Lecture1: Introduction to OS
Modified by: Dr Hossam Mahmoud Moftah
Associate professor – Faculty of Computers and Artificial Intelligence
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edit9on Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
History of Operating Systems
Earliest computers had no Operating System
Applications loaded manually
Users were experts on the hardware
First System Software was libraries of code to manage devices.
This grew to batch processing systems, where some focused on application
programming and some on systems programming.
Evolution of Shared Computing
Batch processing
Interactive processing
Requires real-time processing
Time-sharing/Multitasking
Implemented by Multiprogramming
Multiprocessor machines
Chapter 1: Introduction
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edit9on Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Chapter 1: Introduction
What Operating Systems Do
Computer-System Organization
Computer-System Architecture
Operating-System Structure
Operating-System Operations
Process Management
Memory Management
Storage Management
Protection and Security
Kernel Data Structures
Computing Environments
Open-Source Operating Systems
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.5 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Objectives
To describe the basic organization of computer systems
To provide a grand tour of the major components of
operating systems
To give an overview of the many types of computing
environments
To explore several open-source operating systems
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.6 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
What is an Operating System?
A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a
computer and the computer hardware
Operating system goals:
Execute user programs and make solving user problems
easier
Make the computer system convenient to use
Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.7 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Computer System Structure
Computer system can be divided into four components:
Hardware – provides basic computing resources
CPU, memory, I/O devices
Operating system
Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various
applications and users
Application programs – define the ways in which the system
resources are used to solve the computing problems of the
users
Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database
systems, video games
Users
People, machines, other computers
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.8 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Four Components of a Computer System
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.9 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
What Operating Systems Do
Depends on the point of view
Users want convenience, ease of use and good performance
Don’t care about resource utilization
But shared computer such as mainframe or minicomputer must
keep all users happy
Users of dedicate systems such as workstations have dedicated
resources but frequently use shared resources from servers
Handheld computers are resource poor, optimized for usability
and battery life
Some computers have little or no user interface, such as
embedded computers in devices and automobiles
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.10 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Operating System Definition
OS is a resource allocator
Manages all resources
Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and
fair resource use
OS is a control program
Controls execution of programs to prevent errors and
improper use of the computer
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.11 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Operating System Definition (Cont.)
No universally accepted definition
“The one program running at all times on the computer” is
the kernel.
Everything else is either
a system program (ships with the operating system) , or
an application program.
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.12 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Computer Startup
bootstrap program is loaded at power-up or reboot
Typically stored in ROM or EPROM, generally known
as firmware
Initializes all aspects of system
Loads operating system kernel and starts execution
Firmware is a specific type (or subset) of software that is
designed to act as the intermediary between the software
and hardware
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.13 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Computer System Organization
Computer-system operation
One or more CPUs, device controllers connect through common
bus providing access to shared memory
Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices competing for
memory cycles
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.14 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Computer-System Operation
I/O devices and the CPU can execute concurrently
Each device controller is in charge of a particular device type
Each device controller has a local buffer
CPU moves data from/to main memory to/from local buffers
I/O is from the device to local buffer of controller
Device controller informs CPU that it has finished its
operation by causing an interrupt
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.15 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Common Functions of Interrupts
Interrupt transfers control to the interrupt service routine
generally, through the interrupt vector, which contains the
addresses of all the service routines
Interrupt architecture must save the address of the
interrupted instruction
A trap or exception is a software-generated interrupt
caused either by an error or a user request
An operating system is interrupt driven
The interrupt service routine (ISR) is the software module that is
executed when the hardware requests an interrupt.
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.16 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Interrupt Handling
The operating system preserves the state of the CPU by
storing registers and the program counter
Determines which type of interrupt has occurred.
Separate segments of code determine what action should
be taken for each type of interrupt
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.17 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Interrupt Timeline
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The end
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edit9on Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
