UNIT 1 NEW THINGS

VOCABULARY - PERSONALITY

a people person - someone who is happier or more skilled at dealing with people

a computer geek - computer geek is a term for a person who has above-average expertise in computer
technology

keep yourself to yourself - to refrain from attempting to communicate or make connections with others

witty - with quick and inventive verbal humor

down-to-earth - practical, unpretentious

a good laugh - someone that is amusing and fun to be with

spontaneous - performed or occurring as a result of a sudden inner impulse or inclination and without
premeditation or external stimulus

a morning person - person that wakes up early in the morning and have no problem with that

sympathetic - feeling, showing, or expressing sympathy; (of a person) attracting the liking of others

cautious - careful to avoid potential problems or dangers

naive - showing a lack of experience, wisdom, or judgment

genuine - truly what something is said to be; authentic

outgoing - friendly and socially confident

mean - rude, spiteful

flexible - being able to cope with changes in circumstances and think about problems and tasks in novel,
creative ways

eccentric - unconventional and slightly strange

trustworthy - able to be relied on as honest or truthful

moody - given to unpredictable changes of mood, especially sudden bouts of gloominess or sullenness

VOCABULARY - FEELINGS

frustrated - feeling or expressing distress and annoyance, especially because of inability to change or achieve
something

wish the ground would swallow (one) up - to wish one could have an escape from being embarassed

over the moon - extremely happy and glad

make someone's stomach turn - to make someone feel ill or uncomfortable usually because something is so
offensive or disgusting

relieved - experiencing or showing relief especially from anxiety or pent-up emotions

fascinated - strongly attracted and interested

to shake like a leaf - to tremble violently with fear or nervousness

scared out of one's wits - shocked or frightened very suddenly or severely; alludes to scaring one so badly that
they lose their sanity

impressed - feeling or showing admiration or respect for someone or something

awkward - causing difficulty; hard to do or deal with

to have more time on hands - to have extra or spare time in which one has nothing to do

dig into - to start eating, often eagerly or excitedly; to investigate in an attempt to uncover information

carry on - to continue to do something

GRAMMAR - DIRECT AND INDIRECT QUESTIONS

Direct questions are the “normal” questions that we can ask friends, family members, and people who we
know well. Example of a direct question: “Where’s the bathroom?”

Indirect questions are a little more formal and polite. We use them when talking to a person we don’t know
very well, or in professional situations, and their form is a little different. Example of an indirect question:
“Could you tell me where the bathroom is?” Indirect questions don't use the auxiliaries do or did. When there
isn't a question word in the direct question, add if or whether in the indirect question.

PHRASES FOR INDIRECT QUESTIONS:

Could you tell me…

Do you know…
I was wondering…
Do you have any idea…
I’d like to know…
Would it be possible…
Is there any chance…
DIRECT AND INDIRECT QUESTIONS IN ENGLISH: EXAMPLES

1. In indirect questions with is/are, the verb is comes after the subject

Direct: Where is Market Street?

Indirect: Could you tell me where Market Street is?

2. In indirect questions, we don’t use the auxiliary verbs do/does/did.

Direct: What time does the bank open?

Indirect: Do you know what time the bank opens?

There is no auxiliary verb did in the indirect question. In fact, this indirect question isn’t even a question – it’s
more of a statement that invites the other person to give more information.

Direct: Why did you move to Europe?

Indirect: I was wondering why you moved to Europe.

The auxiliary verbs have and has can be used in both the direct and indirect questions – but in the direct
question, has comes before the subject, and in the indirect question, has comes after the subject.

Direct: How has he managed to get in shape so quickly?

Indirect: Do you have any idea how he’s managed to get in shape so quickly?

For direct questions with can, we can use the phrase “would it be possible…” to make it indirect.

Direct: Can you finish the project by tomorrow?

Indirect: Would it be possible for you to finish the project by tomorrow?

“Is there any chance…” is another option for forming indirect questions with can

Direct: Can we change the meeting to Thursday?

Indirect: Is there any chance we could change the meeting to Thursday?

YES/NO DIRECT QUESTIONS –> “IF” OR “WHETHER” IN INDIRECT QUESTIONS

If the direct question is a “yes or no” question (it has no question word such as what, who, when, where, why,
or how), then the indirect question will have if.

Direct: Does Tom like Italian food?

Indirect: Do you know if Tom likes Italian food?

Direct: Are your parents joining us for dinner?

Indirect: Could you tell me if your parents are joining us for dinner?

Direct: Do they speak English?

Indirect: I was wondering whether they speak English.

Direct: Has Barbara ever studied abroad?

Indirect: Do you have any idea if Barbara’s ever studied abroad?

FORMING NOUN FROM AN ADJECTIVE:

frustrated - frustration

awkward - awkwardness

embarrassed - embarrassment

creative - creativity

disappointed - disappointment

anxious - anxiety

angry - anger

fascinated - fascination

spontaneous - spontaneity

nervous - nervousness

amused - amusement

UNIT 2 ISSUES
VOCABULARY - ISSUES

domestic - existing or occurring inside a particular country; not foreign or international

rural - in, relating to, or characteristic of the countryside rather than the town
urban - in, relating to, or characteristic of a town or city

industrial - relating to or characterized by industry

typhoid - an infectious bacterial fever with an eruption of red spots on the chest and abdomen and severe
intestinal irritation

flood - an overflowing of a large amount of water beyond its normal confines over what is normally dry land

drought - a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall, leading to a shortage of water

volcanic eruption - an act or instance of a volcano erupting

earthquake - a sudden and violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing great destruction, as a result of
movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action

landslide - the sliding down of a mass of earth or rock from a mountain or cliff

obesity - the condition of being grossly fat or overweight

NOUNS AND VERBS WITH THE SAME FORM

a project / to project

a record / to record

a permit / to permit

a decrease / to decrease

an appeal / to appeal

an impact / to impact

a suspect / to suspect

a test / to test

a queue / to queue

a guess / to guess

a cure / to cure

a fine / to fine

a tip / to tip

a lie / to lie

VOCABULARY - SURVEILLANCE

the authorities - an official group, e.g. the government or the police

to monitor, to keep track of - to observe, watch or follow

to store the information - to keep data for future use

an invasion of privacy - getting information about someone's private life in a way they don't like

to identify - establish or indicate who or what (someone or something) is

deterrent - a thing that discourages or is intended to discourage someone from doing something

crime prevention - stopping people from doing something illegal

surveillance - a situation in which there is a lot of observation, filming or recording of people

to access data - to obtain information

VARIOUS VOCABULARY

eye-opening - unexpectedly enlightening; groundbreaking

pledge - a solemn promise or undertaking

vet - check someone's background info

a one-off deal - happening, done, or made only once

to give the performance of one's life - to give an amazing performance

to persist - continue firmly or obstinately in an opinion or a course of action in spite of difficulty

due - expected at or planned for at a certain time

dread - great fear or apprehension

dimmed - not shining brightly or clearly

shivering - shaking slightly and uncontrollably as a result of being cold, frightened, or excited

pervaded - spread through and be perceived in every part of

visibly - in a way that is visible to the eye

GRAMMAR - THE PASSIVE

We form the passive with be + past participle. In a passive sentence, the agent (the doer of the action) may or
may not be mentioned.

ACTIVE PASSIVE
Present Simple The press follows him everywhere. He's followed everywhere by the press.
Present Continuous His email are being monitored by the
The police are monitoring his emails.
police.
Past Simple Fire destroyed the building. The building was destroyed by fire.
Present Perfect My sandwich has been eaten by
Someone has eaten my sandwich.
someone.
Will Someone will tell you. You will be told.
Modals We can't do it now. It can't be done now.
-ing form I don't like people criticising me. I don't like being criticised.
Infinitive with to The organizers want people to give The organizers want to be given
feedback. feedback.
UNIT 3 STORIES
MULTI-WORDS VERBS

take up - to start (a new hobby or habit)

settle down - to start living a quiet life

turn up - to arrive

give up - to stop, mainly because you can't do it anymore

set up - to start (a business)

run out - to be completely used up

be brought up - to be raised

pick up - to learn by experience not study

look up to - to respect

pass away - to die

drop out - to stop doing (a course)

go on - to continue to do something

go by - to pass (about time)

stand for - to represent

take on - to agree to do some work

SAYINGS

to give the performance of life - to give such a stunning performance that it may be the best one in one's life

what goes around comes around - if someone treats other people badly they will eventually be treated badly
by someone else

once bitten, twice shy - once one is hurt by someone or something, one will be extra cautious to avoid that
person/thing

nothing ventured, nothing gained - it is worth trying to do something because one might succeed even though
success is not certain

when in Rome do as the Romans do - when you are visiting another place, you should follow the customs of
the people in that place

every cloud has a silver lining - a negative occurrence may have a positive aspect to it

VOCABULARY - CHANGE

REACT TO CHANGE: adjust to

MAKE A POSITIVE CHANGE: have a positive effect on; enable sb to do sth

MAKE A NEGATIVE CHANGE: have devastating effects on, cause/do harm, cause damage to sb

MAKE A BIG CHANGE: revolutionise, transform

VARIOUS VOCABULARY
persist - to continue firmly or obstinately in an opinion or a course of action in spite of difficulty, opposition, or
failure

dim - not shining brightly or clearly, make or become less bright or distinct

dread - great fear or apprehension

pervade - to spread through and be perceived in every part

shiver - a momentary trembling movement/ to shake slightly and uncontrollably as a result of being cold,
frightened, or excited

due - expected at or planned for at a certain time

visibly - in a way that is visible to the eye

eager - (of a person) wanting to do or have something very much

remarkable - worthy of attention; striking

poignant - evoking a keen sense of sadness or regret

UNIT 4 DOWNTIME
recharge - to restore power

wind up - an act of concluding or finishing something

switch off - to become unfocused, inattentive, or disengaged

chill out - (often used as an imperative) to become calmer; to calm down

focus on - to center on or be dedicated to something in particular

exceptional - well above average; deviating from a norm:

delightful - giving great delight; very pleasing, beautiful, charming

significant - having or likely to have a major effect; important

breathtaking - inspiring, astonishing, astounding

superb - unusually of high quality; excellent

GRAMMAR - PRESENT AND PAST HABITS

WE USE IT WHEN WE TALK ABOUT...

Used to + infinitive activities and states that happen /happened regularly in the past but not now

Would + infinitive regular activities/states in the past which no longer happen now
Frequency adverbs + past present habits (present simple/continuous) or past habits (past simple/continuous).
simple/continuous Frequency adverbs: always, usually, generally, normally, typically, etc.
Always + present
long/repeated activities that are often annoying/surprising
continuous
Will + infinitive activities/states which are present/future habits, often with frequency adverbs
UNIT 5 IDEAS
VARIOUS VOCABULARY

jet pack - a device worn over the shoulders like a backpack and enabling the wearer to travel through
the air or space

bottle cap - a cover of a glass bottle

ring-pull - a pull that opens a pop-top

power plant - an installation where electrical power is generated for distribution

outlook - a person's point of view or general attitude to life

breakdown - a mechanical failure or a failure of a relationship or system

breakthrough - a sudden and important discovery

drawback - a feature that renders something less acceptable; a disadvantage or problem

downside - the negative aspect of something

outcome - the way a thing turns out; a consequence

VOCABULARY THAT HAS TO DO WITH CHANGE

react to change: adjust to

make a positive change: have a positive effect on; enable sb to do sth

make a negative change: have devastating effects on, cause/do harm, cause damage to sb

make a big change: revolutionise, transform

WORD-BUILDING: ADVERTISING COLLOCATIONS

a price: set, raise, decrease, increase

a product: launch, advertise, promote, endorse

a market: break into, enter, see a gap in, dominate

GRAMMAR: REAL AND HYPOTHETICAL CONDITIONALS

1 Use a real conditional when:

 something is always or generally true

if + present simple + present simple
 something is likely to happen in the future as a result of possible action
if + present simple + will

2 Use a hypothetical conditional when something is unlikely to happen in the present or future:

 if + past simple + would

3 As alternatives to if, it is possible to use:

 unless to mean if not

 provided, providing, on condition that or as long as to mean if and only if
 supposing, suppose, imagine or let's say to say that something is unlikely

UNIT 6 AGE
VARIOUS VOCABULARY

to be in the prime - a period when somebody has the most energy and potential or somebody's
happiest, most successful time in life

act your age - said to someone to tell them to behave in a more mature way

come of age - to reach adulthood or to progress fully

maturity - the state, fact, or period of being mature; also - wisdom that comes with age

age discrimination - ageism; treating people unfairly based on age

peak early - someone that reached their top already and now are headed towards a steady decline

late bloomer - a person whose talents or capabilities are not visible to others until later than usual

elderly - old said in a more polite way

immature - childish and therefore foolish

enterprise - a project or undertaking; a business or company

ever-shifting - constantly changing, especially in an unpredictable way

milestone - an action or event marking a significant change

mediocrity - the quality or state of being ordinary and average

biased - unfairly prejudiced for or against someone or something

peers - people who are the same age or have the same job

have mixed feeling about - feel both positive and negative about something

look forward to - think about a future event

have ups and downs - have something sometimes go well and sometimes go badly

go nowhere - make no progress

dread - be really worried and fearful about something

fill with despair - cause someone to be really worried and fearful

upbeat - optimistic

look on the bright side - see things in a positive way

VOCABULARY: TIME-IDIOMS

in no time - very quickly

cut sth short - to stop doing sth earlier than planned

time after time - again and again

drag (one's) heels - to delay doing something

in the nick of time - at the last moment before it is too late to do something

any time now - very soon

kill an hour or two - to spend time doing something unimportant while waiting for something else to
happen

make up for lost time - to do something quickly because you started late or worked too slowly

WORD-BUILDING: PREFIXES

Add a prefix to the words to make them negative:

1 You have unrealistic expectations of life.

2 Your behaviour is unpredictable and sometimes illogical.

3 You are dissatisfied with how your life has turned out.

4 You aren't very keen on unfamiliar situations.

5 You are impatient with people who don't understand technology.

6 You think you are immortal.

7 You are unwilling to change your mind about your opinions.

8 You misbehave to get people's attention.

9 You sometimes feel insecure in groups and misinterpret what people say to you.

What do you call:

1 a) the generation who was born before the war? pre-war

b) the period of history before the written records? prehistoric

2 a) the generation born after the war? post-war

b) a university course taken after you graduate from your initial course? postgraduate

3 a) the time you spend working in your job in addition to your normal working hours? overtime

b) people who are forced to work too much or too hard? overworking

4 a) someone who isn't the minimum age to see an X-rated movie? underage

b) someone who doesn't have enough qualifications to get a job? underqualified

GRAMMAR: MODAL VERBS AND RELATED PHRASES

obligation
have to prohibition mustn't
(strong)
obligation
should permission can
(weak)
lack of ability/lack of
don't have to can't
obligation ability

Obligation

 Must can express that the obligation is internal, not (only) because of a rule.
I must finish this report - I don't want to annoy the boss.
 Use make someone do something when someone forces another person to do something.
My mum makes me study for two hours every night.
 Use be supposed to especially when the obligation is broken.
I'm not supposed to eat chocolate but...

Lack of obligation/prohibition

 Note the difference between don't have to and mustn't:

You don't have to arrive before 5 p.m. (it is not necessary)
You mustn't arrive before 5 p.m. (you're not allowed to)

Permission

 Use let someone or allow someone to to say that someone gave permission to someone
Do you think she'll let me take a day off?
My company allows us to work from home one day a week.

Ability

 For ability on a single occasion in the past, use was/were able to or manage to (not could)
He was able to find his way out of the forest and get help.
 Use manage to for something that is/was difficult to do.
He managed to run the race in under three hours.

Complete the sentences with a modal verb or related phrase:

1 Parents should be strict with kids or they won't be able to control them later.

2 The worst thing about school was that I couldn't do what I wanted to.

3 When I was a child, my parents often let me stay over at my friends' house.

4 When I was younger, I was supposed to help clean our flat but I never did.

5 The best thing about being an adult is that no one can make you do something if you don't want to.

6 When I am older I will be able to afford an apartment in the city centre.

7 A good thing about being retired is that you don't have to work anymore.

GRAMMAR: FUTURE PERFECT AND FUTURE CONTINOUS

Future Perfect

 Use will + have + past participle to talk about something that will finish before a specific time in
the future, often with the preposition by, meaning at the latest.
I'll have finished this report by the end of the week.
 It is possible to use other modals, adverbs and phrases with this form:
I might have finished/ I definitely won't have finished/ I'd like to have finished by then.

Future Continuous

 Use will + be + -ing form for:

- something that will be in progress at or around a specific future time
I'll be driving home when you call, so just leave a message.
- something that will happen in the normal course of events, not as part of a particular
intention or plan
I expect I'll be talking to Ian tomorrow, so I could ask him then.
 Note that we use that meaning to introduce requests in a neutral way
- Will you be passing the post-box?
- Yes, indeed.
- In that case, could you post this for me?
 It is possible to use other modals, adverbs and phrases with this form:
This time next week I could be relaxing/I'll probably be relaxing/I'd like to be relaxing by the lake.

Complete the sentences with the future perfect or the future continuous form of the verb in
brackets.

1 This film starts at eight, and it's about two hours long. At nine I will be watching the film. (watch)
By eleven, the film will have finished. (finish)

2 Her plane lands at 11.45p.m. At midnight she will probably be waiting for luggage. (probably/wait)

3 The world hotdog-eating champion can eat more than six hotdogs a minute. In ten minutes from
now, he will have eaten over sixty hotdogs. (eat) Tonight in his sleep, he will be dreaming about
hotdogs.

4 Give me a day to think about it. By this time tomorrow, I will have decided. (decide) This time next
week, I will be wishing I had decided differently. (wish)

UNIT 7 MEDIA
VARIOUS VOCABULARY

journalist - a person who writes for newspapers, magazines, or news websites or prepares news to
be broadcast

editor - a person who is in charge of and determines the final content of a text, particularly a
newspaper or magazine

copy editor - a person who checks and corrects errors in written material

content - the things that are held or included in something

front page - the first page of a newspaper or similar publication

headline - a heading at the top of an article or page in a newspaper or magazine

daily paper - a newspaper that comes out everyday

report - an account given of a particular matter, especially in the form of an official document,

review - a formal assessment or examination of something

stock market - a stock exchange

billboard - a large outdoor board for displaying advertisements

tabloid - a newspaper having pages half the size of those of a standard newspaper, typically popular
in style and dominated by headlines, photographs, and sensational stories

cable TV - a system of delivering television programming to consumers via radio frequency signals
transmitted through cables

prime time - the regularly occurring time at which a television or radio audience is expected to be
greatest

by-line - a line in a newspaper naming the writer of an article

anchor-man/woman - a person who presents and coordinates a live television or radio program
involving other contributors

scoop - a piece of news published by a newspaper or broadcast by a television or radio station in

advance of its rivals

public service announcement (PSA) - a message in the public interest disseminated without charge,
with the objective of raising awareness of, and changing public attitudes and behaviour towards, a
social issue

embedded reporter - a journalist attached to a military unit during a conflict

coverage - the extent to which something deals with or applies to something else

transmission - the action or process of transmitting something, or the state of being transmitted

on air - spoken, occurring, or used during broadcasting

breaking news - newly received information about an event that is currently occurring or developing

compose - write or create a work of art, especially music or poetry

in a nutshell - using as few words as possible

in no way - not at all

by any means - not at all

through nothing more of it - spend no time thinking about sth

spread like wildfire - become known by lots of people very quickly

take things at face value - accept things as they are

GRAMMAR: REPORTING VERBS

1 -ing form deny, admit, suggest

2 preposition + -ing form apologise

3 object + preposition + -ing
accuse sb of doing sth
form
4 infinitive promise, refuse, agree, offer, threaten

5 object + infinitive persuade, warn, tell, invite, advise, remind

Complete the sentences so they are negative:

1 He accused them of not taking (take) his injuries seriously.

2 He persuaded his doctor not to talk (talk) to the media.

3 His wife told him not to lie (lie) to the media.

4 He apologised for not telling (tell) the truth.

5 The authorities warned him not to do (do) it again.

UNIT 8 BEHAVIOUR
VARIOUS VOCABULARY

gratitude - a strong feeling of appreciation to someone or something for what the person has done to
help you

alleged - said or thought by some people to be the stated bad or illegal thing, although you have no
proof

stash - to store or hide something, especially a large amount

surveillance - he careful watching of a person or place, especially by the police or army, because of a
crime that has happened or is expected

lumpy - not well-proportioned and pleasing in shape

thrift - the careful use of money, especially by avoiding waste

stroller - a pushchair, a small folding chair on wheels that a baby or small child sits in and is pushed
around in

fairness - impartial and just treatment or behaviour without favouritism or discrimination

greed - intense and selfish desire for something, especially wealth, power, or food

generosity - the quality of being kind and generous

equality - the state of being equal, especially in status, rights, and opportunities
arrive at/reach a decision - to decide

put off/postpone a decision - delay deciding

assess/evaluate a situation - judge a situation

explore/look into a situation - look at a situation in detail

stick to/follow to one's principles - to do sth in harmony with one's values and morals

go against/betray one's principles - to do sth in opposition to one's values and morals

VOCABULARY: COMPOUND ADJECTIVES

Compound adjectives are made up of two or more words that form a single idea. They often have
hyphens. With phrases expressing quantity, do not use a plural: nine-month-old baby NOT nine
months old baby.

1 The baby is three days old. She's a three-year-old baby.

2 I like clothes that people make by hand. I like hand-made clothes.

3 That wall is 15 metres high. It's a 15-meter-high wall.

4 That moment changed my life. It was a life-changing moment.

5 The TV series has run for a long time. It's a long-running TV series.

6 The course is five years long. It's a five-year-long course.

7 Elaine Jones has very good qualifications. She's very well-qualified.

8 Research is an activity that consumer a lot of time. It's a time-consuming activity.

GRAMMAR: PAST AND MIXED CONDITIONALS

1 In the conditional clause use the past perfect to talk about the hypothetical past

2 In the result clauses use:

 modal + have + past participle to talk about the past

 modal + infinitive to talk about the present

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets:

1 A hiker saved two strangers lost on a snowy mountain by sharing his food and water with them and
risking his own life. If they had been (be) more prepared when they set out that morning, he
wouldn't have needed (not need) to risk his own life. They would be (be) dead now if he had left
(leave) them there.

2 A 39-yeard old man saved a woman by pulling her out of her burning car, which exploded moments
later. They both could have died (could die) if it had taken (take) any longer to pull her out. Most of
the other people there wouldn't have done (not do) that.

3 A woman found a winning lottery ticket and used the money to buy a house. Later she had to
return the money to the original owner of the ticker, who still had the receipt proving he had bought
it. I would have felt (feel) pretty bad if I had done (do) what that woman did, and if I'd been caught.
If the man hadn't save (not save) the receipt, he might never have recovered (might never recover)
the money.

GRAMMAR: -ING FORM AND INFINITIVE

form example

Don't make the mistake of thinking that he's stupid,

after a preposition -ing form
it's just a guise.

to express purpose infinitive + to Some people are laying to impress others.

after let someone or make Most people let their kids have imagined friends
infinitive
someone when they're little.
as a part of a semi-fixed
infinitive + to It's important to think for yourself.
phrase, e.g. It's important
as a subject or object (or Perhaps being generous in a game means wanting to
-ing form
part of one of these) be generous in real life.
Some people would keep everything for themselves
after modal verbs infinitive
if they stroke a gold.
after certain verbs, e.g.
-ing form Please, avoid feeding the chipmunks!
enjoy, avoid, imagine

after certain verbs, e.g.

infinitive + to My cats would like to eat all day and all night.
want, would like, tend

after had better or would Most people in this situation would rather
infinitive
rather cooperate than be left alone.

Bold the correct form in the sentences

1 I would rather being/to be/be a victim of unfairness than an unfair person.

2 It's good that some parents make their children working/to work/work from an early age.

3 Everyone is capable of cheating/to cheat/cheat another, given the right circumstances.

4 Beware of anyone who says they can't stand losing/to lose/lose, as they'll do anything to win.

5 A child should being/to be/be taught when and how to be generous...

6 ...but not just earning/to earn/earn the praise of others.

7 It's better giving/to give/give than receiving/to receive/receive.

8 To be/Being/Be good is easy; what is difficult is to be/being/be just.

UNIT 9 TROUBLE
VARIOUS VOCABULARY

scam - a dishonest scheme; a fraud

addictive - causing or likely to cause sb to become addicted

dope - a drug taken illegally for recreational purposes, especially marijuana or heroin

long-term - occurring over or relating to a long period of time

designer drugs - drugs that people use at discos and parties

be released on bail - be let out of jail due to a guardian paying the bail amount

bring to trial - put into a situation in which evidence is presented in a court to a judge and often a
jury to decide if one is guilty of a crime

remand in custody - to be detained in a prison until a later date when a trial or sentencing hearing
will take place

issue an arrest warrant - to write an order commanding the seizure of the person named

caught red-handed - see, and perhaps apprehend, sb as they are doing something

impose - to establish or apply by authority, for example establish a fine

lodge an appeal - to make a formal or official appeal, for example a prisoner can lodge an appeal
against their sentence

uphold the verdict - to say that a verdict has been made

bend the law - do something that does not technically break the law but could be considered
inappropriate or unfair

set a precedent - decide something that will be used as an example or rule to be followed in the
future

capital punishment - the legally authorized killing of someone as punishment for a crime

corporal punishment - physical punishment, such as caning or flogging

community service - work intended to help people in a particular area

driving ban - not being able to legally drive vehicles

life imprisonment - the state of being imprisoned for one's whole life

spanking - an act of slapping, especially on the buttocks as a punishment

electric chair - a chair in which people sentenced to death are executed by electrocution

outlaw - ban or make illegal; a person who has broken the law

lethal weapon - a weapon that can be used to kill

self-defence - the action of defending oneself from or resisting attack

lawyer - a person who practices or studies law; an attorney or a counselor

defendant - an individual, company, or institution sued or accused in a court of law

assault - a physical attack

manslaughter - the crime of killing a human being without malice aforethought, or otherwise in
circumstances not amounting to murder

adolescent - (of a young person) in the process of developing from a child into an adult

suspect - a person thought to be guilty of a crime or offense

offender - a person who commits an illegal act

parole - the release of a prisoner temporarily (for a special purpose) or permanently before the
completion of a sentence, on the promise of good behaviour

pardon - the action of forgiving or being forgiven for an error or offense

settle out of court - settle the dispute out of court

sue - institute legal proceedings against a person or institution, for example for negligence

win the case - to win in a court

appeal against - make a request against something, for example against the decision

VOCABULARY: SYNONYMS

believe a trick: be taken in, fall for

act as someone else: pretend to be, pose

trick sb: deceive, fool

cause sb to not notice sth: distract, divert one's attention from sth

take sth quickly: snatch, grab

exchange one thing for another: switch/swap sth for sth else

VOCABULARY: EXPRESSIONS WITH LAW

what the authorities do: tighten the law, relax the law, enforce the law, change the law

what offenders or criminals do: break the law, defy the law, ignore the law, disobey the law

what good citizens do: obey the law, observe the law, comply with the law, abide by the law

UNIT 10 CULTURE
VARIOUS VOCABULARY

fast-paced - very quick, for example a movie or song can be fast-paced

touching - moving, poignant

gripping - full of suspense and intense

gory - bloody and scary

hysterical - hilarious

creepy - scary

controversial - likely to give rise to public disagreement, possibly offensive

outstanding - stunning, superb

thought-provoking - making one think about or re-think certain views or opinions

baddie - a villain or criminal in a story, movie, etc.

VOCABULARY: TWO-PART PHRASES

sick and tired - thoroughly weary and bored

ups and downs - a mixture of good and bad things happening to a person

on and on - without end

leaps and bounds - grow or progress very quickly

pros and cons - arguments for and against sth

rough and ready - crude or unpolished, but still fit for use; good enough

through and through - in every way, thoroughly.

now and then - from time to time, occasionally

give and take - the practice of making mutual concessions, compromise

Zadanie 1.

1. The company was upbeat at its annual meeting, saying turnover and profit are higher than at this
time last year.
2. The new legislation has completely swapped/transformed the way in which companies must
secure personal data.
3. The is being hunted by the police for his alleged involvment
4. The humane way of dealing with a suffering animal is to kill it quickly.
5. The car moved off the track in the nick of time – another moment an the train would have
smashed into it.
6. Retailers will need to rethink their strategies as thrifty shoppers demand prive-competitive goods.
7. She's the type of person who's always adapts easily to new circumstances.
8. The officer assess the situation and weighed up the risks before giving his men the command to
move forward.
9. The outcome of the review demonstrated that company protocol has not been adhered to during
the negotiations.
10. The only real downside of the proposed restructuring is that some staff will lose their jobs and
have to be made redundant.
11. I was sick of listening to her story so I finally cut her short.
12. He might try to drag/pull you in. Keep an eye on him and count your change.
13. The downside for keeping the business afloat during the worst of the recession was that
employees would have to face a pay cut.
14. How much longer will the government go on dragging its heels about whether to invest more
money in the railways?
15. Surprisingly, it only took Jack a few weeks to adjust to his new role as an area manager.
Zadanie 2.

1. Lucy was told that her qualifications were not relating / not important when it came to how she
dealt with difficult customers. – Insignificant

2. The monument is a moving / touching reminder of those who died in the war. – Poignant

3. The jury concluded from the evidence that the accused was Innocent. – Denunciation

4. The police hope the public will help them to find the perpetrator. – Culprit

5. He grasped hastily the photos out of my hand before I had a chance to look at them. – Snatched

6. Given the evidence suggesting a flight risk, the judge sent back the suspect into the custody of the
sheriff to await trial. – Returned

7. The discovery of penicillin was a significant event in medical history. – Momentous

8. Several powerful bombs were found hidden in the trunk of his rental car. – Secluded

9. The magazine is published every two months, with six issues a year. – Bimonthly

10. I think you may have interpreted falsely what Alex meant when he said you could do better. He
was trying to be encouraging rather than critical. – Misinterpreted
1. I can’t take money from charity like that, it goes against all of my core principles.

2. The Supreme Court started that the defendant was guilty of armed robbery.

3. She is charged with murdering her husband.

4. The politician was able to favour those who donated money to his campaign.

5. Jean asked Derek to find somewhere else to stay as she couldn’t put up with his constant
complaining any longer.

6. The suspect was brought to trial after being arrested on suspicion of assault.

7. Seeing the old photo of my brother and I playing in my grandparents’ garden took me straight back
to my childhood days.

8. So far, he’s sticking with the same story he gave the police.

9. He used the gun in self-defence.

10. There are serious penalties for failure to comply with the regulations.

11. The teenagers were sentenced to community service for spraying graffiti on a public building.

12. The Court of Appeals let him remain free on bail during the appeal of his conviction.

13. Because Donna refuses to abide by her parents’ rules, I worry that she’ll be told to move out of
their house.

14. He’s been released on parole.

15. While walking around the Colosseum in Rome. Gerry had a strange sense of deja vu – it turned
out that he’d visited it with his family when he was only three years old.

16. If anyone happens to come to a red leather purse with a set of keys in it, could they give me a
ring, please?

17. Why did i keep putting back working on this essay?

18. The committee failed to arrive at a decision.

19. I told them that I like this stupid school, and they totally fell for it – I guess I’m a pretty good
actress.

20. Bad weather was blamed for causing long delays to the train service.
Zadanie 4.

1. Nine o’clock’s too late to arrive. To concert (start) will have started by then.
2. When my boss made me (work) work late last Friday, I had to cancel my dinner plans.
3. That missed call (could, not be) couldn’t be from Naime as she was in an examination all afternoon
and wasn’t allowed to leave the room.
4. I do wish you’d stop (make) making that terrible noise. It’s giving me a headache.
5. Brian admitted (steal) stealing information from the company and selling it on to competitors.
6. Luca refused (leave) to leave until he knew I was feeling better and would be ok on my own.
7. Ivan is usually home by now. He (must, get) must have got stuck in traffic.
8. Sorry, I completely forgot (put) to put your letter in the post. I’ll do it tomorrow.
9. Please remind me (post) to post this letter.
10. When I was at school, girls (must) must have worn a uniform with a shirt and tie.
11. By this time tomorrow the championship draw (happen) will have happened and we’ll know who
we’re playing with.
12. Do you remember (wake) waking up in the middle of the night with the words ‘goal!’?
13. Simon’s tried (stop) to stop smoking a couple of Times now but always ends up starting again
when he gets stressed at work.
14. Do you ever regret (leave) leaving New Zealand to come and work here?
15. Will you go on (work) working for then now you’ve been passed over for promotion?