal) with
height from 500mm to 900mm.

Plan View Reinforcing bar processing

(unit: mm)

93
 Drawing number
Flume (Drawing example - 2)
CF - 2
Cross Section Side View
Remark

1. This drawing applies to flume

(reinforced concrete canal) with
height from 1000mm to 1100mm.

Plan View Reinforcing bar processing

(unit: mm)

94
 Drawing number
Flume (Drawing example - 3)
CF - 3
Cross Section Side View
Remark

1. This drawing applies to flume

(reinforced concrete canal) with
height from 1200mm to 1500mm.

Reinforcing bar processing

Plan View

(unit: mm)

95
 Drawing number
Masonry Retaining Wall Canal (Drawing example)
MR - 1

Cross Section Remark

1. The side slope (1:0.3 -1:0.6)

should be arranged based on the
soil type, load condition etc.

<Japanese criteria>
In case the internal frictional
angle of back soil is 30 degrees
and only earth pressure acts to
masonry, wall height (H) can be
applied as following table
corresponding to each side slope.

Side slope Wall height

1:0.3 up to 1.30 m
1:0.4 up to 1.50 m
1:0.5 up to 2.10 m
1:0.6 up to 2.70 m

(unit: mm)

96
 Drawing number
Precasted Concrete Flume (Drawing example)
PF - 1

Remark

1. These type of precasted

concrete flume are example of
Japanese criteria.

(unit: mm)

Table of dimension Weight

97