Engish Language II

Midterm
22.04.2024.

Vocabulary

Quotes

“The constant happiness is curiosity.”

“There is a limit to the amount of misery and disarray you will put

up with, for love, just as there is a limit to the amount of mess you

can stand around a house. You can’t know the limit beforehand, but

you will know when you've reached it. I believe this.”

“Always remember that when a man goes out of the room, he leaves

everything in it behind... When a woman goes out she carries

everything that happened in the room along with her.”

“A story is not like a road to follow…it’s more like a house. You go

inside and stay there for a while, wandering back and forth and

settling where you like and discovering how the room and corridors

relate to each other, how the world outside is altered by being

viewed from these windows. And you, the visitor, the reader, are

altered as well by being in this enclosed space, whether it is ample

and easy or full of crooked turns, or sparsely or opulently furnished.

You can go back again and again, and the house, the story, always

contains more than you saw the last time. It also has a sturdy sense

of itself of being built out of its own necessity, not just to shelter or

beguile you.”
“History is a nightmare from which I am trying to awake.”

“Mr. Duffy lived a short distance from his body.”

“Welcome, O life! I go to encounter for the millionth time the

reality of experience and to forge in the smithy of my soul the

uncreated conscience of my race.”

“The basis of art is truth, both in matter and in mode.”

“You have to make your vision apparent by shock, to the hard

of hearing you shout, and for the almost-blind you draw large

and startling figures.”

“The novelist doesn’t write to express himself, he doesn’t write

simply to record what he feels, he writes to find out.”

“You shall know the truth and the truth shall make you odd.”

“We often take for granted the very things that most deserve

our gratitude.”

“You give up your childhood. You miss proms and games and

high school, but you don’t miss boredom. You don’t miss

being lonely. You don’t miss being afraid.”

“It’s terrifying to think how easily people are manipulated and

controlled.”

“I think we are all mentally ill; those of us outside the asylums

only hide it a little better.”

Words

bustling (adj) – full of activity

linger (v) – to take a long time to leave or disappear

marvel (v) – to become filled with surprise, wonder, or amazed curiosity

scenic (adj) – providing or relating to views of impressive or beautiful natural scenery

foliage (n) – plant leaves collectively

trek through (v) – to walk a long distance

picturesque (adj) – (of a place or building) visually attractive, especially in a quaint or

charming way

zoom by (v) – to move quickly or suddenly with a loud humming or buzzing sound

laden (adj) – heavily loaded or weighed down

lively (adj) – full of life and energy; active and outgoing

drenched (adj) – wet thoroughly; soaked

savor/savour (v) – to enjoy food or an experience slowly, in order to enjoy it as much as

possible

whisk up (v) – to move with a rapid, sweeping stroke

contentment (n) – a state of happiness and satisfaction

facade - the face or front of a building OR a deceptive outward appearance

Scattered - occurring or found at intervals or various locations rather than all together / a za
osobu distracted or disorganized.

Bustling - full of activity

Buzzed - slightly drunk; tipsy.

Casting - the assigning of parts in a play, film, or other production to an actor or actors / the
making of an object by pouring molten metal or other material into a mould
Hue - a colour or shade

plush drapes –

wafting/waft - pass or cause to pass gently through the air

nestled - settle or lie comfortably within or against something

added a perfect touch - It's the addition of some little detail that changes it from being
merely ordinary to being outstanding

gripping - firmly holding the attention or interest; exciting

prompting - the action of saying something to persuade, encourage, or remind someone to

do or say something

misery - a state or feeling of great physical or mental distress or discomfort.

Disarray - a state of disorganization or untidiness (noun) / throw into a state of

disorganization or untidiness (verb)

put up with - tolerate or endure something

limit - point or level beyond which something does not or may not extend or pass

beforehand - before an action or event; in advance

wandering - travelling aimlessly from place to place; itinerant

settle - resolve or reach an agreement about / pay (a debt or account)

altered - change in character or composition, typically in a comparatively small but

significant way

enclosed - surrounded or closed off on all sides

ample - enough or more than enough; plentiful

crooked - bent or twisted out of shape or out of place

sparsely - in a thinly dispersed manner; in small numbers

opulently - in an expensive and luxurious way

furnished - available to be rented with furniture / provide (a house or room) with furniture

sturdy - (of a person or their body) strongly and solidly built

beguile - charm or enchant (someone), often in a deceptive way

roaring - making or uttering a roar

yard - a unit of linear measure equal to 3 feet (theres more definitions look this one up <3)
crash landing - an act of bringing an aircraft to the ground roughly in an emergency, typically
without lowering the undercarriage

trend - a general direction in which something is developing or changing

scrap - a small piece or amount of something, especially one that is left over after the
greater part has been used

lumber - move in a slow, heavy, awkward way

snappy - irritable and inclined to speak sharply; snappish

gawking - stare openly and stupidly

out of breath - gasping for air, typically after exercise

home canning - process of preserving foods, in particular, fruits, vegetables, and meats, by
packing them into glass jars and then heating the jars to create a vacuum seal and kill the
organisms that would create spoilage (nije bilo u dictionary)

raising - lift or move to a higher position or level / increase the amount, level, or strength

dust - fine, dry powder consisting of tiny particles of earth or waste matter lying on the
ground or on surfaces or carried in the air

trampling - tread on and crush "the fence had been trampled down"

disgrace - loss of reputation or respect as the result of a dishonourable action

wringer - a device such as a mangle for wringing water from wet clothes, mops, or other
objects / put someone through the wringer — subject someone to a very stressful
experience, especially a severe interrogation

crust - the tough outer part of a loaf of bread

determined - having made a firm decision and being resolved not to change it

bailiff - a sheriff's officer who executes writs and processes and carries out distraints and
arrests (british) / an official in a court of law who keeps order, looks after prisoners
([Link])

pledge - a solemn promise or undertaking

plundered - steal goods from (a place or person), typically using force and in a time of war or
civil disorder

cleaver - a tool with a heavy, broad blade, used by butchers for chopping meat

separation - the action or state of moving or being moved apart

shabby - in poor condition through long use or lack of care

cunningly - in a clever and deceitful way

imposing (adj) - grand and impressive in appearance / (verb) force (an unwelcome decision
or ruling) on someone

enlisted - enrol or be enrolled in the armed services

butcher - a person whose trade is cutting up and selling meat in a shop

foreman - a male worker who supervises and directs other workers

boarding house - a private house providing food and lodging for paying guests

headlong - with the head foremost (recklessly)

clerks - a person employed in an office or bank to keep records, accounts, and undertake
other routine administrative duties

stooped (adj) - (of a person) having the head and shoulders habitually bent forwards / (verb)
bend one's head or body forwards and downwards

floating - buoyant or suspended in water or air

pounds – ili kao kile ili kao valuta engleske

blood pressure - the pressure of the blood in the circulatory system, often measured for
diagnosis since it is closely related to the force and rate of the heartbeat and the diameter
and elasticity of the arterial walls

weighed - find out how heavy (someone or something) is, typically using scales

integrated - (of an institution, body, etc.) desegregated, especially racially

braced - make (a structure) stronger or firmer with wood, iron, or other forms of support

pinned to - hold (someone) firmly in a specified position so they are unable to move

hideous - extremely ugly.

Velvet - a closely woven fabric of silk, cotton, or nylon, that has a thick short pile on one side

Flap - (of a bird) move (its wings) up and down when flying or preparing to fly

Cushion - a bag of cloth stuffed with a mass of soft material, used as a comfortable support
for sitting or leaning on

Jaunty - having or expressing a lively, cheerful, and self-confident manner

Stuffing - a mixture used to stuff poultry or meat before cooking

Protruded - extend beyond or above a surface

Florid - having a red or flushed complexion

Fiercely - in a savagely violent or aggressive manner / in a powerful and destructive
manner / with a heartfelt and powerful intensity

Untouched - not handled, used, or tasted

Bulbous - fat, round, or bulging

Monstrosities - a thing, especially a building, which is very large and unsightly

Uniform - remaining the same in all cases and at all times; unchanging in form or character

persisted in - continue in an opinion or course of action in spite of difficulty or opposition

grubby - covered with dirt; grimy

collar - the part around the neck of a shirt, blouse, jacket or coat, either upright or turned
over

thrust (verb) - push suddenly or violently in a specified direction / (noun) a sudden or violent
lunge with a pointed weapon or a bodily part

glazed - (of a window or door frame or similar structure) fitted with panes of glass / (of food,
fabric, etc.) overlaid or covered with a smooth, shiny coating or finish

converge - (of lines) tend to meet at a point

soiled - dirty; stained / having been disgraced or discredited

unbuckled - unfasten the buckle of (something, especially a belt or shoe)

parka - a large windproof jacket with a hood, designed to be worn in cold weather

dissolving - (with reference to a solid) become or cause to become incorporated into a liquid
so as to form a solution

gravelly - resembling, containing, or consisting of gravel

repetitive - containing or characterized by repetition, especially when unnecessary or

tiresome

hesitate - pause in indecision before saying or doing something

talked-of - to speak or write about (someone or something) : to mention (a subject) in

speech or writing

recollection - the action or faculty of remembering or recollecting something

clumsy - awkward in movement or in handling things

devotion - love, loyalty, or enthusiasm for a person or activity

preeminent - surpassing all others; very distinguished in some way

physician - a person qualified to practise medicine, especially one who specializes in
diagnosis and medical treatment as distinct from surgery

cultivated - refined and well educated

clipped - (of speech) having short, sharp vowel sounds and clear pronunciation

unfailingly - in a reliable or unchanging way; always

courteous - polite, respectful, or considerate in manner

measured - having a slow, regular rhythm

hind - (especially of a bodily part) situated at the back; posterior

encased - enclose or cover in a case or close-fitting surround

chunky - bulky and thick

firmly - with little possibility of movement; securely

fixed - fastened securely in position

uninterrupted - without a break in continuity

valedictorian - (in North America) a student who delivers the valedictory at a graduation
ceremony

resumed - begin again or continue after a pause or interruption

vicinity - the area near or surrounding a particular place

looming - (of an event) seemingly about to happen and regarded as ominous or worrying /
appearing as a vague or shadowy form, especially one that is large or threatening

pose (verb) - present or constitute (a problem or danger) / (noun) a way of standing or

sitting, especially in order to be photographed, painted, or drawn

bold - (of a person, action, or idea) showing a willingness to take risks; confident and
courageous

dissolved - (with reference to a solid) become or cause to become incorporated into a liquid
so as to form a solution

glittering - shining with a shimmering or sparkling light

stammering (noun) - the action or fact of speaking with a stammer / (adj) uttered with a
stammer

advantageous - involving or creating favourable circumstances that increase the chances of

success or effectiveness; beneficial

utterly - completely and without qualification; absolutely

torturously - characterized by, involving, or causing pain or suffering

crossfires - gunfire from two or more directions passing through the same area

uttered - make (a sound) with one's voice

tossed out - to get rid of or remove something

indiscriminately - in a random manner; unsystematically

giddy - having a sensation of whirling and a tendency to fall or stagger; dizzy

monotonous - dull, tedious, and repetitious; lacking in variety and interest

gravelly - resembling, containing, or consisting of gravel

profusely - to a great degree; in large amounts

square – multiple meanings? (adverb) directly; straight / (verb) multiply a nubmber by

itself / (adj) having the shape of a square, ili kao 30 000 square feet il nes / (noun) a plane
figure with four equal straight sides and four right angles, an open, typically four-sided, area
surrounded by buildings in a village, town, or city "a market square"

boisterous - noisy, energetic, and cheerful

reprimands - a formal expression of disapproval

surveying - the profession or work of examining and recording the area and features of a
piece of land so as to construct a map, plan, or detailed description of it

reluctantly - unwilling and hesitant; disinclined

ducked - lower the head or the body quickly to avoid a blow or missile or so as not to be
seen

jovial - cheerful and friendly

scold - remonstrate with or rebuke (someone) angrily

murmur - a low continuous background noise / say something in a low or indistinct voice

stool - a seat without a back or arms, typically resting on three or four legs or on a single
pedestal / a piece of faeces

stirred - move a spoon or other implement round in (a liquid or other substance) in order to
mix it thoroughly

paraphernalia - miscellaneous articles, especially the equipment needed for a particular

activity

preceded - come before (something) in time

splintered - break or cause to break into small sharp fragments

reprimand - a formal expression of disapproval

drawing - a picture or diagram made with a pencil, pen, or crayon rather than paint / an
instance of selecting the winner or winners in a lottery or raffle

blinked - shut and open the eyes quickly

nodded - lower and raise one's head slightly and briefly, especially in greeting, assent, or
understanding, or to give someone a signal

daintily - in an attractive, careful way, especially used about something small or having small
movements

defiantly - in a manner that shows open resistance or bold disobedience

pebbles - a small stone made smooth and round by the action of water or sand

overconsumption - using too much of something

disposable - designed to be thrown away after use

consumerism - the practice of buying and owning lots of products

to bombard - to hit someone with a lot of something, without pausing

to spring up - to appear

a landfill site - a place where rubbish is buried under the ground

overspending - the act of spending more money than you should

an influencer - someone who uses social media to advertise products to their followers

handy - useful or convenient

creepy - producing a sense of fear or making you feel uncomfortable

uninhabited - not lived in by people

a cliché - an idea that has been used so often that people think it is bad, unoriginal or boring

resourceful - able to solve problems and act imaginatively in difficult times

suspense - a feeling of pleasurable excitement while waiting to find out what is going to
happen

desperation - the feeling of needing or wanting something so much you will do anything to
get it

innate - existing from birth and not learned or taught

plasticity - the capacity of the living brain for continuous alteration of the neural pathways in
response to experience

cynical - distrusting the motives and intentions of others; believing the worst of others

Compound words

runner-up - someone who finished second in a competition

Your father-in-law - the father of your husband or wife

self-service system - you are not served, but collect goods or food yourself

merry-go-round - is a ride for children that turns round and has seats in the form of animals

high-rise - a modern building with many floors

co-worker - a person you work with, typically in a similar role

ex-wife - a woman someone who is no longer married to

tie-break - an extra game in a tennis match when the score is 6 : 6

X-ray - used by doctors if they need to take pictures of bones or organs in your body

passer-by - a person who walks past someone or something

check-in - the point at which someone registers

by-product - something which is produced in the process of making something else

start-up - a company establishing its new business

break-in - an illegal entry of a building, usually by damaging a door or window

snowman - a human figure created with snow

wildcat - a cat living in forests or mountains

classmate - someone who is in the same class at school

lipstick - a cosmetic product that makes your lips look colourful

runway - a strip of ground for the landing and takeoff of planes

rainbow - an arch of colours seen in the sky when the sun shines through rain

redhead - a person with reddish hair

playground - a public place where children can play

grandson - a son of your son or daughter

sunrise - the time when the sun first appears in the sky

eyebrow - the line of short hairs above your eyes

flashlight - a sudden bright light used in taking photos

lighthouse - a tower with a light to guide ships at sea

keyboard - a set of buttons used for typing on a computer

notebook - a book used for taking notes

bookshop - a place where you can buy books

crossword - a puzzle in which you write words horizontally and vertically

bookmark - a thing placed between the pages of a book to find a place

footprint - a mark made on a surface by a foot

haircut - a style in which your hair is shaped

mock-gallant -

Idioms
to jump out of your skin - to be so frightened or surprised by something that you physically
move

to have an eye for something - to be particularly perceptive about something

to have a word with someone - to speak to someone in private

to hone - to develop a skill or talent by working hard at it

to counter the effects - to neutralise or reduce the bad effects of something by an opposite
action

to sugarcoat something - to make something difficult or unpleasant sound more attractive

and acceptable

Peering out -
crossed paths - Encounter or meet someone, especially unexpectedly

kept me hooked - enjoying something so much that you are unable to stop having it,
watching it, doing it

slip of paper - a small sheet of paper

Phrasal Verbs

Fall for - be captivated by or fall in love with someone / be deceived by something

figure out - solve a problem or discover the answer to a question

give in - cease fighting or arguing; admit defeat / (BRITISH) hand in a completed document
to an official or a piece of work to a supervisor

go along with - consent or agree to a person or proposal

look for - attempt to find someone or something

pay for - bukv na internetu ne izlazi kao da je phrasal verb :/

pull through - get through an illness or other dangerous or difficult situation

put on - place a garment, piece of jewellery, etc. on part of one's body / cause a device to
operate "shall I put the light on?"

run into - collide with someone or something / reach a level or amount "the company had
debts running into millions of dollars"

take off - (of an aircraft or bird) become airborne / remove clothing from one's or another's
body

show up - be conspicuous or clearly visible / arrive or turn up for an appointment or

gathering

talk down to - speak patronizingly or condescendingly to someone

call in - enlist someone's aid or services / require payment of a loan or promise of money
"the bank would call in loans and foreign donations

cheat on - to have a secret sexual relationship with someone who is not your usual sexual
partner

get around to - deal with a task in due course

hand back - to return something to the person who gave it to you

look at - to think about a subject carefully so that you can make a decision about it:
management is looking at ways of cutting costs.

look up – try to find information in a book

look after – take care of

break in – to enter a place to steal something

turn over – give someone the right to have something

call off – cancel

look up to – respect

make out – recognize (to kiss your gf passionately)

give up – stop doing something

set off – start a journey

fall behind – to be slower than …

get along - to have a good relationship with someone

bring up – mention something

run into – meet someone by chance

put forward – make a suggestion or proposal

take after - to look like someone or do the same things as they do

run after – chase or follow

go through – discuss in detail

keep up – carry on, continue

make up – invent

set aside - reserve something so that it can be used later

pick out - distinguish someone or something from a group

point out - direct someone's gaze or attention towards, especially by extending one's finger

point to - cite a fact or situation as evidence of something / (of a fact or situation) indicate
that something is likely to happen or be the case

run over - (of a vehicle) knock a person or animal down and pass over their body / (of a
container or its contents) overflow
set up - place or erect something in position / establish a business, institution, or other
organization

take apart - dismantle something

get along - have a harmonious or friendly relationship

give away - give something freely as a gift or donation / reveal the true identity of someone

make up - invent a story or plan / (of parts) compose or constitute a whole

step down - withdraw or resign from an important position or office

ring back - to call someone who called you earlier, or to call someone for a second time

cut off - remove something using a sharp implement / stop the provision of something,
especially power or water / prevent someone from having access to somewhere or someone
/ interrupt someone while they are speaking / reject someone as one's heir; disinherit
someone / drive aggressively into the path of another driver while overtaking

find out - discover a fact or piece of information

carry out - perform a task

fall over - (of a person) lose one's balance and collapse

take over - assume control of something

give up - cease making an effort; admit defeat

go off - (of a gun, bomb, or similar device) explode or fire

hold up - support and prevent something from falling / delay or block the movement or
progress of someone or something "our return flight was held up for seven hours" / wait;
stop

make out - manage with some difficulty to see or hear someone or something / assert or
imply something about a particular person or thing

sort out - arrange things systematically in groups or according to type / resolve a problem or
difficulty

get over - recover from an ailment or an upsetting or startling experience / manage to

communicate an idea or theory "the company is keen to get the idea over"

get out - (of something previously secret (out of the closet)) become known / leave a place
of confinement; escape

break down - (of a machine or motor vehicle) suddenly cease to function / (of a relationship,
agreement, or process) cease to continue; collapse / demolish a door or other barrier /
separate something into a number of parts
put out - extinguish something that is burning / lay something out ready for use

keep up - move or progress at the same rate as someone or something else / continue a
course of action

go up - (of a building or other structure) be built / explode or suddenly burst into flames

come over - meet or find someone or something by chance / (of a person) appear or sound
in a specified way;

take back - reclaim possession of something / accept a partner or spouse again after a
separation

take over - assume control of something

care for - to protect someone or something and provide the things they need, especially
someone who is young, old, or ill

turn off - stop the operation or flow of something by means of a tap, switch, or button

call off - cancel an event or agreement / order a person or dog to stop attacking someone

give back - to return something to the person who gave it to you

put down - stop holding something and place it on a surface or the ground / record
something in writing

hand in - give something to a person in authority for their attention

throw away - discard something as useless or unwanted

carry out - perform a task / put a threat, promise, or order into action

carry on - continue an activity or task

sell out - to sell all of the supply that you have of something

step down - withdraw or resign from an important position or office

cut off - remove something using a sharp implement / stop the provision of something,
especially power or water

get along - have a harmonious or friendly relationship / manage to live or survive "don't
worry, we'll get along without you"

give up - cease making an effort; admit defeat / allow oneself to be taken over by an
emotion or addiction

find out - discover a fact or piece of information

Grammar

BrE and AmE

BrE AmE
trousers pants
flat apartment
bonnet hood
boot trunk
lorry truck
university college
holiday vacation
jumper sweater
crisps chips
chips French fries
trainers sneakers
fizzy drink soda
postbox mailbox
biscuit cookie
chemist drugstore
shop store
football soccer
sweets candy
biscuit cookie
flat apartment
rubbish garbage
car park parking lot
windscreen windshield
aerial antenna
taxi cab
underground subway
petrol gasoline
motorway highway
cooker stove
curtains drapes
tap faucet
flat apartment
wardrobe closet
lift elevator
trainers sneakers
 zip zipper
nappy diaper
dummy pacifier
torch flashlight
post mail
rubber eraser
autumn fall
film movie
pram stroller
cot crib

Prefixes
Prefix Meaning Examples
fore- earlier, before foreclose, foresee
out- more or better than others outperform, outbid, outdo
sub- under or below subcontract, subdivide, subsume
trans- across or over transform, transcribe, transplant
under- not enough underfund, underperform, undervalue
dis-, un- reverses the meaning unbend, unfasten, disconnect, discontinue
de- do the opposite of devalue, deselect

Prefix Meaning Examples

mal- bad Malfunction, malformed
im-, in-, not/reverses the meaning impatient, inconvenient, irreplaceable, illegal
ir-, il-
mis- wrong misunderstood, misanthropic
non- not/reverses the meaning nonfiction, nonpolitical
sub- under/below subconscious, subpar
un-, dis- not/reverses the meaning disloyal, uncomfortable, unjust, unlucky
Under- below, too little Underachieving, underpaid
Co- together codependent

Prefix Meaning Examples

counter- against counterargument, counterexample
e- electronic email, e-book
hyper- extreme hyperventilation
 in- the opposite of incompatibility
in- inside Input
inter- between Interaction
Mal- bad Malfunction
Neo- new Neoimpressionism
Out- separate Outbuilding
Poly- many Polyglot
Pseudo- false Pseudonym
Re- again reorganization
Semi- half Semicircle
Super- More than, above Superpower
Sur- Over and above Surtax
Mono- one monogamy
Tele- distant Telecommunications
Tri- three Tripod
Ultra- beyond Ultrasound
Under- Below, too little Underdevelopment
Vice- deputy Vice-president

Suffixes
Suffix Examples
-age baggage, mileage
-al arrival, burial, withdrawal
-ant/-ent assistant, coolant, deodorant, student
-ance/-ence defiance, insistence, pretence
-arium/-orium aquarium, crematorium, sanatorium
-dom boredom, freedom, stardom, wisdom
-ee absentee, devotee, trainee
-ar/-er/-or registrar, singer, indicator
-ie/-y kiddie, daddy, puppy
-hood childhood, motherhood, knighthood
-ism defeatism, Marxism, pacifism
-ist Buddhist, exhibitionist, impressionist
-ity/-ty deity, rarity, similarity, cruelty, casualty
Suffix Examples

-ble readable, workable, responsible

-al informal, criminal

-ed bearded, long-sighted, short-tailed

-en woollen, golden, wooden

-ese Japanese, Taiwanese, Vietnamese

-ful grateful, helpful, mindful

-i Pakistani, Iraqi, Omani

-ic(al) heroic, poetic, historic(al)

-ish foolish, Danish, Polish

-ive adhesive, offensive, productive

-ian Brazilian, Christian, Iranian

-less childless, priceless

-like business-like, rubber-like

-ly monthly, yearly, manly

-ous enormous, famous, nervous

-type A-type, Hollywood-type

-y windy, shaky, frosty

Conversion

- Change of one word form to another.

- Exp. Screen(noun) / to screen(verb); fax(noun) / to fax(verb); narrow(ajd.) / to
narrow(verb), love(noun) / to love(verb)

Examples:

• The film is an absolute must for all lovers of Westerns. (verb to noun)
• Can we microwave it? (verb from noun)
• Internet downloads can be expensive. (noun from verb)
• They decided that they had to broaden his appeal. (verb from adjective)
• That kind of remark only ups the stress for everyone. (verb from preposition)
• Seeing that play is an absolute must. (noun from modal verb) That’s a very big
if. (noun from conjunction)
• You get both ups and downs. (nouns from prepositions)

a) Verbs to nouns
(a/an) cure, drink, doubt, laugh, smoke, stop (as in bus stop), walk, work
b) Nouns to verbs
to bottle, to bully, to elbow, to email, to glue, to group, to head, to ship, to ski,
to skin, to tutor

c) Adjectives into verbs

to better, to calm, to clean, to dry, to empty, to faint, to lower, to smooth, to
tidy, to wet

d) Nouns to adjectives
junk food, a rubbish explanation (common in spoken English)
Compounding

Compounding involves linking together two or more bases to create a new word.

Examples:
• award-winning
• helpline
• house-proud
• input
• long-running
• postcard

Word class examples:

• nouns: pop group, car park
• adjectives: heartbreaking, guilt-ridden, homesick
• verbs: babysit, dry-clean
• adverbs: good-naturedly, nevertheless, nowadays
• pronouns: anyone, everything, nobody
• numerals: forty-seven, two-thirds
• prepositions: into, onto
• conjunctions: although, whenever

When to use hyphens:

• Particular prefixes(e.g. ex-minister, post-war, self-interest, quasi-public)
• When a compound premodifies a noun (well-known, twentieth-century)
• pre-head item is a single capital letter (U-turn, X-ray)
• sometimes needed to distinguish different words (re-form = form again,
reform = change radically, different from reform)
• In numerically modified adjectives
• these forms are only used attributively (an eighteen-year-old girl, a twenty-ton
truck, a twenty-four-hour flight).

Multi-word verbs
• phrasal verbs
 - main verb and a particle
- particles: around, at, away, down, in, off, on, out, over, round, up
- Examples
came out, took off, went on, make out
- some take object some don’t
-
• prepositional verbs
- verb and a preposition which cannot be separated
- Examples:
Break into (a house), cope with (a difficult situation), deal
with (a problem), depend on, do without, get over (an
illness), get on, get off, go into, lead to, listen to, look after
(someone), look at, look for…
- Always have object immediately after preposition.

• phrasal-prepositional verbs
- Three parts: verb, particle, preposition
- Particle and preposition can’t be seperated
- Examples:
Catch up with, come up against, do away with, face up to,
get away with, get on with, listen out for, look down on,
look forward to, look in on, look out for, look up to, put up
with, watch out for…

Common bases for making multi-word verbs:

• hold (off, up, out, down…)
• knock (off, back, up, out…)
• get (along, down, ahead, over, away…)
• take (sth back, after sb, apart, off, on, over…)
• make (after, for, up, up for, out…)
• check (into, in, off, out…)
• clean (sth up, sth out, sth up, up after sb, sb up…)
• catch (up with sb, up in sth, up, on, out, on…)
 Plurals
Irregular nouns
1) Nouns ending in -f and -fe
- change -f/-fe to -ves
- Exception: roofs, proofs

2) Nouns ending in -o
- Add -es
- Exception: pianos, cantos, photos, and zeros
3) Nouns that change vowels
- Example: oo to ee or an to en

4) Other examples
5) Compound nouns