BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 5 LEC REVIEWER (MIDTERM)

BASED ON THE VIDEOS:

POST TENSION SLAB

• Slab On Ground (SOG)
• Cracks and joints are a maintenance
problem
• Post tensioned slabs are a great tool to
help reduce joints and control cracks.

POST TENSIONING (PT)

• Plastic Sheet

• Tendons BENEFITS
• The stress to crack the concrete increases
by 2x

• = 30” (750mm)
• 200’ to 500’ between joints
• Less cracks
• Smaller cracks
• Resists expansive soils

CHALLENGES
• Cost
• Must protect anchors and tendons
• Challenging to modify slab
• Risk during stressing
• Bursting stresses

SUMMARY
• PT slabs are a great tool to reduce
cracking and joints
• PT is more complicated than rebar
but worth the effort when done right
 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 5 LEC REVIEWER (MIDTERM)

POST-TENSION BONDED VS UNBONDED POST-

TENSIONING SYSTEM
• It is frequently solving design and
construction challenges that other PT REINFORCEMENT
construction methods simply cannot.
• The PT reinforcement requirement for
• It is achieved by casting concrete
the bonded system is comparatively
into pre-assembled forms in
more than the unbonded system.
combination with rebar and steel
• It can be attributed to the losses in
cable (strand) reinforcement.
friction.
• 2 different techniques of post-
• The friction coefficient for bonded
tensioning:
tendons is more than unbonded tendons,
- Bonded
resulting in the loss of effective stress in
- Unbonded
the tendons which ultimately results in
BONDED POST- TENSIONING the loss of effective prestress force in the
section.
• It comprises tendons from one to
• The number of tendons required for a
multiple strands (multistrand) or bars.
bonded PT system as compared to an
• The prestressing steel is encased in a unbonded PT system is more for the
corrugated metal or plastic duct
same prestress force.
• After the tendon is stressed, cementitious
grout is injected into the duct to bond it NON-PT REINFORCEMENT
to the surrounding concrete.
• The Non-PT reinforcement requirement
• The grout creates an alkaline
for bonded PT systems than unbonded
environment which provides corrosion
PT systems comes out to be more,
protection for the prestressing steel.
comparatively.
• Bonded multi-strand systems, while used
• But this is attributed to the fact that for
extensively in new construction of
the bonded system the minimum amount
bridges and transportation structures, can
of Non-PT reinforcement as stipulated
be and have been successfully applied to
by code is 0.12% of the section.
commercial building structures.
• The bars considered are through and no
• Multi-strand systems are used for large
curtailment is done.
structural elements such as beams and
• But for an unbonded PT system the
transfer girders, design advantages
Non-PT reinforcement, as given by the
include increased span lengths and load
software, is a curtailed one, wherein the
carrying capacity and reduced
bars are either top or bottom
deflection.
reinforcement.
A comparison between the two is given
UNBONDED POST-TENSIONING below:

• Typically consists of single (mono) • In corrosive environments, bonded

strands or threaded bars that remain systems offer significant design
unbonded to the surrounding concrete advantages that lead to life-cycle savings
giving them the freedom to move locally then unbonded post tensioning
relative to the structural member. • Bonded post-tensioning provide
• The strands in unbonded mono strand resistance to progressive collapse then
systems are coated with specially unbonded post tensioning
formulated grease, with an outer layer of • Bonded post-tensioning tendon has the
seamless plastic extruded in one capability of developing its force in a
continuous operation to protect against relatively short distance along its length
corrosion. compared to unbonded post tensioning
• It is e typically used in new construction • Bonded post-tensioning systems offer
for elevated slabs, slabs-on-grade, beams flexibility when future design
and transfer girders, joists, shear walls modifications to the building are needed
and mat foundations. more than unbonded post tensioning
• Light and flexible, unbonded mono • There is a reduction in deflection of an
strand can be unbonded beam in comparison with a
bonded beam.
 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 5 LEC REVIEWER (MIDTERM)

• There is a reduction in Shear of the 4. The active head is prepared, putting the
unbonded beam in comparison with the retaining rings in the slackening
bonded beam cylinders
• There is a reduction in top stress of an 5. Anchor grips for cables are inserted
unbonded beam in comparison with a 6. The tensioning of the cables is
bonded beam performed
• There is a reduction in bottom stress of 7. The stoppers are sealed
an unbonded beam in comparison with a 8. The mould sides are positioned
bonded beam 9. Activating the anchoring systems
• There is a reduction in bending moment 10. The mould is filled with concrete
of an unbonded beam in comparison
with a bonded beam
PART 4: INLINE PRODUCTION
1. Once the concrete hardens sufficiently,
PRODUCTION OF PRE-CAST PRE- the mould sides can be removed.
STRESSED ELEMENTS ON CASTING 2. The molding surface is cleaned and
BED release agent is applied.
3. In order to cast another piece after the
previous one.
PART 1: ELEMENTS THAT COMPOSE 4. This process is reiterated until the length
THE MOULD of the casting bed is completed.
Multi-base System
• Interchangeable base-plates PART 5: SAMPLES OF PRE-STRESSED
• Appropriate for height adjustment ELEMENTS

• Base-plates holding structure • I – beam

• Interchangeable base-plate with height • Rectangular beams
adjustment • Delta beam
• Mould sides
• Locking node
PRE-STRESS CONCRETE –
UNBONDED POST-TENSIONING
FIXED BASE-PLATE SYSTEM • HT Stand (1860N/mm2)
- Grease for low friction as well as
• Universal base-plate
corrosion protection
• Appropriate for width variability
• PE Sheathing
• Extra Top Steel
• Universal base-plate
• Concrete pouring
• Multi-position mould side
• Pocket Former Removal
• Anchoring and leveling system
• Cleaning of Anchorages
• Placing of wedges
PART 2: EQUIPMENT FOR PRE- • Paint marking before stressing
STRESSING • Stressing with power seater jack
• Pressure Gauge
• Passive stressing head • Actions on wedges
• Active stressing head • Effect of friction is minimized
• Tensioning and de-tensioning tools • Weight balancing
• Cracks got sealed
• Paint marking after stressing
PART 3: PRODUCTION PROCESS • Paint marking before stressing
1. The reinforcement is positioned • Paint marking after stressing
2. The tensioning cables are laid • Cutting of excess length
3. Frequently, needed to alternate the • Filling of pocket by grouting material
positioning of reinforcement and cables
 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 5 LEC REVIEWER (MIDTERM)

MODIFICATION (VIZ. CUTOUT TWO METHODS OF PRESTRESSED

MAKING) IN EXISTING PT SLAB CONCRETE:
• Proposed cut out 1. Pre-tensioning or bounded prestressing.
• Temporary supporting at the bottom of the - The reinforcing steel is first prestressed
slab and then the concrete is poured.
• Concrete is removed - The concrete has developed strength, the
• Cutting of exposed cables stress in the steel is released.
• Anchorages are placed Principle:
• Extra Steel
• Concrete Pouring Pre-stressed concrete is that compressive
stresses induced by the high-strength steel
tendons in a concrete member before loads
are applied, this will balance the stresses
ADVANTAGES OF THE SYSTEM
imposed in the member during service.
• Conventional structure without using PT
Can be used in construction of:
- Less floor-to-floor working space due to
vertical “U” bends in service ducts • Construction of roofs, floors & walls
• Structure with using PT • Construction of bridges
- More floor-to-floor working space
2. Post-tensioning or unbonded pre-
stressing
- Tubes, conduits, or channels are inserted
in the concrete where reinforcing steel is
required.

After the concrete is adequately cured, steel

reinforcement is inserted in the tubes or
• Calibration of pressure gauge channels, stretched to the proper tension,
• In-house facility for calibration of and anchored at the ends to put a squeeze on
stressing jack and pump the beam. Tensioning is done with hydraulic
• Testing of anchorages, wedges and cable jacks.
1. Sheathing
2. Tendons
Upcoming advances which enhance the
structural performance to next level,
combination of PT system with voided slab PRE-STRESSING OF CONCRETE
configuration for the upcoming requirements
of larger span as well as for high-rise • In bonded type tendons, the duct is
building with never before optimization in grouted with sufficient slurry.
the consumption of construction material • In the unbounded type of tendons,
grouting is not necessary.

PDF:
THE ADVANTAGES OF PRE-STRESSED
PRESTRESS CONCRETE CONCRETE
1. It is economical of materials due to the
Pre-stressing is the application of an initial use of higher steel and concrete stresses.
load on the concrete structure, so that the 2. It eliminates cracks due to the concrete
structure is able to counter act or withstand that always in compression
the stresses coming due to the service loads. 3. It has remarkable elastic properties
- For example, tests were made on a floor
slab only 1-5/s8” thick reinforced with
not more than 1% steel. Although the
span was only 10 ft. the slab deflected 3”
under a load of 1070lb. at its center.
 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 5 LEC REVIEWER (MIDTERM)

When the load was removed it returned - approximately one half of the
to its original level, undamaged. conventional.
4. Beams don’t have to be cast at the side 7. Provides a reduced contribution in social
in one form, but may be cast in small security stamps – 50% less than
sections or blocks at the factory with conventional
reinforcing wires threaded through them. 8. Requires a lower cost for foundation due
When the wires are stressed, the small to the smaller loads borne
units are brought together like one large 9. No transportation cost involved
beam. - In the case of composite construction,
5. It develops remarkable resistance to the metal framework is built at the job
shear stresses. site and can be erected with a few hours
- Pre-stressed concrete is used where at the project site.
spans and loads cannot be adequately 10. Easy restoration of damages.
designed in rein, orced-concrete, and for
deckings, beams, girders and other
prefabricated units where greater spans CONSTRUCTION METHOD
and loads with thinner, stronger, and in
some cases, lighter members are • Load – bearing structure
required. • The system consists of a metal framework
- The designing of pre-stressed concrete (supports, beam) which are connected with
or structures is highly technical and the each other and constitute the load bearing
architect should always work with a structure of the building.
structural engineer, even using • The cross sections arise following the
prefabricated pre-stressed concrete units. structural (static).
• The slabs are constructed from reinforced
(laid) in wood shuttering (exactly as in the
COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION conventional construction) or metal
shuttering made from trapezoid sheet metal.
• The solid slab is coated with plaster.
The Composite Construction is a modern
building method that is based in the
combination of steel cross sections and
reinforced concrete elements and is aimed at
the maximum possible utilization of their
properties to the benefit of the structure.

ADVANTAGES VS CONVENTIONAL
1. Provides an anti-seismic shield
- Support and beams have been replaced by
structural stress cross sections they can
provide anti-seismic shield for the
building. STRUCTURAL STEEL
2. Ensures constant and high-level
construction specification
- To the use of industrial elements PRE-ENGINEERED METAL BUILDINGS
3. Provides freedom of architectural design (PEMB)
- Allows the design of large uniform
spaces without any intervening support • Consists of panels and components that
structures. are pre-fabricated in a factory and
4. It is recommended for the construction transported to the construction site ready
of high-rise buildings without the use of to assembled.
large cross sections.
5. Favors the vertical expansion, due to the
smaller weight.
6. Requires a shorter time of delivery
 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 5 LEC REVIEWER (MIDTERM)

- The flexibility of the steel structure is an

important aspect, especially in seismic
activity.
- The more flexible the structure, the more
resistant it is to seismic activity.
- PEMB are known for their flexibility
and ability to handle seismic tremors
well, which is a great advantage over the
rigidness of conventional steel
structures.

MOMENT RESISTIVE VS PIN-

JOINTED STEEL FRAMES
• Braced frame and moment resisting
frame are used in the construction of
structures which are subjected to lateral
loads (wind and seismic forces).
• It is particularly obvious for very tall
structures where the lateral forces are the
most important considerations.
• They perform the same function which is
resisting lateral loads and providing
stability, but different mechanisms are
used in each system
ADVANTAGES OF PRE- • It is important to know the difference
ENGINEERED METAL BUILDINGS between these structural systems.

1. Design of the structure

2. Construction speed: BRACE FRAMES
- The PEMB project can be completed
within a few weeks, depending on the • Beams and columns are generally
size and scope of the construction arranged in an orthogonal pattern in
project. elevation and plan.
- The construction of conventional steel • The structural members are joined using
structures can often be delayed due to a pinned connection which does not
material supply hold-ups. transfer moments.
- Erection of the PEMB is quicker than
MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES
conventional structures, speeding up
construction times even more. • The structural members are joined
3. Effective quality control together using rigid joined which
4. Efficient and lightweight building transfer moment.
alternative: • The moment resisting framed depends
- The frames od conventional steel on the joints to transfer lateral loads to
structures are built from all-purpose the foundation.
beams, which are quite robust and
heavy.
- The frame of a PEMB is specially LATERAL SYSTEMS
designed and highly efficient, resulting
in NO material waste or unnecessary use • One project may use multiple types of
of thereof (causing extra weight). lateral systems
- Results in a lighter overall building • Each system has its own strengths,
weight, making PEMB up to 30% lighter limitations and potential architectural
than conventional steel structures. implications.
5. Structural flexibility: • 3 common types of lateral resisting
systems: braces frames, rigid frames and
shear walls.
 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 5 LEC REVIEWER (MIDTERM)

BRACED FRAMES GENERAL • Each intersection will have a common

"work point" at which the center lines of
• Several variations on the braced frame
a column, beams, and diagonal members
model, using:
intersect.
- Cross-brace
• Gusset plate connections are used to join
- Chevron brace
the steel members because all of them
- Inverted chevron brace
can't physically intersect at the work
- Eccentric brace systems
point.
• The location of doors and/or windows on the
braces frame frequently determine the
bracing configuration for the structure.
• Eccentric bracing can help dissipate seismic
forces through the beam or girder and
therefore is commonly used in areas with a
lot of seismic activity.
• Braced frames are generally more cost-
effective than other lateral systems.

CROSS-BRACING
• The cross-brace frame is perhaps the
most commonly used system
• The typical floor framing plan with cross
CHEVRON BRACING
bracing denoted by the dashed-line
drawn between two center columns. The • Chevron bracing is a modified brace-
solid lines indicate the floor beams and frame form that generally allows for
girders. doorways or corridors in the center of
the bays.
• typical floor framing plan with the bays
using chevron bracing, as denoted by the
dashed-line drawn from between the two
center columns. The solid lines indicate
the floor beams and girders.

• Depicts a typical multi-floor building

elevation with cross-braced bays
beginning at the foundation level. It
shows only one bay of bracing, the
height and size of the specific structure
may call for bracing multiple bays along
a given column line. As with all braced-
• It shows a typical multi-floor building
frame configurations, it's important to
elevation using chevron bracing.
establish the location of these bays quite
early in a project's development.
 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 5 LEC REVIEWER (MIDTERM)

ECCENTRIC BRACE FRAME connection along the web to support the

gravity loads on the member, as well as
• Eccentrically braced frames are very field-welded beam-flange to column-
similar to chevron-braced frames. flange connections to resist lateral loads.
• In both systems, the general
configuration is a rotated "K" shape with
the brace connected to a column and to
the beam/girder at the level above.
• An eccentric brace is commonly used in
seismic regions where a structure must
have a significant amount of ductility or
energy absorption.

SHEAR WALLS
• This type of lateral load-resisting system
engages a vertical element of the
building, usually concrete or masonry, to
transfer the horizontal forces to the
ground by a primary shear behavior.
RIGID FRAMES • Shear walls are inherently stiff elements
• Rigid frames, or moment frames, are and are therefore extremely effective at
used when the architectural design or resisting lateral wind loads.
some other constraint does not allow for
diagonally braced frames.
• This type of lateral resisting system
incorporates rigid welded or bolted
connections between the columns and
the beams/girders.
• Rigid frames are generally more
expensive and less efficient at resisting
lateral loads than a braced-frame system.

• a typical moment connection between

the beam/girder and a column; these
connections typically use a shear