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CS205 -Information Security -Virtual University of Pakistan Questions,

answers, and MCQs

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 CS205 - Information Security - Virtual University of Pakistan

Questions & Answers

What is Information Security?

● Information security involves protecting information from unauthorized access,

use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction.
● It encompasses various strategies, technologies, and practices to safeguard data
and ensure confidentiality, integrity, and availability.
● Key aspects include encryption, access controls, authentication, and risk
management.

Information security refers to the protection of information from unauthorized access,

use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction. It encompasses various
strategies, technologies, and practices to safeguard data and ensure confidentiality,
integrity, and availability. Key aspects include encryption, access controls,
authentication, and risk management.

Why is Information Security Needed?

● Protect sensitive information from unauthorized access.

● Safeguard against data breaches, theft, or manipulation.
● Ensure confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data.
● Comply with regulations and industry standards.
● Maintain trust and reputation with customers and stakeholders.
● Prevent financial losses and legal liabilities.

Information security is needed to protect sensitive information from unauthorized

access, safeguard against data breaches, theft, or manipulation, ensure confidentiality,
integrity, and availability of data, comply with regulations and industry standards,
maintain trust and reputation with customers and stakeholders, and prevent financial
losses and legal liabilities.
Who is Information Security for?

● Individuals: Protect personal data from identity theft or fraud.

● Organizations: Safeguard sensitive information, trade secrets, and intellectual
property.
● Governments: Secure classified data, critical infrastructure, and national security.
● Businesses: Ensure the integrity of financial transactions and customer records.
● Healthcare: Protect patient confidentiality and medical records.
● Education: Safeguard student information and research data.

Information security is for individuals to protect personal data, organizations to

safeguard sensitive information and intellectual property, governments to secure
classified data and critical infrastructure, businesses to ensure financial transaction
integrity and customer records security, healthcare to protect patient confidentiality, and
education to safeguard student information and research data.

How is Information Security Implemented?

● Risk Assessment: Identify potential threats and vulnerabilities.

● Policies and Procedures: Establish guidelines for data handling and access
control.
● Technology: Implement encryption, firewalls, antivirus software, and intrusion
detection systems.
● Access Controls: Limit user permissions based on roles and responsibilities.
● Training and Awareness: Educate users on security best practices and potential
risks.
● Incident Response Plan: Develop protocols for responding to security breaches.
● Regular Audits and Testing: Assess the effectiveness of security measures and
identify areas for improvement.

Information security is implemented through risk assessment to identify threats and

vulnerabilities, establishing policies and procedures for data handling and access
control, deploying technology such as encryption and firewalls, implementing access
controls to limit user permissions, providing training and awareness programs for users,
developing an incident response plan, and conducting regular audits and testing to
assess effectiveness and identify areas for improvement.

What are the Four Layers of Information Security Transformation Framework?

 ● Foundation Layer: Establishes governance, risk management, and compliance
processes.
● Protection Layer: Implements security controls such as encryption, access
controls, and firewalls.
● Detection Layer: Deploys monitoring tools for identifying security incidents and
anomalies.
● Response Layer: Defines incident response procedures and strategies for
mitigating threats.

The four layers of the Information Security Transformation Framework are the
Foundation Layer, which establishes governance, risk management, and compliance
processes; the Protection Layer, which implements security controls such as encryption,
access controls, and firewalls; the Detection Layer, which deploys monitoring tools for
identifying security incidents and anomalies; and the Response Layer, which defines
incident response procedures and strategies for mitigating threats.

What is Information Security Hardening?

● Information security hardening involves strengthening systems and networks to

reduce vulnerabilities and enhance security.
● It includes implementing security configurations, patches, and updates to
mitigate potential risks.
● Hardening measures aim to minimize the attack surface and make it more
difficult for attackers to exploit weaknesses.
● Common techniques include disabling unnecessary services, configuring
firewalls, and enforcing strong authentication measures.

Information security hardening is the process of strengthening systems and networks to

reduce vulnerabilities and enhance security. It involves implementing security
configurations, patches, and updates to mitigate potential risks and minimize the attack
surface. Common techniques include disabling unnecessary services, configuring
firewalls, and enforcing strong authentication measures.

What is Information Security Governance?

 ● Information security governance refers to the framework and processes that
guide an organization's approach to managing and protecting its information
assets.
● It involves establishing policies, procedures, and controls to ensure that
information security aligns with business objectives and meets regulatory
requirements.
● Key components include defining roles and responsibilities, risk management,
compliance, and oversight by senior management or a governing body.

Information security governance refers to the framework and processes that guide an
organization's approach to managing and protecting its information assets. It involves
establishing policies, procedures, and controls to ensure that information security aligns
with business objectives and meets regulatory requirements. Key components include
defining roles and responsibilities, risk management, compliance, and oversight by
senior management or a governing body.

Difference between Information Security Policy, SOP, and Guideline

● Policy: Sets high-level goals, objectives, and principles for information security
within an organization. It outlines the organization's stance on security-related
matters and defines the overarching framework for security implementation.
● SOP (Standard Operating Procedure): Provides detailed instructions and steps for
carrying out specific tasks or processes related to information security. SOPs are
often used to standardize routine procedures and ensure consistency in
execution.
● Guideline: Offers recommendations, best practices, or suggestions for achieving
security objectives. Unlike policies and SOPs, guidelines are typically less
prescriptive and provide flexibility for interpretation and implementation based on
specific organizational needs.

In summary, policies define overarching principles, SOPs provide detailed procedures,

and guidelines offer recommendations for information security within an organization.

What is an Information Security Program?

● An information security program is a comprehensive framework designed to

protect an organization's information assets.
 ● It includes a set of policies, procedures, technologies, and controls to manage
risks and ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information.
● Key components may include risk management, access controls, incident
response, security awareness training, and compliance with relevant regulations
and standards.

An information security program is a comprehensive framework designed to protect an

organization's information assets. It includes a set of policies, procedures, technologies,
and controls to manage risks and ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of
information. Key components may include risk management, access controls, incident
response, security awareness training, and compliance with relevant regulations and
standards.

Role of People, Process, and Technology in Information Security

● People: Employees play a crucial role in information security by following

policies, reporting incidents, and undergoing security awareness training. Human
error can be a significant risk factor, so promoting a security-conscious culture is
essential.
● Process: Defined procedures and workflows ensure that security measures are
implemented consistently and effectively. Processes cover areas such as access
control, incident response, risk management, and compliance. Regular audits and
reviews help identify areas for improvement.
● Technology: Security technologies such as firewalls, antivirus software,
encryption, and intrusion detection systems provide defense mechanisms
against cyber threats. However, technology alone is not sufficient; it must be
integrated into a broader security strategy and regularly updated to address
evolving threats.

In summary, people, process, and technology are all integral components of an effective
information security framework. People need to be trained and aware, processes need
to be established and followed, and technology needs to be deployed and maintained to
protect against cyber threats.

Role of an Information Security Manager

 ● Strategic Planning: Develop and implement an organization's information security
strategy aligned with business objectives and regulatory requirements.
● Policy Development: Establish information security policies, standards, and
guidelines to ensure the protection of organizational assets and compliance with
relevant regulations.
● Risk Management: Identify, assess, and mitigate information security risks
through risk analysis, vulnerability assessments, and the implementation of
appropriate controls.
● Incident Response: Lead the response to security incidents, including
investigating breaches, containing the impact, and implementing measures to
prevent future occurrences.
● Security Awareness: Promote a culture of security awareness among employees
through training programs, communication campaigns, and regular updates on
emerging threats.
● Compliance: Ensure compliance with relevant laws, regulations, and industry
standards related to information security, such as GDPR, HIPAA, or PCI DSS.
● Vendor Management: Evaluate and manage relationships with third-party
vendors and service providers to ensure the security of outsourced systems and
data.

Overall, the information security manager plays a critical role in safeguarding

organizational assets, managing risks, and ensuring compliance with information
security requirements. They provide strategic leadership, develop policies and
procedures, manage incidents, and promote a culture of security awareness within the
organization.

What is an Information Security Program?

● An information security program is a comprehensive framework designed to

protect an organization's information assets. It includes policies, procedures,
technologies, and controls to manage risks and ensure data confidentiality,
integrity, and availability.

What is the role of People, Process, and Technology in Information Security?

● People, Process, and Technology are all crucial in information security. People
need awareness and training, processes provide consistency and control, and
technology offers defense mechanisms against cyber threats.
What is the role of an Information Security Manager?

● The Information Security Manager oversees the organization's security strategy,

policies, and controls. They manage risks, ensure compliance, and lead incident
response efforts to protect information assets from cyber threats.

What is Information Security Awareness?

● Information Security Awareness involves educating individuals within an

organization about security risks, best practices, and policies to promote a
culture of security consciousness and minimize human error in safeguarding
sensitive information.

What are the leading Information Security Standards and Frameworks?

● Leading Information Security Standards and Frameworks include ISO 27001,

NIST Cybersecurity Framework, CIS Controls, PCI DSS, and COBIT. They provide
guidelines and best practices for managing and improving information security
posture.

What is Information Security Risk?

● Information Security Risk refers to the potential for harm or loss resulting from
threats exploiting vulnerabilities in an organization's information assets. It
involves assessing and managing risks to protect confidentiality, integrity, and
availability of data.

What does the Information Security Lifecycle look like?

● The Information Security Lifecycle consists of phases such as Risk Assessment,

Policy Development, Implementation, Monitoring and Detection, Incident
Response, and Continuous Improvement. It is a cyclical process to manage and
adapt to evolving security threats.

What is Management Commitment?

● Management Commitment is essential for establishing a culture of security

within an organization. It involves demonstrating support for information security
initiatives, allocating resources, and ensuring that security policies are enforced
across the organization.

Whose responsibility is Implementation of Information Security?

 ● Implementation of Information Security is a shared responsibility across all levels
of an organization. It involves collaboration between management, IT
departments, employees, and third-party service providers to enforce security
policies and controls effectively.

What can happen if Information Security is not implemented (Cybersecurity Breaches)?

● Failure to implement Information Security can lead to cybersecurity breaches,

including data breaches, financial losses, damage to reputation, legal liabilities,
and disruption of business operations. It can also result in regulatory fines and
penalties for non-compliance.

What are the challenges of Information Security Implementation?

● Challenges of Information Security Implementation include resource constraints,

complexity of technologies, evolving threat landscape, lack of awareness and
training, compliance requirements, and the need for continuous adaptation to
emerging risks.

What is the role of a Regulator?

● Regulators oversee and enforce compliance with information security laws,

regulations, and industry standards. They set guidelines, conduct audits, and
impose penalties for non-compliance to ensure organizations adhere to security
requirements and protect sensitive data.

What is the status of Information Security in Pakistan?

● The status of Information Security in Pakistan varies. While efforts have been
made to improve cybersecurity posture, challenges such as inadequate
infrastructure, limited awareness, and regulatory gaps persist, requiring
concerted efforts from government, businesses, and individuals.

What is the solution for improvement of Information Security in Pakistan?

● Improving Information Security in Pakistan requires collaboration between

government, industry, academia, and civil society. This includes investing in
cybersecurity infrastructure, enhancing awareness and education, enforcing
regulations, and fostering public-private partnerships to address emerging
threats.

What does the typical Enterprise IT Network look like?

 ● A typical Enterprise IT Network consists of interconnected devices, servers,
databases, and applications. It includes LANs, WANs, and may incorporate cloud
services, mobile devices, and IoT devices, depending on the organization's
requirements.

What are the major components of the Enterprise IT Network?

● Major components of an Enterprise IT Network include routers, switches,

firewalls, servers, storage devices, workstations, and network infrastructure.
These components work together to facilitate communication, data storage, and
access within the organization.

What is the OSI Security Architecture?

● The OSI Security Architecture defines a framework for implementing security

measures across seven layers of the OSI model. It includes safeguards such as
encryption, authentication, access control, and data integrity mechanisms to
protect data during transmission.

ISO31000:2018 - RISK MANAGEMENT - AN INTRODUCTION

What is ISO31000:2018?

● ISO31000:2018 is an international standard that provides guidelines and

principles for effective risk management practices across various organizations
and industries.

What is the purpose of ISO31000:2018?

● The purpose of ISO31000:2018 is to assist organizations in developing a

systematic approach to risk management to enhance decision-making
processes, improve resilience, and achieve objectives.

ISO31000:2018 - RISK MANAGEMENT - 8 PRINCIPLES

What are the eight principles of risk management according to ISO31000:2018?

● Integrated Approach: Incorporate risk management into all organizational

processes.
 ● Structured and Comprehensive: Adopt a systematic and thorough approach to
risk management.
● Customization: Tailor risk management to the organization's context, objectives,
and risk appetite.
● Inclusive Decision-Making: Involve stakeholders in risk management processes
to ensure a holistic understanding of risks.
● Transparent Communication: Communicate and share information about risks
effectively throughout the organization.
● Continuous Improvement: Regularly review and enhance risk management
practices to adapt to changing circumstances.
● Dynamic and Iterative: Embrace flexibility and agility in managing risks to
respond to emerging threats and opportunities.
● Based on Best Available Information: Utilize reliable data, information, and
methodologies to inform risk management decisions.

ISO31000:2018 - RISK MANAGEMENT - FRAMEWORK

What does the risk management framework in ISO31000:2018 entail?

● The risk management framework in ISO31000:2018 provides a structured

approach for identifying, assessing, treating, monitoring, and communicating
risks within an organization. It encompasses policies, processes, roles,
responsibilities, and methodologies for managing risks effectively.

ISO31000:2018 - RISK MANAGEMENT - PROCESS

What are the key steps in the risk management process according to ISO31000:2018?

● Establishing Context: Define the scope, objectives, and criteria for risk
management.
● Risk Identification: Identify and characterize risks relevant to achieving
organizational objectives.
● Risk Analysis: Evaluate the likelihood and impact of identified risks to prioritize
them for treatment.
● Risk Evaluation: Assess the significance of risks based on their consequences
and determine risk tolerance levels.
● Risk Treatment: Develop and implement strategies to mitigate, transfer, or accept
risks in line with organizational objectives and risk appetite.
 ● Monitoring and Review: Continuously monitor and review risk management
processes to ensure their effectiveness and adaptability to changing
circumstances.
● Communication and Consultation: Communicate risk information to stakeholders
and engage them in risk management activities.
● Recording and Reporting: Document and report on risk management activities,
decisions, and outcomes to facilitate accountability and transparency.

ISO31000:2018 - RISK MANAGEMENT - HOW TO IMPLEMENT

How can organizations implement ISO31000:2018 for risk management?

● Organizations can implement ISO31000:2018 by:Organizations can implement

ISO31000:2018 by:
● Adopting a top-down approach with leadership commitment and support.
● Establishing clear roles, responsibilities, and accountabilities for risk
management.
● Integrating risk management into strategic planning and decision-making
processes.
● Conducting risk assessments using standardized methodologies and tools.
● Developing risk treatment plans tailored to organizational objectives and risk
appetite.
● Monitoring and reviewing risk management processes regularly to ensure their
effectiveness and relevance.
● Providing training and awareness programs to enhance risk management
capabilities across the organization.

What is Security Validation?

● Security validation is the process of verifying and confirming that security

measures, controls, or solutions effectively mitigate identified risks and meet
specified security requirements.

How is Security Validation Performed?

● Security validation is typically performed through various methods such as

penetration testing, vulnerability assessments, security audits, code reviews, and
 security architecture reviews. These methods help identify weaknesses and
vulnerabilities in systems, applications, or processes and assess the
effectiveness of security controls.

What is Security Testing?

● Security testing is the process of assessing the security posture of systems,

applications, or networks to identify vulnerabilities, weaknesses, and potential
security risks. It involves simulating attacks, analyzing system configurations,
and evaluating security controls to ensure that they are robust and effective.

What is Security Accreditation?

● Security accreditation is the formal process of evaluating, approving, and

authorizing systems, applications, or networks to operate based on predefined
security requirements and standards. It involves assessing security controls,
risks, and compliance with security policies and regulations to determine if the
system meets the organization's security objectives.

What is Security Accreditation Part 2?

● Security accreditation Part 2 involves the final authorization decision based on

the outcome of security accreditation activities. It includes reviewing the security
accreditation package, assessing residual risks, and making an informed
decision to either authorize the system for operation or recommend corrective
actions to address identified deficiencies before granting approval.

MCQ’s

What is Information Security?

1. A) Ensuring data availability

2. B) Unauthorized access to data
3. C) Encryption of data
● D) Protecting information from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption,
modification, or destruction.

Why is Information Security Needed?

 1. A) Ensure data confidentiality
2. B) Increase data exposure
3. C) Enhance data manipulation
● D) Ensure confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data.

Who is Information Security for?

1. A) Governments only
2. B) Businesses only
3. C) Individuals, Organizations, Governments, Businesses, Healthcare, Education.
● D) None of the above

How is Information Security Implemented?

1. A) Only through technology

2. B) Only through policies and procedures
3. C) Through risk assessment, policies and procedures, technology, access
controls, training and awareness, incident response plan, audits, and testing.
● D) None of the above

What are the Four Layers of Information Security Transformation Framework?

1. A) Governance, risk management, compliance, and security controls

2. B) Risk assessment, technology implementation, response plan, and detection
tools
3. C) Foundation, Protection, Detection, Response.
● D) None of the above

What is Information Security Hardening?

1. A) Weakening systems and networks

2. B) Strengthening systems and networks to reduce vulnerabilities.
3. C) Ignoring security measures
● D) None of the above

What is Information Security Governance?

1. A) The lack of policies and procedures

2. B) The framework and processes guiding an organization's approach to
managing and protecting its information assets.
3. C) Overlapping responsibilities
● D) None of the above
What is an Information Security Program?

1. A) A comprehensive framework designed to protect an organization's

information assets.
2. B) A basic set of security guidelines
3. C) A collection of random security measures
● D) None of the above

What is the role of People, Process, and Technology in Information Security?

1. A) People are not essential in information security

2. B) Only technology matters in information security
3. C) All are integral components of an effective information security framework.
● D) None of the above

What is the role of an Information Security Manager?

1. A) Solely responsible for technology deployment

2. B) Overseeing the organization's security strategy, policies, and controls.
3. C) Managing non-security-related tasks
● D) None of the above

What is Information Security Awareness?

1. A) Ignorance of security threats

2. B) The awareness of security risks, best practices, and policies within an
organization.
3. C) Only relevant for IT personnel
● D) None of the above

What are the leading Information Security Standards and Frameworks?

1. A) Only ISO 27001

2. B) ISO 27001 and ISO 27002
3. C) ISO 27001, NIST Cybersecurity Framework, CIS Controls, PCI DSS, and
COBIT.
● D) None of the above

What is Information Security Risk?

1. A) The certainty of data safety

 2. B) The potential for harm or loss resulting from threats exploiting vulnerabilities
in an organization's information assets.
3. C) Only applicable to large organizations
● D) None of the above

What does the Information Security Lifecycle look like?

1. A) A linear process
2. B) A cyclical process consisting of phases such as Risk Assessment, Policy
Development, Implementation, Monitoring and Detection, Incident Response,
and Continuous Improvement.
3. C) Unrelated to risk management
● D) None of the above

What is Management Commitment?

1. A) The absence of leadership support

2. B) Demonstrating support for information security initiatives and ensuring
enforcement of security policies across the organization.
3. C) Not relevant in information security
● D) None of the above

Whose responsibility is Implementation of Information Security?

1. A) Solely IT departments
2. B) Shared responsibility across all levels of an organization.
3. C) Only relevant for management
● D) None of the above

What can happen if Information Security is not implemented (Cybersecurity Breaches)?

1. A) No consequences
2. B) Cybersecurity breaches, including data breaches, financial losses, damage to
reputation, legal liabilities, and disruption of business operations.
3. C) Only minor inconveniences
● D) None of the above

What are the challenges of Information Security Implementation?

1. A) Lack of awareness and training

2. B) Resource constraints
3. C) Compliance requirements
 ● D) All of the above.

What is the role of a Regulator?

1. A) Overseeing internal operations only

2. B) Ensuring compliance with information security laws, regulations, and
industry standards.
3. C) Not relevant in information security
● D) None of the above

What is the status of Information Security in Pakistan?

1. A) No efforts made to improve cybersecurity posture

2. B) Efforts have been made to improve cybersecurity posture, but challenges
such as inadequate infrastructure, limited awareness, and regulatory gaps
persist.
3. C) Pakistan leads in information security globally
● D) None of the above

What is the solution for improvement of Information Security in Pakistan?

1. A) None of the above

2. B) Collaboration between government, industry, academia, and civil society to
invest in cybersecurity infrastructure, enhance awareness and education,
enforce regulations, and foster public-private partnerships.
3. C) Pakistan should ignore information security concerns
● D) Only government intervention is needed

What does the typical Enterprise IT Network look like?

1. A) A single computer
2. B) Consists of interconnected devices, servers, databases, and applications,
including LANs, WANs, cloud services, mobile devices, and IoT devices.
3. C) Only relevant for small organizations
● D) None of the above

What are the major components of the Enterprise IT Network?

1. A) Only servers and databases

2. B) Routers, switches, firewalls, servers, storage devices, workstations, and
network infrastructure.
3. C) None of the above
 ● D) Only workstations and network infrastructure

What is the OSI Security Architecture?

1. A) A single layer architecture

2. B) A framework for implementing security measures across seven layers of the
OSI model.
3. C) Only applicable to specific industries
● D) None of the above

What is Information Security Policy?

1. A) A document outlining high-level goals, objectives, and principles for

information security within an organization.
2. B) A detailed procedure for carrying out specific tasks related to information
security
3. C) Not relevant in information security
● D) None of the above

What is Standard Operating Procedure (SOP)?

1. A) A document outlining high-level goals, objectives, and principles for

information security within an organization
2. B) A detailed procedure for carrying out specific tasks related to information
security.
3. C) Not relevant in information security
● D) None of the above

What is Guideline?

1. A) A document outlining high-level goals, objectives, and principles for

information security within an organization
2. B) Offers recommendations, best practices, or suggestions for achieving
security objectives.
3. C) Not relevant in information security
● D) None of the above

What is Response Layer in the Information Security Transformation Framework?

1. A) Establishes governance, risk management, and compliance processes

2. B) Implements security controls such as encryption, access controls, and
firewalls
 3. C) Defines incident response procedures and strategies for mitigating threats.
● D) None of the above

What is Detection Layer in the Information Security Transformation Framework?

1. A) Establishes governance, risk management, and compliance processes

2. B) Implements security controls such as encryption, access controls, and
firewalls
3. C) Deploys monitoring tools for identifying security incidents and anomalies.
● D) None of the above

What is Protection Layer in the Information Security Transformation Framework?

1. A) Establishes governance, risk management, and compliance processes

2. B) Implements security controls such as encryption, access controls, and
firewalls.
3. C) Defines incident response procedures and strategies for mitigating threats
● D) None of the above

What is ISO31000:2018?

1. A) A national standard for risk management

2. B) An international standard providing guidelines for effective risk management
practices.
3. C) A framework for financial management
● D) None of the above

What is the purpose of ISO31000:2018?

1. A) To complicate decision-making processes

2. B) To assist organizations in developing a systematic approach to risk
management.
3. C) To limit organizational resilience
● D) None of the above

According to ISO31000:2018, what are the eight principles of risk management?

 1. A) Separation, Confusion, Standardization, Exclusion, Discontinuity, Inaction,
Isolation, Miscommunication
2. B) Integrated Approach, Structured and Comprehensive, Customization,
Inclusive Decision-Making, Transparent Communication, Continuous
Improvement, Dynamic and Iterative, Based on Best Available Information.
3. C) Fragmented, Limited, Generalized, Closed, Static, Reactive, Stagnant, Based on
Assumptions
● D) None of the above

What does the risk management framework in ISO31000:2018 entail?

1. A) Only risk identification and treatment

2. B) A structured approach for identifying, assessing, treating, monitoring, and
communicating risks within an organization.
3. C) Risk avoidance only
● D) None of the above

What are the key steps in the risk management process according to ISO31000:2018?

1. A) Risk Treatment, Communication and Consultation, Monitoring and Review

2. B) Establishing Context, Risk Identification, Risk Analysis, Risk Evaluation, Risk
Treatment, Monitoring and Review, Communication and Consultation, Recording
and Reporting.
3. C) Risk Avoidance, Risk Sharing, Risk Acceptance
● D) None of the above

How can organizations implement ISO31000:2018 for risk management?

1. A) By ignoring leadership commitment and support

2. B) By conducting risk assessments using standardized methodologies and
tools.
3. C) By avoiding risk management capabilities across the organization
● D) None of the above

What is NOT one of the eight principles of risk management according to

ISO31000:2018?

1. A) Integrated Approach
2. B) Transparent Communication
3. C) Closed Decision-Making
● D) Dynamic and Iterative.
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Which of the following is NOT a key step in the risk management process according to
ISO31000:2018?

1. A) Establishing Context
2. B) Risk Avoidance
3. C) Communication and Consultation
● D) Recording and Reporting.

What is the primary purpose of risk treatment according to ISO31000:2018?

1. A) To increase risk tolerance

2. B) To mitigate, transfer, or accept risks in line with organizational objectives and
risk appetite.
3. C) To ignore identified risks
● D) None of the above

How does ISO31000:2018 recommend organizations to approach risk management?

1. A) With a bottom-up approach

2. B) With leadership commitment and support.
3. C) By avoiding risk assessment
● D) None of the above