MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER – 2023 EXAMINATION

Model Answer- Only for the Use of RAC Assessors

Subject Name: Basic Power Electronics Subject code: 22427

Important Instructions to examiners: XXXXX
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given
in the model answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner
may try to assess the understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given
more Importance (Not applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components
indicated in the figure. The figures drawn by candidate and model answer may
vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the
assumed constant values may vary and there may be some difference in the
candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner
of relevant answer based on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program
based on equivalent concept.
8) As per the policy decision of Maharashtra State Government, teaching in
English/Marathi and Bilingual (English + Marathi) medium is introduced at first year
of AICTE diploma Programme from academic year 2021-2022. Hence if the
students write answers in Marathi or bilingual language (English +Marathi), the
Examiner shall consider the same and assess the answer based on matching of
concepts with model answer.

`Q. Sub 7Answers Marking

No. Q. N. Scheme

1 (A) Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10- Total

Marks

(a) Draw labeled symbol of LASCR and SBS 2M

Ans: LASCR SBS 1M :

each
symbol

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(b) State two applications of TRIAC 2M

Ans:  Light dimmer 2M :

 Speed controls for electric fans any
 Speed controls for electric motors two
 Phase Control Circuits points

 High Voltage Blocking Circuits

 Static Electronic Switch
 Computerized control circuits in a wide range of home small and large
appliances.

Note: Any other relevant applications should be considered.

(c) List two types of gate trigger circuits 2M

Ans: Gate trigger circuits: 2M :

 R- Triggering circuit any
 RC – Triggering circuit
two
 UJT triggering circuit

(d) State the relation between firing angle and conduction angle with waveform. 2M

Ans: Relation between firing angle (α) and conduction angle (β) : 1M :
Relatio
β = π- α
n

Waveform :
1M :
wavefo
rm

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e) List two applications of inverter. 2M

Ans: Two applications of inverter: (Any two) 2M :

 Uninterrupted power supply. any

two
 AC motor speed controller.
points
 Centrifugal fans and pumps.

 Conveyors.

 Induction heating.

 Aircraft power supply

 High voltage DC transmission lines

Note: Any other relevant applications should be considered.

f) Define converter and state its types. 2M

Ans: Define: 1M :
A converter is an electrical or electro-mechanical device for converting electrical
definiti
energy. It may be converting AC to or from DC, or the voltage or frequency, or some
combination of these. on
Types:
1. Choppers. 1M:
2. Inverters.
Types

g) Draw the block diagram of on line UPS 2M

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Ans: 2M:
block
diagra
m

Q. Sub Answers Marking

No. Q. N. Scheme

2 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12-Total

Marks

a) Draw neat labeled diagram of V-I characteristics of SCR. Define holding 4M

current and latching current
Ans: 2M - V-
I
charact
eristics
, 1M –
Each
definiti
on

 Holding current (IH): It is the minimum anode current required to hold the SCR
in the ON state. When the anode current goes below the holding current, the
device will go to OFF state.
 Latching current (IL): It is the minimum anode current required to maintain the
SCR in the conduction state, even when the gate signal has been removed.

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Important at the time of SCR turn ON. Latching current is more than Holding
current, IL > IH.

b) Draw and explain the block diagram of SMPS. 4M

Ans: Working: 2M -
1. Rectifier& Filter: Converts Ac supply into pulsating DC which is then Block
filtered out to reduce the ripple. diagra
2. High Frequency Switch: It uses either MOSFETs or Power BJTs to convert
m (or
the DC voltage into high frequency AC square wave.
3. High frequency Power Transformer: It provides isolation between input any
and output circuits & step up or step down the applied voltage to the desired equival
level.
ent
4. Output rectifier and filter: The high frequency AC is converted to pure DC
by the rectifier and filtered before being given to the load. Diagra
5. Control & Feedback Element: It contains a pulse width modulator to vary m)
the duty cycle of pulse to provide a controlled DC output voltage.

2M -
Worki
ng


c) Explain with a neat circuit diagram, the operation of series inverter. 4M

Ans: Circuit Diagram: 2M -

Circuit
Diagra
m (or
any

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equival
ent
Diagra
m)

Working:
2M -
 When T1 is triggered, the capacitor C starts charging with left side plate positive Worki
with respect to right and when the voltage on capacitor is slightly greater than Edc ng
T1 turns off; but there is no discharge path for capacitor hence it holds the charge.
 When trigger pulse is applied to T2, T2 start conducting and current starts flowing
in opposite direction.
 Due to charging and discharging of capacitor and switching of T1 and T2, current
will flow in RC circuit. Hence sinusoidal current starts flowing in the load.

d) Explain with circuit diagram and wave form the operation of single phase center 4M
tappeded full wave controlled rectifier with R load.
Ans: Circuit Diagram: 1M -
Circuit
Diagra
m

1.5 M -
Wavef
orm

Working: 1.5 M –
Worki
 During positive half cycle of applied voltage, T1 conducts during the period α to π ng
and the current flows is A-T1-R-N.
 During the negative half cycle, T2 conducts for an interval π+α to 2π and the
current flows is B-T2-R-N.

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 The firing angle may be changed by changing the gate current.

Q. Sub Answers Marking

No. Q. N. Scheme

3 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12- Total

Marks

a) Explain with circuit diagram the operation of a suitable over current protection 4M
circuit for high power transistor.

Ans: circuit
diagra
m&
operati
on 2M
each

 Overcurrent may be caused because of faults, short circuit or surge currents that

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may lead to damage of high power transistors due to the junction temperature
exceeding its rated value.
 Over current Protection circuits is achieved by use of Circuit Breaker and fast
acting fuses. The protection mechanism must isolate the faulty part of the
circuit , before any damage is done to the high power transistor.
 Circuit breakers are used for protecting high power transistors from surge
current or fault current.
 Fast acting fuses are used for protecting high power transistors from large surge
currents of very short duration.
 Heat sinks are used to dissipate the heat produced during operation of high
power transistors. Overcurrent in the gate circuit may raise junction temperature
beyond specified limit, leading to its damage.
 The parallel connected R-C circuit is connected across gate junction to bypass
noise signals.

b) Describe the effect of freewheeling diode with respect to single phase half wave 4M
controlled rectifier with RL load.

Ans: 1M :
Circuit
diagra
m

 The load current io waveform can be improved by connecting a freewheeling

diode across load.
 At wt=0, source voltage is becoming positive and SCR is said to be forward 1M:
biased.
 At wt=α, SCR is triggered and source voltage Vs appears across the load as Vo Wavefo
 At wt=π, Vs is zero and just after this instant, as Vs tends to reverse, rm
freewheeling diode FD is forward biased through the conducting SCR. As a
result io is immediately transferred from SCR T to FD.
 At wt=π, SCR is subjected to reverse voltage and zero current so SCR is
turned off. Here the load current does not decay to zero during freewheeling
period until SCR is triggered again at (2π+α).
 During the freewheeling period, output voltage Vo is zero

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2M:
Workin
g


c) Name a suitable chopper to decrease the output voltage and also explain its 4M
operation with neat circuit diagram.

Ans: Step down chopper is the suitable chopper to decrease the output voltage. 1M:
Name
Circuit diagram:

1M:
circuit
diagra
m

(NOTE : SCR, IGBT, MOSFET can also be considered in place of switch S)

2M:
Working: Explan
When Chopper is turned ON, Vs directly appears across the load. Hence the output
ation
voltage Vo becomes equal to Vs ie. VO = VS.
When CH is turned off, Vs is disconnected from the load. Hence load voltage Vo will

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be ZERO ie. VO = 0.
Here, the energy stored in the inductor is released and is ultimately dissipated in the
load resistance, and this helps to maintain the flow of current through the load.
d) Explain with circuit diagram the operation of emergency lighting system. 4M

Ans: 2M :
Circuit
diagra
m

2M:
Explan
ation

 The 230v ac supply is applied as input. Supply is stepped down using a Center
tapped transformer. The full wave rectifier converts ac to dc voltage.
 When supply is ON, voltage appears across it and the lamp glows. Pulsating
current also flows through D3 & R1 to charge the battery. Thus battery
charging is carried out.
 The capacitor C gets charged with upper plate positive to some voltage less
than secondary voltage of transformer. Due to capacitor voltage, gate cathode
junction of SCR1 gets reverse biased. The anode is at battery voltage & cathode
is at rectifier output voltage, which is slightly higher, hence SCR1 is reverse
biased & cannot conduct. The lamp glows due to rectifier output dc voltage.
 If power fails, the capacitor C discharges through D3, R1 & R3 until the
cathode of SCR, is less positive than anode. At the same time the junction of R2
& R3 becomes positive & establishes a sufficient gate to cathode voltage to
trigger SCR.
 Once the SCR turns ON, the battery discharges through it, & turns the lamp
ON.
 When power is restored, the SCR is connected & commutated & capacitor C is
recharged.
Q. Sub Answers Marking
No. Q. N. Scheme

4 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12- Total

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Marks

(a) Describe the working of class C commutation with neat circuit diagram and 4M
waveforms.

Ans: Circuit
diagra
m
: 2M
Workin
g
: 2M

Working:-
 At first, when the SCR1 is triggered load current flows IL starts flowing through
(Vdc+,RL, SCR1, Vdc-).
1. 1, Vdc-
with right side plate positive. When it is fully charged to Vs charging current

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becomes zero.
2. To turn off SCR1, SCR2 is triggered.
3. When SCR2 is turned ON the reverse voltage across ‘C’ is applied across SCR1,
turning it OFF.
4. L, C, SCR2, Vdc- with left
side plate positive.
5. Similarly, as SCR1 is turned ON the reverse voltage across ‘C’ is applied across
SCR2,turning SCR2 OFF
(b) a single phase fully controlled rectifier is supplied with voltage V= 300sin 314t. if 4M
firing angle α= 60o , find
(i) average output DC voltage
(ii) load current for load resistance 500Ω
Ans: Solution 02
Marks
Each

(c) Draw circuit diagram of step up chopper. State its output voltage expression and 4M
draw its input output waveforms.

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Ans: Circuit diagram: Circuit

diagra
m
: 2M
Output
voltage
express
ion:
1M
Wavef
orms :
Output voltage expression 1M

Vo = Vs / (1- D)
Where
Vs = Input voltage
D- duty cycle

Current and Voltage Waveforms

(d) Explain circuit diagram the operation of a suitable circuit to charge a battery 4M

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Ans: circuit
diagra
m the
operati
on 2M
each

Circuit diagram (Any other relevant diagram may also be considered):

1. Figure shows the circuit diagram for a simple battery charger using an SCR.&
waveforms
2. The input transformer T is a step down transformer which reduces the 230 V ac
mains to 15 Volts. The secondary voltage is rectified by the full wave rectifier
circuit.
3. The zener diode Z1 maintains a constant voltage of 15 Volts, at points "X" as
shown in Figure
4. The rectified voltage waveform at 'A'.The dotted line in this figure indicates the
battery voltage. When voltage at point A is greater than the battery voltage the
SCR1, is forward biased and can conduct if the gate junction is also forward
based.
5. Thus SCR1 conducts from point P to R as shown in Waveform and charges the
12 Volts battery connected in the circuit.
6. As the battery accumulates more and more charge the dotted line goes up and
the points P and R will come closer to Q in waveforms, thus reducing the
conduction time for SCR1, and hence the charging time of battery.
7. When the battery is fully charged to say about 14 Volts the cathode of SCR 1 is
at 14 Volts and the gate is at 14.3 Volts.
8. This difference of 0.3 Volts between the gate and cathode cannot forward bias
the gate junction and hence cannot turn on the SCR1. thus the battery is cut off
from the supply and charging will stop automatically.


(e) List different Turn ON methods of SCR and explain any one in detail. 4M

Ans: The SCR can be made to conduct or switched from blocking (non-conducting or OFF) Any 4

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state to Conduction (ON) State by any one of the following methods. Turn
ON
1. Forward Voltage Triggering
method
2. Temperature Triggering
3. dv/dt Triggering 1/2m
4. Light Triggering each,
5. Gate Triggering
explan
6.
Forward Forward Voltage Triggering ation
• By increasing the forward anode to cathode voltage, the depletion layer width is of any
also increased at junction J2& the leakage current of thyristor increases 1
• It causes increase in minority charge carriers. method
• This further leads to an avalanche breakdown of the junction J2 at a forward break 2M
over voltage VBO.
• Once the voltage is more than the VBO, it generates very high currents which
may cause damage to the SCR.
Temperature (Thermal)Triggering
• The reverse leakage current depends on the temperature.
• If the temperature is increased there is an increase in the number of hole-
pairs.
• This causes to increase the leakage current and further it increases the current
gains α1 & α2 of the SCR.
• If (α1 + α2) value approaches to unity then thyristor may get turned -on.
• By increasing the temperature at junction J2 causes the breakdown of the
junction and hence it conducts.
dv/dt Triggering
• Assume that the gate current IG=0 & we suddenly apply anode & cathode of
thyristor then it is said that the rate of change of voltage i.e. dv/dt of the
forward voltage is very high the capacitance of the transient model will
influence the characteristics of SCR.
Light Triggering
• In this method, light rays with appropriate wavelength and intensity are
allowed to strike the junction J2.

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• then the photons will strike the electrons & electron-hole pairs are generated
at the junction J2 which provides additional charge carriers at the junction
leads to turn ON the SCR.
Gate Triggering
• In gate triggering method, a positive voltage applied between the gate and the
cathode terminals.
• We can use three types of gate signals to turn On the SCR.
 DC signal,
 AC signal and
 pulse signal
 DC Gate Triggering
• In this triggering, a sufficient DC voltage is applied between the gate and
cathode terminals in such a way that the gate is made positive with respect to
the cathode.
• The gate current drives the SCR into conduction mode.
• In this, a continuous gate signal is applied at the gate and hence causes the
internal power dissipation (or more power loss).
AC Triggering
• This is the most commonly used method for AC applications where the SCR
is employed for such applications as a switching device.
• With the proper isolation between the power and control circuit, the SCR is
triggered by the phase-shift AC voltage derived from the main supply.
• The firing angle is controlled by changing the phase angle of the gate signal.
Pulse Triggering
• The most popular method of triggering the SCR is the pulse triggering.
• In this method, gate is supplied with single pulse or a train of pulses.
• The main advantage of this method is that gate drive is discontinuous or
doesn’t need continuous pulses to turn the SCR and hence gate losses are
reduced in greater amount by applying single or periodically appearing
pulses.
• • For isolating the gate drive from the main supply, a pulse transformer is

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used

Q. Sub Answers Marking

No. Q. N. Scheme

5. Attempt any TWO of the following: 12- Total

Marks

a) Draw labeled constructional diagram for DIAC and describe its operating 6M
principle with V-I characteristics.
Ans: Constructional diagram for DIAC: 2M-
constru
ctional
diagra
m

2M-
operati
Operating Principle:
ng
 DIAC can be turned on for both the polarity of voltages.
 When M1 is more positive with respect to M2, then the current flows through P1-N1- princip
P2-N2. le
 Similarly, When M2 is more positive with respect to M1 then the current flows
through P1’-N1’-P2’-N2’.

2M -
V-I
charact
eristics

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b) Describe the operation of PUT as relaxation oscillator. 6M

Ans: Circuit Diagram and waveform: 2M -

Circuit
Diagra
m

2M –
wavefo
rm

Working:

 As the biasing voltage VBB is applied to the circuit, capacitor C starts charging
towards VBB voltage through resistance R. 2M -
 As soon as capacitor voltage reaches up to peak point (Vp) voltage, the PUT turns Worki
on & the capacitor discharges.

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 A positive going pulse is produced across Rs resistor as amplitude of the pulse is ng

slightly lower than the capacitor peak voltage due to anode cathode ‘ON’ voltage of
1V.
 The peak point voltage (Vp =Vg+ 0.5) is set by the voltage divider consisting of the
two resistors R1 & R2.
 The voltage at gate remains at Vg volts, the potential on the capacitor reaches the
peak point voltage, PUT turns ON, Vg drops to approximately zero and the
capacitor discharges.
 When the discharging current of capacitor falls below the valley current, PUT turns
OFF & gate voltage returns to Vg volt.

c) Draw the circuit diagram of three phase half wave controlled rectifier. Explain 6M
the working of it with input output waveforms.
Ans: Circuit diagram of three phase half wave controlled rectifier: 2M -
circuit
diagra
m

Working:
 When the SCR T1 is triggered, the phase voltage Van appears across the load when
T1 conducts. The load current flows through the supply phase winding 'A-P'
through SCR T1 as long as T1 conducts.
 When SCR T2 is triggered, T1 becomes reverse biased and turns-off. The load
2M -
current flows through the SCR and through the supply phase winding 'B-P'. When workin
T2 conducts the phase voltage Vbn appears across the load until the SCR T3 is g
triggered.
 When SCR T3 is triggered, T2 is reversed biased and hence T2 turns-off. The phase
voltage Vcn appears across the load when T3 conducts.
 When T1 is triggered again at the beginning of the next input cycle the SCR T 3
turns off as it is reverse biased naturally as soon as T1 is triggered.

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2M -
input
output
wavefo
rms

Q. Sub Answers Marking

No. Q. N. Scheme

6. Attempt any TWO of the following : 12- Total

Marks

a) Explain with neat circuit diagram the operation of parallel inverter. 6M

Ans: Circuit diagram: 2

marks
circuit
diagra
m

workin
g2
marks

Wavef
orms
Initially, SCR T1 is triggered and current flows through EdcL0 -T1 Edc. As the no. of 2
turns in OA is equal to no. of turns in OB and is equal to no. of turns in PQ, the marks
secondary voltage will be Edc as shown above (Q +ve w.r.t. P)
1. As the rate of change of load current remains constant, the secondary voltage
also remains constant as shown below.
2. Due to transformer action, capacitor is charged up to 2E dc with right plate +ve
and left plate ve .When the capacitor is fully charged up to 2Edc, SCR T2 is

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triggered and the capacitor potential is applied across SCR T 1. Hence SCR T1
goes into OFF state due to voltage commutation. As SCR T2 is conducting now
current starts flowing through Edc LO- B T2 Edc. Since the direction of
current is reversed, the direction of load voltage is also reversed as shown
below. Hence P is +ve w.r.t Q.
3. Now the capacitor charges up to 2Edc with left plate +ve & right plate ve.
With this capacitor potential SCRT1 is triggered. As soon as SCR comes into
conduction SCR T2 goes into off state due to voltage commutation an and the
cycle repeats.
Waveforms:

b) Draw labelled constructional diagram of SCR. Explain its operating principle 6M

with two transistor analogy.

Ans: Constru
ctional
Diagra
m2
Marks
Workin
g4
Constructional Diagram Marks

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SCR working with two transistor model

Working of the SCR can be easily explained by two transistor model of SCR.
1. With supply voltage V and load resistance R is applied to SCR. Here first
Assume the supply voltage V is less than break over voltage as is usually the
case.
2. When the gate is open (i.e. switch S open), there is base current Ib=0. For the
base of the T2 is connected with the collector of The T1. Therefore, no current
flows in the collector of T2 and hence that of T1. So for this condition, SCR is
in OFF condition.
3. Whenever switch S is closed, a small gate current will flow through the base of

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T2 which means its collector current will increase. The collector of the
transistor T2 is connected with transistor T1.
4. So, the collector current of T2 is the base current of T1. Therefore, the collector
current of T1 increases. But collector current of T1 is the base current of T2.
This action is accumulative since an increase of current in one transistor causes
an increase of current in the other transistor. As a result of this action, both
transistors are driven to saturation, and heavy current flows through the load
RL. Under such conditions, the SCR closes

c) (i) suggest a suitable power device which combines benefits of a power MOSFET 6M(3+3
and a BJT. Also draw its V-I characteristics. )

Ans: A suitable power device which combines benefits of a power MOSFET and a 1M for
BJT is IGBT. name
2M for
V-I Characteristics of IGBT:- V-I
charact
eristics

(ii)suggest a suitable power device which can be turned OFF by applying 3M

negative pulse to its gate terminal. Also draw its labeled constructional
diagram.
Ans A suitable power device which can be turned OFF by applying negative pulse to its 1M for
gate terminal is Gate Turn -off Thyristor (GTO name
2M for
V-I

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Constructional Diagram:- charact

eristics

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