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Apple Trees Knowledge Based System

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International Journal of Academic Engineering Research (IJAER)
ISSN: 2643-9085
Vol. 3 Issue 9, September – 2019, Pages: 1-7

Apple Trees Knowledge Based System

Ahmed J. Khalil, Alaa M. Barhoom, Musleh M. Musleh, Samy S. Abu Naser
Department of Information Technology,
Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology,
Al-Azhar University, Gaza, Palestine

Abstract: Background: Plant production provides human and animal life with different requirements. The concern of workers in
agriculture in general and those interested in plant diseases, in particular, has been focused on protection from all that is expected
to have problems of production. As environmental conditions play a critical role in the treatment of diseases, the plant is prepared
and rendered more susceptible to production, which is exposed and may result in the loss of the entire crop. Objectives: The main
goal of this expert system is to get the appropriate diagnosis of Apple disease and the correct treatment. Methods: In this paper
the design of the proposed Expert System which was produced to help Farmers, people interested in agriculture and agricultural
engineers in diagnosing many of the apple diseases such as : Apple scab, Marssonina leaf blotch (pre mature leaf fall) , Black rot
canker, Collar rot , Powdery mildew ,Sooty blotch and fly speck, Apple mosaic and other virus diseases , Alternaria leaf spot/blight
, Core rot , Brown rot , White rot / root rot , Seedling blight . The proposed expert system presents an overview about apple
diseases are given, the cause of diseases are outlined and the treatment of disease whenever possible is given out. CLIPS with
Delphi were used for designing and implementing the proposed expert system. Results: The proposed apple diseases diagnosis
expert system was evaluated by Farmer, Agricultural experts and teachers of the Gaza School of Agriculture and they were
satisfied with its performance. Conclusions: The Proposed expert system is very useful for Farmers, and those interested in
agriculture with apple disease and recent graduate students.

Keywords: Expert System, Apple, Diseases, CLIPS.

1. INTRODUCTION diagnosing many of the apple diseases, in order to prescribe

the appropriate treatment[1,2].
Apples are important food crop in the world after rice and
wheat and the leading vegetable crop in the United States. Is a program designed to simulate the intelligence of an
expert in a particular field. It is mainly developed using
A high intake of fruits and vegetables can benefit health and
artificial intelligence concepts, tools and technologies. An
reduce the risk of many lifestyle-related health conditions.
expert system is typically designed to provide capabilities
apple contain important nutrients, even when cooked, that
similar to those of a human expert when performing a task.
can benefit human health in various ways.
Moreover, it can be used to drive vehicles, provide financial
the apple contribute to a healthful lifestyle, including forecasts or do things that human experts do [9-14].
preventing osteoporosis, maintaining heart health, and
An expert system usually has two core components [15-25]:
reducing the risk of infection.
 Knowledge base -- This component consists of
data, facts and rules for a certain topic, industry
or skill, usually equivalent to that of a human
expert.
 Interference engine -- This component uses the
facts and rules in the knowledge base to find
and learn new knowledge or patterns.

Figure 1: apple fruit

Although apple can be very easy to grow in different places,
there are many diseases, pests and other issues which can
affect apple growth. Identifying these problems is the first
step to solving them, and catching the problem early can
make the disease treatment. so we have developed this
expert system to help Agricultural engineer and farmers in

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International Journal of Academic Engineering Research (IJAER)
ISSN: 2643-9085
Vol. 3 Issue 9, September – 2019, Pages: 1-7

Figure 4 shows how the users get the diagnosis and

recommendation
Figure 2: Expert System Architecture
The proposed Expert System for apple Diseases Diagnosis 3. LITERATURE REVIEW.
was implemented using, CLIPS language with Delphi. It is a There is a lot of Expert System that were designed to
forward chinning reasoning expert system that can make diagnose Plant Diseases [31-43]. But there is no specialized
inferences about facts of the world using rules, objects and expert system for diagnosis of apple diseases available free
take appropriate actions as a result. CLIPS Object executes and Use a language CLIPS Linked with Delphi. This expert
any Expert System looks like frames. It’s easy for the system was characterized to be easy to use by farmers and
knowledge engineer to build the Expert System and for the People concerned. This is due to the coordinated application
end users when they use the system [26-30]. interface.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Some of these Expert Systems are specialized in one specific
disease and others in 10 diseases. But the current proposed
The proposed expert system performs diagnosis for twelfth expert system is specialized in the diagnosis of 12 apple
apple diseases by displaying the symptoms. The proposed diseases.
expert system will ask the user to choose the correct
Symptoms of apple disease in each screen. At the end of the 4. KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION
dialogue session, the proposed expert system provides the The main sources of the knowledge for this expert system
diagnosis and recommendation of the disease to the user [3- are Agricultural expert and specializes websites for apple
8]. diseases. The captured knowledge has been converted into
CLIPS syntax. Currently the expert system has 43 rules
which cover 12 diseases.
Some diseases and symptoms of apple [5-8]:
Apple scab
Disease symptoms
1. The disease usually noticed on leaves and fruits.
2. Affected leaves become twisted or puckered and
have black, circular spots on their upper surface.
3. On the under surface of leaves, the spots are velvety
and may coalesce to cover the whole leaf surface.
Severely affected leaves may turn yellow and drop.
4. Scab can also infect flower stems and cause flowers
to drop.
Figure 3 shows a sample dialogue between the expert system 5. The lesions later become sunken and brown and
and the user. may have spores around their margins
6. Infected fruit become distorted and may crack,
allowing entry of secondary organisms.

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International Journal of Academic Engineering Research (IJAER)
ISSN: 2643-9085
Vol. 3 Issue 9, September – 2019, Pages: 1-7

6. Lesions resulting in canker formation usually are

associated with a wound in the bark.

Figure 7: The figure shows the Symptoms of the disease

Figure 5: The figure shows the Symptoms of the disease Slow Black rot canker
Apple scab Collar rot
Disease symptoms
Marssonina leaf blotch (pre mature leaf fall) 1. Phytophthora collar rot attacks the lower 30 inches
Disease symptoms (76 cm) of apple trunks.
1. The disease symptoms appears in form of dark green 2. Most infections start at the junction of a lateral root
circular patches on upper surface of leaf giving rise with the trunk.
to 5-10 mm brown leaf spots which become dark 3. Infected bark becomes brown and is often soft and
brown in due course. mushy or slimy when wet.
2. On maturity it also develops on lower surface of the 4. Dark streaks often occur near the cambium and
leaf. extend beyond the canker margin. If a canker
3. Small black acervuli are visible on the surface of enlarges for several years, only the marginal areas
leaf. show the typical color and texture of newly killed
4. When lesions are numerous, they coalesce and to tissue.
form large dark brown blotches and the surrounding 5. The development of the canker is rapid,
areas turn yellow. horizontally and vertically. The ultimate effect of
collar rot is to girdle the affected limb, roots, or
trunk, resulting in the death of that organ or of the
entire tree.

Figure 6: The figure shows the Symptoms of the disease

Marssonina leaf blotch (pre mature leaf fall)
Black rot canker
Disease symptoms
1. Leaf symptoms first occur early in the spring when
the leaves are unfolding. Figure 8: The figure shows the Symptoms of the disease
2. They appear as small, purple specks on the upper Collar rot .
surface of the leaves that enlarge into circular Powdery mildew disease
lesions 1/8 to 1/4 inch (3-6 mm) in diameter. Disease symptoms
3. The margin of the lesions remains purple, while the 1. Disease appears when the buds develop into new
center turns tan to brown. In a few weeks, leaves and shoots.
secondary enlargement of these leaf spots occurs. 2. Small patches of white or grey powdery masses on
4. Heavily infected leaves become chlorotic and under surface of leaves occur.
defoliation occurs. 3. Leaves grow longer and narrower than normal
5. As the rotted area enlarges, a series of concentric leaves and the margin is curled.
bands of uniform width form which alternate in 4. Twigs covered with powdery mass.
color from black to brown. The flesh of the rotted 5. Affected fruits remain small and deformed and tend
area remains firm and leathery. Black pycnidia are to develop roughened surface.
often seen on the surface of the infected fruit.

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International Journal of Academic Engineering Research (IJAER)
ISSN: 2643-9085
Vol. 3 Issue 9, September – 2019, Pages: 1-7

5. LIMITATIONS 10. Ahmed, A., et al. (2019). "Knowledge-Based Systems

Survey." International Journal of Academic Engineering
The current proposed expert system is specialized in the
Research (IJAER) 3(7): 1-22.
diagnosis only the following twelve apple diseases: Apple
11. Akkila, A. N., et al. (2019). "Survey of Intelligent
scab, Marssonina leaf blotch (pre mature leaf fall), Black rot
Tutoring Systems up to the end of 2017." International
canker, Collar rot, Powdery mildew, Sooty blotch and fly
Journal of Academic Information Systems Research
speck , Apple mosaic and other virus diseases, Alternaria
(IJAISR) 3(4): 36-49.
leaf spot/blight, Core rot , Brown rot, White rot / root rot,
12. Al Rekhawi, H. A., et al. (2017). "Rickets Expert
Seedling blight .
System Diagnoses and Treatment." International Journal
6. SYSTEM EVALUATION of Engineering and Information Systems (IJEAIS) 1(4):
149-159.
As a preliminary evolution, many agricultural engineers,
13. Al-Ani, I. A. R., et al. (2007). "Water pollution and its
Agricultural teachers at Hani Naim School and other
effects on human health in rural areas of Faisalabad."
Agriculture students tested this proposed Expert System and Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 5(5):
they were satisfied with its performance, efficiency, user 1-17.
interface and ease of use.
14. Almasri, A., et al. (2019). "Intelligent Tutoring Systems
7. CONCLUSION Survey for the Period 2000-2018." International Journal
of Academic Engineering Research (IJAER) 3(5): 21-
In this paper, a proposed expert system was presented for 37.
helping Farmers as well as those interested in agriculture in 15. Al-Qumboz, M. N. A., et al. (2019). "Kidney Expert
apple disease with 12 different possible apple diseases. System Diseases and Symptoms." International Journal
Farmers as well as those interested in agriculture diseases of Academic Engineering Research (IJAER) 3(5): 1-10.
patients can get the diagnosis faster and more accurate than 16. Alshawwa, I. A., et al. (2019). "An Expert System for
the traditional diagnosis. This expert system does not need Coconut Diseases Diagnosis." International Journal of
intensive training to be used; it is easy to use and has user Academic Engineering Research (IJAER) 3(4): 8-13.
friendly interface. It was developed using CLIPS with 17. Alshawwa, I. A., et al. (2019). "An Expert System for
Delphi language. Depression Diagnosis." International Journal of
8. FUTURE WORK Academic Health and Medical Research (IJAHMR)
3(4): 20-27.
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more accessible to users from anywhere at any time. International Journal of Engineering and Information
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