📚 Professional Education Notes

1. Law of Readiness – preparedness

2. Law of Exercise – practice makes perfect

3. Law of effect – satisfaction

4. Law of primacy – learn first / first impression

5. Law of Recency – now/most recent are best

Remembered

6. Law of intensity – impact/ exciting

Ex. Role playing

7. Law of Freedom – right to freedom

8. Law of importance – essentials

📌Cognitive:

Mental skills(knowledge)

📌Affective:

Growth in feelings or emotional areas (Attitude)

📌Psychomotor:

Manual or physical skills (skills)

📌Principles of TEACHING

A. create an active learning

B. Focus Attention

C. Connect Knowledge

D. Help students organize their knowledge

E. Provide timely feedback

G. Balance high expectations with student support

H. Enhance motivation to learn

I. Communicate your message in variety of ways.

J. Help students to productively manage their time

📌stages of Learning

1. Acquisition - learning new skill

2. Fluency - practice for mastery of skill

3. Generalization – across time & situation / variety

Of setting

4. Adaptation -. Use for problem solving

5. Maintenance – performance over time

📌Bloom’s Cognitive Domain

Blooms Taxonomy

Remember – recall facts & basic concepts

Define, duplicate, list, memorize,state

Understand – Explain ideas or concepts

Classify, describe, discuss, explain,

Locate, recognize

Apply -. Use of information in new situation

Execute, implement, solve, use,

Demonstrate, interpret, operate

Analyze -. Draw connection among ideas

Differentiate, organize, relate, compare,

Expirement, question, test

Evaluate -. Justify a stand or decision

Appraise, argue, defend, judge, select,

Support, value, critique, weigh

Create -. Produce new or original work

Design, assemble, construct,

Conjecture, develop, formulate, author,

Investigate

📌Anderson Taxonomy

Remembering – recalling

Understanding – making sense of the material you

Have learned

Applying -. Use knowledge gained in nee ways

Analyzing -. Breaking the concept into parts

Evaluating -. Making judgement

Creating -. Putting iNformation together in an

Innovative way.

📌Affective Domain:

Receiving –

Is being aware of or sensitive to the existence of a certain ideas, material, or phenomena and being
willing to tolerate them.

Ex. To differentiate, to accept, to listen (for), to respond to.

Responding –
Os committed in some small measure to the ideas l, materials, or phenomena involved by actively
responding to them.

Example: to comply with, to follow, to command, to volunteer, to spend leisure time in, to acclaim.

Valuing –

Is willing to be perceived by others as valuing certain ideas, materials, or phenomena. Examples include:
to increase measured proficiency in, or relinquish, to subsidize, to support, to debate.

Organization –

Is to relate the value to those already held and bring it into a harmonious and internally consistent
philosophy. Examples: to discuss, to theorize, to formulate, to balance, to examine.

Characterization-

By value or value set is to act consistently in accordance with the values he or she has internalized.
Examples: include: to revise, to require, to be rated high in the value, to avoid, to resist, to manage, to
resolve.

📌Psychomotor Domain:

Perception –

Sensory cues to guide motor.

Set –

Mental, physical, and emotional dispositions that make one respond in a certain way to a situation.

Guided response –

First attempts at a physical skill. Trial and error coupled lead to better performance.

Mechanism –

Responses are habitual with a medium level of assurance and proficiency.

Complex movements are possible with a minimum of wasted effort and a high level of assurance they
will be successful.

Adaptation –

Movements can modified for special situations.

Origination –

New movements can be created for special situations.

📌Learning theories

A. Behaviourist (classical, operant, Connectionism , Social Learning and purposive)

PCSO

Pavlov – Classical

Skinner – Operant

🍏BEHAVIOURISM

📌A. Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov)

Two stimuli are linked together one Neutral + one Natural Response.

Adhesive Principle

- Response attached to stimulus to evoke new response.

Experimentation: 🐕

(Salivation of Dog and Ring of the bell)

Ringing of bell- stimuli

Unconditioned Stimulus:

- Automatically produces an emotional or psychological response.

Unconditioned Response:

- Naturally occurring emotional or physiological response.

Neutral Stimulus:

- A stimulus that does not elicit a response.

Conditioned Stimulus:

- Evokes an emotional or Physiological response.

📌B. Operant Conditioning (Bf Skinner)

Experimentation: 🐀

Skinner Box (rat)

🥰Reinforcement – increase behaviour

😳Punishment – decrease behaviour

😆Positive Reinforcement –

May binigay na gusto ng bata.

🥹Negative reinforcement –

Taking something away for the good of students.

May binigay na ayaw mo / something unpleasant.

🥲Negative punishment –

Tinagangalan ng bagay na gusto ng bata.

📌C. Connectionism theory/S-R (Edward Thorndike)

- specific stimulus has specific response

Law of Readiness- hinahanda mo sila

Law of Exercise- nagpapadrills

Law of Effect – satisfying effect

Secondary Laws of Learning

RIP

Law of primacy – dapat tama ang tinuro sa una.

Law of intensity – dapat fun ang learning

Law of Recency – mas natatandaan ang previous.

Other law:

Law of association By Aristotle

Law of similarity – recall similar object

Law of contrast – recall of opposite object

Law of Contiguity – recall of an activity which is frequently related with the previous one.

📌D. Social Learning Theory

Experimentation: Bobo dull

- may pinaggagayahan

- focus on observation learning

Social learning theory

4 steps;

1. Attention - focus

2. Retention - store information

3. Reproduction – to perform the observed

Behaviour

4. Motivation - be motivated

📌E. Purposive Behaviorism/ sign Learning theory

By (tolman)

Expirement: Rats🐀

- reinforcement is not essential to learning

- bridge between behaviorism and cognitive theilory

- Learning is acquired through meaningful behavior.

According to Tolman, in all learning some intelligence is atwork. It is the learner who actively participates
on the act of getting new experience. He organises his perceptions and observations and gives meaning
to them. He explains the theory of rats in teaching the goal through many trials as a result of insight or
making cognitive map of the maze.

🍏COGNITIVIST

📌A. Meaningful Learning Theory

By (David Ausubel)
“Reception not discovery”

- advance organizer

- use of graphic organizer

📌B. Cognitive Development (piaget)

📌a). Sensory – 0 to 2 years old – permanent object

📌b). Pre-operational – 3 to 7 years old – egocentric

Symbolic function

- Centration –

Refers to the tendency of the chikd to only focus on one aspects of a thing or event and exclude other
aspects EXAMPLE:

When a child presented with two identical glasses with the same amount of water, the chikd will say
they have the same amount of water. However, once water from one of the glasses is transferred to an
obviously taller but narrower glass, the chikd migh say that there is more water in the taller glass.

“The Child only Focus (centered)”.

Irreversibly-

Pre-operational children still have the inability to reverse their thinking. They can understand that 2+3 is
5, but cannot understand that 5-3 is 2.

Animism –

This is the tendency of children to attribute human like traits or characteristics to inanimate objects.

When at night, the child is asked, where the sun is, she will reply, “Mr. Sun is asleep.”

Transductive reasoning –

This refers to the pre-operational child’s type of reasoning that is neither inductive nor deductive.
Example: since her mommy comes home everyday around six o’clock in the evening, when asked why it
is already night, the child will say, “because my mom is home”.

📌c). Concrete operational – 7 to 11 years old – begin learning logical reasoning.

Decentering –

This refers to the ability of the child to perceive the different features of objects and situations.

This allows child to be more logical when dealing with concrete objects and situations.

Reversibility –

The child can now follow that certain operations can be done in reverse. For example, they can already
comprehend the cummutative property of addition, and that subtraction is the reverse of addition.

Conversation-

This is the ability to know that certain properties if objects like number. Mass, Volume, or area do not
change even if there is a change in appearance. Because of the development of the child’s ability of
decentering and also reversibility, the concrete operational chikd can now judge rightly that the same as
when the water was shorter but wider glass.

Seriation –

This refers to the ability to order or arrange things in a series based on one dimension such as weight,
volume or size.

📌d). Formal operational – 13 to onwards years old –

Thinking becomes more [Link] solve abstract problems and can hypothesis.

Hypothetical reasoning –

The ability to come up with different hypothesis about a problem and to gather and weight data in order
to make final decisions or judgement.

(What if questions)
Analogical reasoning –

This is the ability to perceive the relationship in one instance and then use that relationship to narrow
down possible answers in another similar situation or problem.

Deductive reasoning –

This is the ability to think logically by applying a general rule to a particular instance or situation.

For example, all countries near the north pole. Therefore, Greenland has cold temperatures

📌C. Schema/Schemata theory

By: Bartlet

Schema-

- Refers to the prior knowledge

Assimilation –

This is this is the process if fitting a new experience into an existing or previously created schema.

Accomodation-

This is the process if creating a new schema.

Equilibrium –

Achieving proper balance between Assimilation and accommodation.

If not match our schemata we experience

“Cognitive disequilibrium”

📌D. Gestalt principle of Visual perception

By Gestalt

- Determine what we see/percept.

Gestalt means “whole”.

Law of similarity –

Kapag kapareho

Law of pragmanz or Law of Good Figure –

Symmetry order- brain will perceive ambiguous shapes in as simple a manner as possible for example, a
monochrome of the Olympic logo is seen as a series of overlapping circles rather than a collection of a
curved lines.

Law of proximity – refers to how close elements are to one another. The strongest proximity relationship
are those between overlapping subjects, but just grouping objects into a single area can have a strong
proximity effect.

Law of Continuity – posits that the human eye will follow the smoothest path when viewing lines,
regardless of how the lines were actually drawn

Law of Closure – “fill the gap”

Is one of the coolest gestalt principles and one I already touched on at the beginning of this piece. It’s
the idea that your brain will fill in the missing parts of a design or image to create a whole

📌E. Insight learning theory

By wolfgang kohler

- Sudden grasping of the solution, a lash of understanding, without any process of trial and error.

Learning happen in sudden –“Eurika”

Expirement: monkey names (Sultan)

Believes that the whole is more important than the [Link] Learning takes place as a whole.

📌F. Information processing theory

By (Richard Atkinson & Richard Shiffrin)

Sensory memory – it holds information that the

Mind perceives through various senses.

(small capacity).

Short term memory – last around 30 seconds.

(Short Duration)

Long term Memory – has an unlimited amount of space as it can store memories from a long time ago to
be retrieved at a later time.

Long term memory

1. Episodic Memory

- recalling episodes (events)

2. Semantic Memory

- knowledge of a general Facts, principles and concepts.

3. Procedural Memory

- refers to “know how” as opposed to “know about”.

📌G. Cumulative Learning

By Robert Gagne

Gradual development of knowledge and skills that improve over time.