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中国历史
Chinese History
一 古代史 Ancient Chinese History 中
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二 近代史 Modern Chinese History

三 当代史 Contemporary Chinese History

 近代史
二 Modern Chinese History

一 鸦片战争 The Opium Wars

二 中日甲午战争 Sino-Japanese War

三 八国联军侵华战争
The Eight-Nation Allied Army’s Invasion

四 辛亥革命 The Revolution of 1911

五 抗日战争 The War of Resistance Against Japan

(Second Sino-Japanese War)

六 解放战争 The War of Liberation

课前思考 Lead-in Questions

1. What is the beginning of modern Chinese history?

2. How many large-scale wars of aggression did the

invaders launch against China in the 19th century?

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2.2.1 鸦片战争
况 The Opium Wars

In the 1760s, the industrial revolution 工业革命 In 1793, the British envoy Macartney visited China.

in the West developed rapidly, and mankind He showed the initial results of the British industrial

entered the Age of Steam 蒸汽时代. Revolution to Emperor Qianlong.

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2.2.1 鸦片战争
况 The Opium Wars
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2.2.1 鸦片战争
况 The Opium Wars

From the beginning of the 19th century to

1839 40200

35445

20331
12576

7889
4000 Cases

1802 1824 1830 1834 1836 1839

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2.2.1 鸦片战争
况 The Opium Wars

“If we continue to allow this trade to flourish in a few dozen years, we will find ourselves
not only with no soldiers to resist the enemy but also with no money to equip the army”
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2.2.1 鸦片战争
况 The Opium Wars

In 1838, was sent to Guangzhou

to burn down all the opium in for

more than 20 days.

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2.2.1 鸦片战争
况 The Opium Wars
In June 1840, the British fleet blocked the Guangzhou, and

the Opium War broke out. In 1842, the Qing government was forced to sign

the Treaty of Nanjing.

• Pay 21 million silver dollars to Britain.

• open Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai as trade
ports.
1842 • Ceding Hong Kong Island.
Nanjing
Shanghai • Negotiate taxes on imports and exports with Britain.
Ningbo
Fuzhou
Xiamen
1840.6
Guangzhou
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2.2.1 鸦片战争
况 The Opium Wars

1854 aske to amend the Treaty of Nanjing

October 1856 Second Opium War
1857 occupy Guangzhou and hit Tianjin
the Treaty of Tianjin between China, Britain and France

• pay 4 million taels silver of the war reparations to

Britain, 2 million to France.
• British and French envoys can be stationed in Beijing.
• opening ten more trading ports.
• Foreign warships and merchant ships have free
navigation on inland rivers.
• Foreigners can do business and missionary work
freely in China.
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2.2.1 鸦片战争
况 The Opium Wars

Anglo-French Allied Force

invading the outskirts of Beijing for nearly 50 days

looting treasures and cultural relics of the Old Summer Palace

burning the Old Summer Palace (1860.10.18-1860.10.21)
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2.2.1 鸦片战争
况 The Opium Wars
Treaty of Beijing

• Opening Tianjin and Dalian as trade ports.

• Ceding the Division of Kowloon to Britain.

• Allowing Britain and France to recruit Chinese

laborers abroad

• the war reparations to Britain and France were

increased to 8 million taels of silver each.

• Russia set up consulates in Kulun and

Kashgar

• Russia occupied 400, 000 square kilometers

east of the Ussuri River

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2.2.2 中日甲午战争
况 Sino-Japanese War
In 1868, through the Meiji Restoration,
Japan got on the road of capitalism.
In 1894, Japan invaded Korea and China
for the control of the Korean Peninsula.

Sino-Japanese War

On sea: In the Yellow Sea battle, the

Japanese defeated the Northern Navy
On land: the Japanese army captured
Lvshun and Weihai.
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2.2.2 中日甲午战争
况 Sino-Japanese War
Treaty of
Shimonoseki (1895.4)
• China recognized Japanese control of

Korea Peninsula

• Cede Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan

and the Pescadores 澎湖列岛

马关
Shimonoseki
• Opening Shashi, Chongqing, Suzhou
Suzhou
and Hangzhou as trade ports
Shashi Hangzhou
Chongqing • pay 200 million taels silver of the war

reparations to Japan.

• Allow Japan to open factories in

China.
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2.2.3 八国联军侵华战争
况 the Eight-Nation Allied Army’s Invasion

the Boxer Rebellion

With the slogan of "Helping Qing and destroying foreign invaders”

Aimed to destroy foreigners and foreign religions.

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2.2.3 八国联军侵华战争
况 the Eight-Nation Allied Army’s Invasion

the Eight-Nation Allied Army’s Invasion

August 14, 1900 -- September 7, 1901

Britain, the United States, France, Germany,

Russia, Japan, Italy and Austria-Hungary
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2.2.3 八国联军侵华战争
况 the Eight-Nation Allied Army’s Invasion

Empress Dowager Cixi, Emperor

Guangxu and the rest of the royal
family fled west in panic.

the eight-Power allied forces

carried out the crazy burning,
killing, rape and pillage of Beijing
and the local people.
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2.2.3 八国联军侵华战争
况 the Eight-Nation Allied Army’s Invasion

The 1901 treaty (September 7, 1901) with eight countries and the other three
countries, Belgium, the Netherlands and Spain

• Pay 980 million taels of silver for war reparations of principal and interest in total.
• Dongjiaominxiang in Beijing is designated as the Embassy District, and 11 countries can send troops to station.
• Remove all the artillery on the Beijing-Haitongdao.
• 11 countries can send troops to station from Beijing to Shanhaiguan.
• All Chinese are forbidden from building or joining anti-imperialist organizations forever.
• Set up the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which is beyond the jurisdiction of the other six departments.
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练习题Practice

一、1860年洗劫和烧毁圆明园的外国侵略军是
The foreign invaders who sacked and burned the Old Summer Palace in 1860 were

A. the Eight-Nation Allied Army

B. the Anglo-French Allied Army

C. Japanese invading Army

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练习题Practice

二、从中国攫取了40万平方公里的土地，在第二次鸦片战争中获利最大
的”国家是 The country that took 400,000 square kilometers of land from China
and benefited the most from the Second Opium War is

A. Britain B. France C. Japan D. Russia

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讨论题Topic of discussion

Treaty Title

Time

war background

contract parties

ceding

reparations
content
Trade Ports

Other

effects
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2.2.4 辛亥革命
况 The Revolution of 1911

1905 found the Chinese Revolutionary Alliance

Three Principles of the People：nationality, civil rights and

people's livelihood
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2.2.4 辛亥革命
况 The Revolution of 1911

1911 road preservation movement

October 10 Wuchang Uprising

14 provinces independent
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2.2.4 辛亥革命
况 The Revolution of 1911

On January 1, 1912, the provisional government of the

Republic of China was established in Nanjing, and Sun was
elected president.
On February 21, the emperor Xuantong -- Puyi was forced to
abdicate.
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2.2.5 抗日战争
况 The War of Resistance Against Japan
Second Sino-Japanese War

September 18, 1931

The 918 incident

February 5, 1932
Japanese occupied the three northeastern provinces
Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang.
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2.2.5 抗日战争
况 The War of Resistance Against Japan
Second Sino-Japanese War The Revolution of 1911

the emperor of Manchukuo -- PuYi

In 1932, Japan established a pro-Japanese

regime Manchukuo
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2.2.5 抗日战争
况 The War of Resistance Against Japan
Second Sino-Japanese War The Revolution of 1911

July 7, 1937 Marco Polo Bridge Incident

July 29 and 30, 1937 occupied Beijing and Tianjin

Beijing

Tianjin The Kuomintang and the Communist Party united

forces against Japanese aggression.

Shanghai

August 1937 The Battle of Shanghai

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2.2.5 抗日战争
况 The War of Resistance Against Japan
Second Sino-Japanese War The Revolution of 1911

December 13, 1937

Nanjing Massacre

Japanese army carried out six weeks of

organized and premeditated massacre, rape,

arson, looting and other bloody atrocities, with

a total death rate of more than 300,000.

The National government moved to Chongqing

as a temporary wartime capital.

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2.2.5 抗日战争
况 The War of Resistance Against Japan
Second Sino-Japanese War The Revolution of 1911

December 7, 1941 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor

New Year's Day 1942 Declaration by United Nations

August 15, 1945 Japan unconditionally surrender

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2.2.5 解放战争
况 The War of Liberation

◆ Communist Party conducted peace negotiations

with the Kuomintang government and signed the

Armistice Agreement.

◆ In June 1946, the Kuomintang broke the agreement,

and the War of Liberation officially began.

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2.2.5 解放战争
况 The War of Liberation

Changes in military strength

between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party
（Million）
5
4.5 4.3
4 3.65
3.5
3 2.8
2.5
2
1.5 1.3
1
0.5
0
1946.6 1948
共产党解放军People's Liberation Army of CPC 国民党军Kuomintang Army
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2.2.5 解放战争
况 The War of Liberation

September 1948 to January 1949:

Liao-Shen Campaign

Huai-Hai Campaign

Ping-Jin Campaign

April 23, 1949

the People's Liberation Army occupied Nanjing
the Kuomintang retreat to Taiwan
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2.2.5 解放战争
况 The War of Liberation

In 1949, led by the Communist Party,

the Chinese people managed to drive
away the imperial powers and
overthrew the government of the
Nationalist Party led by Jiang Kai-shek,
representative of imperialism, feudalism
and bureaucrat capitalism. The history
of the semi-colonial and semi-feudal
society in China was replaced with the
Victory of a democratic revolution.
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2.2.6 新中国成立
况 Founding of New China

On October 1,1949, standing on Tian An Men gate tower in Beijing, Chairman Mao Zedong (1893-1976)
solemnly proclaimed the founding of the People's Republic of China.
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练习题Practice

一、抗日战争后，哪一个国家积极支持国民党发动内战？
After the Anti-Japanese War, which country actively supported the Kuomintang to launch the

CIVIL WAR?

A. Japan B. Soviet Union

C. United Kingdom D. the United States

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练习题Practice

二、以下哪一事件是中国延续了两千多年的封建君主专制覆灭的标志？

Which of the following events marked the fall of China‘s feudal autocracy, which had
lasted for more than two thousand years？

A. The Chinese Revolutionary Alliance (Tongmenghui) was founed.

B. Wuchang Uprising broke out.

C. The provisional government of the Republic of China was established in Nanjing.

D. The emperor Xuantong was forced to abdicate.

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练习题Practice

三、判断题✓or ×

1. Sun Zhongshan first put forward the Three Principles of the People with
✓
nationality, civil rights and people's livelihood.

× 2. On January 1, 1912, the provisional government of the Republic of China was

established in Beijing.

× 3. The actual power of Manchukuo was totally controlled by Pu Yi.

✓ 4. The People's Liberation Army won the three campaigns of Liaoshen, Huaihai
and Pingjin.

× 5. After Nanjing massacre, the National government moved to Wuhan as a

temporary wartime capital.