Unit 1 : Water Education
CHAPTER 1 WATER CYCLE
• Answer the following questions in brief :
(1) What is a water cycle?
Ans. (1) The sun primarily evaporates the water in oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and
ponds on the earth. Atmospheric vapor rises to the sky. (2) Due to the cold air
into high altitudes, atmospheric vapor forms clouds together and the water from
clouds fall on the ground in the form of rainfall or snowfall. (3) This indestructible
and continuous uninterrupted transition of water from one form to another is
called a ‘water cycle’.
(2) What are the main components of the water cycle?
Ans. The main components of the water cycle are as follows : (1) The sun, (2) Water on
the earth and (3) The heat in the atmosphere.
(3) Write the process of evaporation in brief.
Ans. (1) The process in which water from the oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, ponds, etc.
gets converted into vapors due to the heat of the sun is called evaporation. (2)
The higher is the temperature, the higher is the rate of evaporation and vice versa.
(3) The larger is the surface area of the water, the higher is the amount of
evaporation and vice versa. For example, the amount of evaporation of water from
the ocean is found to be the maximum and the amount of evaporation of water
from the rivulets and brooklets is found to be the minimum.
(4) Write the names of the steps of the water cycle.
Ans. The names of the steps of the water cycle are as follows : (1) Evaporation
(2) Compression and liquefaction (3) Condensation (4) Precipitation (5) Seepage
(6) Run-off.
(5) Write in brief about the convectional / convergent rainfall.
Ans.
(1) The air cools after reaching a certain height. The process by which air
moves upwards is called ‘ascent’. (2) Cold air has low evaporation capacity, so it
condenses and converts into water particles and rains. (3) Convectional rainfall
mostly occurs almost daily in the afternoons in the equatorial region.
(6) What are the factors that affect seepage and runoff?
Ans. (A) The factors that affect seepage : The factors like porosity of the soil, the type
of soil, the slope of surface, etc. affect seepage.
(B) The factors that affect runoff : The factors like size of watershed, length and
width of watershed, the amount of rainfall, texture of soil, etc. affect runoff.
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CHAPTER 2 RIVER SYSTEM
• Answer the following questions in brief :
(1) What are river systems?
Ans. (1) When it rains, the natural streams (flow of water) flow continuously downhill
in the various forms like brooklets (odhe), runnels (nale), rivulets (ohoal), etc.
(2) These different types of streams are collectively called river systems.
(2) What are the main types of rivers?
Ans. The main types of rivers are as follows : (1) Noisy rivers (2) Slow rivers (3) Old
rivers (4) Revived rivers (5) Living rivers (6) Dead rivers.
(3) What landforms are formed by rivers?
Ans. The landforms formed by rivers are as follows : (1) V-shaped Valley (2) Canyon
(3) Waterfall (4) River vortex (5) River pond/pool (6) Pot-holes, etc.
(4) Explain the difference between a living river and a dead river.
Ans. (1) Living rivers flows into river basins in the form of springs even in the absence
of rain. On the other hand, dead rivers stop flowing into river basins when it
does not rain. (2) Living rivers get water throughout the year from direct rains,
streams, groundwater, etc. On the other hand, in the absence of rain, dead river
do not get water from any other sources.
(5) Explain any five uses of rivers.
Ans. The uses of rivers are as follows : (1) The rivers are the main source of water for
living organisms. (2) The rivers have been used as a means of transportation and
direction for centuries. (3) The rivers are also useful for the growth of industries,
for power generation, for running large machinery, etc. (4) The ghats of most of
the rivers in India are used for recreation and access to the river. (5) The rivers
are also used as a border between the countries and the states.
(6) Write the factors polluting the river water in brief.
Ans. Dumping of waste material in the river, discharge of harmful water in the river,
litter on the banks of the river, etc. factors pollute the river water.
(7) What is meant by river ecosystems?
Ans. (1) The existence of an independent cycle of life that depends on the rivers is called
river ecosystems. (2) River ecosystems mainly consist of many plants, animals
and parasites. (3) Freshwater ecosystems and brackish water ecosystems are the
main types of ecosystems.
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CHAPTER 3 WATERSHED AREA AND WATER TYPES
• Answer the following questions in brief :
(1) Write the classification of watershed areas/catchment areas.
Ans. The classification of watershed areas / catchment areas is as follows : (1) Micro
Watershed : It has an area up to 10 Hectares. (2) Mini Watershed : It has an area
up to 200 Hectares. (3) Sub Watershed : It has an area up to 4000 Hectares.
(4) River valley : It has no area limit.
(2) Write any four properties of the watershed areas/catchment areas.
Ans. The properties of watershed areas / catchment areas are as follows : (1) Watershed
is inversely proportional to the length and directly proportional to the width of the
catchment area. (2) The average slope of a watershed is determined by the height
of the highest point in the catchment area and the maximum length of the slope.
(3) Ground cover i.e. the surface vegetation affects watershed areas. (4) Type of
soil also affects the size of watershed areas.
(3) Write the names of various sources of groundwater.
Ans. The names of various sources of groundwater are as follows : (1) Rainfall
(2) Connate water and (3) Magma/Volcanic water.
(4) Write down how magma water is formed.
Ans. (1) When water vapor in molten rocks is formed due to underground magma, it
tries to rise through the available notches. (2) If it does not find a place to rise,
it eventually condenses and transforms into water. Thus, the ‘magma/volcanic
water’ is formed.
(5) Write the characteristics of unsaturated (unconfined) aquifer.
Ans.
The characteristics of unsaturated (unconfined) aquifer are as follows : (1)
Unsaturated (Unconfined) aquifer does not exist in the areas of lakes as well as
a swamp. It covers hundreds of meters in the desert region. (2) It controls the
flow of water from the surface to the confined aquifer. (3) It proves crucial in
groundwater use and management. (4) It helps in removing unwanted substances.
(6) Explain what is surface water and its types.
Ans. (A) Meaning : Surface water is water found on the surface. It includes rivers,
lakes, springs, reservoirs, ponds, creeks. Although seawater is salty/ brackish, it
is still considered as surface water.
(B) Types : (1) Perennial surface water : It has water all year round. (2) Temporary
surface water : It contains water only for a few months of the year. (3) Man-made
surface water : It contains water from dams as well as constructed catchment
areas.
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(7) Write the classification of groundwater according to geographical locations.
Ans. The classification of groundwater according to geographical locations is as follows :
(1) Aquifer : It includes unconfined aquifer and confined aquifer. (2) Aquitard
(3) Aquiclude and (4) Aquifuge.
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CHAPTER 4 SOIL AND ROCK TYPE
• Answer the following questions in brief :
(1) How is black basalt formed?
Ans. (1) Black basalt is formed by rapid cooling of basaltic lava. (2) The layers of Black
Basalt are formed as the lava erupted billions of years ago and cooled on the
ground. (3) In Maharashtra, Black Basalt is mostly found in the form of layers in
horizontal, slightly sloped areas.
(2) What are the main components of Black Basalt?
Ans. The main components (layers) of Black Basalt are as follows : (1) Homogeneous
Black Basalt (2) Porous type Black Basalt filled with green-white pebbles
(3) Reddish-brown or greenish brown Black Basalt called Ocher/Red bole.
(3) Explain the main process of erosion.
Ans.
(1) The process by which rocks are transformed into soil is called erosion /
weathering of rock. (2) Due to the constant changes in air, water, temperature
and pressure, rocks and boulders break up, erode and eventually turn into fine
particles and become soil.
(4) State the types of soil particles.
Ans. The types of soil particles are as follows : (1) Clay : The size of soil particles in
clay is smaller than 0.0002 mm. (2) Silt : The size of soil particle in silt is between
0.0002 mm and 0.05 mm. (3) Sand : The size of soil particle in sand is between
0.5 mm and 2 mm. (4) Stone : The size of soil particle in stone is greater than 2 mm.
(5) What is permeability of rock?
Ans. (1) The ability to carry fluids (gas and liquid) through the rocks without any
change in the original form of the rock is called permeability of the rock. (2) If a
drift is carried through a rock at a certain time, it is called permeable rock, and
if the amount of fluids (gas and liquid) carried across is negligible, it is called
impermeable rock.
(6) How does soil help land fertility?
Ans. (1) Various minerals, nutrients required for the growth of the plants are obtained
from soil. (2) The soil stores the water required for the growth of plants. (3) The
soil is also home to a variety of microorganisms that are essential for increasing
fertility of soil naturally and boosting plant growth.
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Unit 2 : Water Conservation
CHAPTER 1 WATER STRUCTURE – WELLS, LAKES, ETC.
• Answer the following questions in brief :
(1) What is a well?
Ans. (1) The construction of a pit to draw water from the ground is called a well.
(2) The well is one of the most popular structures designed to reach groundwater
level and make it available for use.
(2) What is borewell?
Ans. (1) A circular shaped well dug deep in a less space using machine is called
borewell. (2) Borewell is suitable in a place where groundwater level is deep.
(3) It requires less time and expenses to build.
(3) Write in brief about ring well.
Ans. (1) Ring well is circular in shape. (2) It has small diameter. (3) It is 10 feet to 20
feet deep. (4) It is suitable in a regions near beach and areas where groundwater
level is good. (5) It is used for conserving rainwater in urban areas.
(4) What is pond / pool?
Ans. (1) A pond is a natural or artificial reservoir in a shallow part of the land. (2)
It is given a definite shape by the construction of edges, ridges, sculptures etc.
(3) Pond / Pool is usually smaller in size than a lake and larger than a well. (4)
Ponds are mostly made with stones to prolong the drainage process.
(5) Explain the significance of ponds / pools with the help of their uses known to
you.
Ans.
(1) Since ancient times, ponds / pools have been used for supplying water to
people. (2) Like rivers, ponds / pools have also gained religious significance in
India. (2) Ponds, especially Pushkarani's are found in the premises of most of
temples in India. (3) Ponds / pools are also used for fresh water fishing.
(6) Write in brief about farm ponds / puddles / lakes.
Ans.
(1) Ponds dug for the availability of water to the crop in the areas of a
scarcity / shortage of water, are called farm ponds / puddles / lakes. (2) Farm ponds
are constructed on the upper side of the farm to store rainwater / runoff water
where it is not possible to dig wells easily. (3) Farm ponds are used for watering
crops as well as for fish farming, improvement of salty lands and wetlands, etc.
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(7) Write in brief about Bodi.
Ans. (1) The small lakes constructed in Vidarbha region of Maharashtra to feed water
to the paddy field are called Bodi. (2) In the districts of Vidarbha, small reservoirs
are constructed and water is stored in the upper part of the paddy field by earthen
check dams. (3) The stored water is fed to the paddy in the lower part of the
reservoir as per the requirements.
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CHAPTER 2 CONCEPT OF WATER CONSERVATION
• Answer the following questions in brief :
(1) What is water conservation?
Ans. (1) Water Conservation is the use of man-made measures to block, store and
intake the rainwater in an area by constructing various structures and allowing
it to be used for drinking, consumption, industry and agriculture until the next
monsoon. (2) Thus, water conservation includes careful and economical use of
rain water and avoiding its wastage.
(2) Explain the division (distribution) of rainwater.
Ans. (1) Most of the rainwater naturally seeps into the soil. Some rainwater is stored
as a surface water. (2) Some rainwater evaporates and some is used directly by
some plants. (3) The rest of the rainwater is carried away in the form of runoff.
(4) Distribution of rainwater is not uniform in India.
(3) Why do you think water conservation is needed?
Ans. Water conservation is needed due to the following factors : (1) Due to changing
climatic conditions, the rainfall period and total amount of rainfall have become
erratic. (2) Water is being carried away from the land rapidly due to large scale
deforestation and limited tree planting. (3) Due to urbanization and construction
of buildings on a large scale, the areas and the rate of infiltration of water into
the soil are greatly reduced. (4) World population is increasing day by day. As its
effect, the total water consumption is increasing.
(4) Explain any two ill effects of population growth.
Ans. The ill effects of population growth are as follows : (1) Population growth leads
to increase in the total consumption of water leading to a problem of scarcity of
water. (2) Population growth also leads to pollution of water.
(5) Which factors are to be taken into account while promoting rural rainwater
harvesting?
Ans. The following factors are to be taken into account while promoting rural rainwater
harvesting : (1) Population of village, (2) Water requirement of the village,
(3) Available water sources and their capacity, (4) Water requirement for
agriculture, (5) Number of cattle in the village, (6) Land type and soil type,
(7) Number of layers in soil, (8) Depth of the rock, (9) The slope of the lands etc.
(6) Why do you think urban rainwater harvesting is needed?
Ans. Urban rainwater harvesting is needed due to the following reasons : (1) A few years
ago, soil was found in the premises of buildings in urban areas. Therefore, water
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was then absorbed into the soil and it took time to fill the runnels. But nowadays
due to the disappearance of soil as well as irregularities in waste disposal, almost
all rainwater enters the runnels immediately. (2) This creates flood-like conditions
in rainy season and water scarcity in the summer in urban area.
(7) Explain the usefulness of water conservation.
Ans. (1) Sustainability : The reduction in (per capita) water consumption will lead
to sustainable (ensured) water supply. (2) Energy conservation : Nearly 15
per cent of the total electricity is used only for water management. Reducing
water consumption will automatically help in conserving energy. (3) Habitat
Conservation : Reducing the use of freshwater will keep freshwater reservoirs
intact. This in turn will help in protecting the organisms from drying out.
(8) What are the functions of Maharashtra Water Conservation Department?
Ans. The functions of Maharashtra Water Conservation Department are as follows :
(1) Monitoring and implementing important Central and State sponsored schemes
like Water Conservation, Soil Conservation, etc. (2) Raising of ground water level,
siltation for large and medium projects, prevention of soil erosion, creation of
decentralized water reservoirs, etc. (3) Carrying out rapid development and
regulation of watershed and water conservation works including minor irrigation
projects.
(9) Why are there limitations in rainwater harvesting in urban areas? How can
water conservation be done through public participation?
Ans.
(A) Limitations : The limitations of rainwater harvesting in urban areas are
as follows : (1) Uncertain nature of rainfall, (2) Initial heavy cost, (3) Lack of
awareness, (4) Lack of adequate technology, etc.
(B) Public Participation : Water conservation can be done through public
participation as follows : (1) Putting restrictions on outdoor water use such as
lawn watering and car washing, etc. (2) Educating public for the restricted use of
water. (3) Creating awareness through media about water conservation.
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CHAPTER 3 CATCHMENT / WATERSHED TREATMENT
• Answer the following questions in brief :
(1) State the main benefits of catchment / watershed treatment.
Ans. The main benefits of catchment / watershed treatment are as follows : (1) Achieving
the objectives of soil conservation (i.e. prevention of soil erosion). (2) Provision of
protected irrigation for plant growth.
(2) Where are bunds built and how are they built?
Ans. (1) Bunds are built on the steep slopes of hills as well as plain fields. (2) Bunds
are built where the soil depth is sufficient and water is available. (3) Field is
prepared on the slopes of hills by digging some part and filling half part like steps
and the slopes are converted to bunds.
(3) Explain the significance of contour trench.
Ans. The significance of contour trench is explained with the help of the following
points : (1) Rainwater runoff in the hilly regions and mountain tops is reduced.
(2) Normally per thousand running meters length and 0.30 m. depth, 180 cubic
meter and 0.45 m. depth, 270 cubic meter water is stored. (3) Soil erosion is
reduced. (4) Fallow land on the hill slopes is brought under cultivation.
(4) What should be done to prevent check dams from collapsing?
Ans. The following measures are to be taken to prevent check dams from collapsing
: (1) A study of the geographical area and the amount of sludge which has to be
removed from the area where the dam has to be constructed has to be made.
(2) At least 2 Gabion dams should be built at the stream top. (3) Low heat cement
should be used to control cracking in check dams.
(5) Write in brief about the procedure of constructing earthen stream dam.
Ans. (1) Earthern stream dams are built in V-shaped valleys and streams or drought
prone areas. (2) Check dam is constructed at the right place in the stream and
excess water is released at a controlled speed. (3) Dams are constructed with
catchment area between 10 to 40 hectares and 40 to 500 hectares.
(6) Explain the care to be taken while deepening the streams.
Ans.
Within a few years after the construction, dams are filled with rock soil or
accumulated vegetation remains. Therefore, streams are to be deepened using
machines or manpower. (2) Streams are not to be deepened if streams are filled
with sand storage or alluvial soil. (3) Stream deepening is to be carried out in
"Bazada" part of the topography.
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(7) Write any two precautions to be taken for catchment / watershed treatment.
Ans. The precautions to be taken for catchment / watershed treatment are as follows :
(1) To get ensured benefits of catchment treatment, type of soil, slope of land,
thickness of soil layer, type of soil, other geographical conditions are to be studied
systematically. (2) For the exact predictions about the water sources, for removing
the sludge, for selecting the type of dam, etc. an expert and experienced officer in
charge of the concerned department must be consulted.
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CHAPTER 4 WATERSHED RECHARGE
• Answer the following questions in brief :
(1) What is groundwater recharge?
Ans. (1) Groundwater recharge is the process of infiltrating rainwater into the soil in
various ways to increase groundwater storage. (2) Groundwater recharge includes
storing rainwater for a certain period of time.
(2) Explain in brief the need for water recharge.
Ans. (1) Water is required for drinking, agriculture, industries and many other purposes.
Groundwater level is declining day by day. (2) At many places groundwater
recharge is done haphazardly. (3) At many places groundwater is overused or
misused. Therefore, there is a need for water recharge.
(3) Why is it necessary to recharge borewells?
Ans. (1) A large amount of water is extracted from wells for agriculture and industry.
This reduces groundwater levels. (2) In order to get regular supply of water from
borewell, it is essential to increase groundwater levels by blocking the rainwater.
Therefore, it is necessary to recharge borewells.
(4) Why should groundwater be recharged in cities?
Ans.
(1) Population of cities is increasing day by day. Growth in population has
increased the demand for water. (2) Water is used on a large scale for construction
work, industries and domestic purposes in cities. (3) Irregular nature of rainfall
and shortage of water creates many problems in cities. Therefore, groundwater
should be recharged in cities.
(5) Write the names of filtration devices used for filtration of roof rainwater.
Ans. The names of filtration devices used for filtration of roof rainwater are as follows :
(1) Sand filter (2) Coal filter (3) Filter in pipes, etc.
(6) Explain the importance of suction pits in the process of water recharge.
Ans. (1) For recharge of rainwater in the surrounding areas in sources like well or
borewell, a suction pit acts as a filter. (2) A pit is divided into three to four sections.
(3) Large stones are kept at the bottom most section. Small stones of the same
type are thrown above this layer. Above the layer of small stones, a layer of thick
sand is prepared. A layer of very fine sand is prepared at the top. (4) Rainwater
is released on the top fine sand layer of a pit. This water is filtered through these
three-four layers and at last it gets accumulates in the soil, wells and borewells.
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(7) ‘Groundwater should be used sparingly.’ Explain this statement.
Ans. (1) Water is required for drinking, agriculture, industries and many other purposes.
(2) Groundwater level is declining day by day. (3) At many places groundwater
recharge is done haphazardly. Therefore, groundwater needs to be recharged using
scientific methods of infiltrating rainwater such as digging ditches, absorption
pits, etc. (4) At many places groundwater is overused or misused. Therefore, it is
also necessary to use the available groundwater sparingly and scientifically. Thus,
groundwater should be used sparingly.
(8) What are the methods of water conservation?
Ans. The methods of water conservation are as follows : (1) Groundwater recharge
(2) Rainwater recharge (3) Recharge of wells (4) Recharge of borewells (5) Recharge
of lakes (6) Recharge of artificial lakes / tanks, etc.
(9) What care should be taken while recharging a well or borewell?
Ans. The following cares should be taken while recharging a well or borewell : (1) The
water coming to the stream should be free from salts and chemicals. (2) Water
should be piped to the bottom of the well. (3) There should be two filter pits
before refilling. (4) The sludge should be removed from the well before refilling.
(5) Recharge should be done with filtered and clean water only. (6) Water on the
area where salt has spilled i.e. salts have accumulated, should not be used to
recharge wells. (7) The filter made up of sand and gravel should be cleaned once
before the rainy season, etc.
(10) Explain with reason the most useful method of water filtration in your area.
Ans. (1) I live in a remote village where standard of living and purchasing power of
most of people is low. Therefore a method of boiling is used for water filtration
in my area. (2) Water is boiled and drunk in every house in the village where I
live. Water is boiled as per the family needs during the day in a copper pot for
at least 15 to 20 minutes. (3) Some people drink such boiled water hot or warm.
In my house, the boiled water is properly covered, cooled until it reaches a normal
temperature, and then used as per the need.
(Note : Students are expected to write answer to this question as per their own experience.)
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Unit 3 : Water Management
CHAPTER 1 WATER IS THE BASIS OF LIFE
• Answer the following questions in brief :
(1) What is water management?
Ans. (1) Water management is an activity of planning, developing, distributing and
managing the optimum use of water resources. (2) It is a process of using the
water resources with responsibility.
(2) Explain the relationship between water and living organisms.
Ans. (1) Water is one of the most important natural resources among the many gems
on earth. (2) All living things on the earth are made of water. (3) The source of life
for plants and animals is water. (4) From ancient times the development of human
beings and their culture can be seen in the places where water is available, i.e.
rivers and reservoirs. For example, the ancient cultures of Mesopotamia, Egypt
and Harappa, etc., were formed on the banks of rivers.
(3) How is the intensity of water scarcity divided according to Falcon criteria?
Ans. (1) According to the Falcon criteria, the region is considered to be in good water
condition only if more than 1700 cubic meters of water is available per capita
per year. (2) If the annual per capita availability of water is less than 1000 cubic
meters, it is considered as a condition of scarcity of water. (3) Considering the
present state of Maharashtra, only 788 cubic meters of water per capita per year
is available for consumption, so our state is a region of water scarcity. (4) If the
availability of water is reduced to such an extent of 500 cubic meters, it will fit
into a very difficult for human life as well as life of other animals.
(4)
Give an example of unequal availability of water for use despite the same
amount of rainfall.
Ans. (1) Unequal availability of water despite the same rainfall can result from varying
geographical factors, such as a region being lacking natural water sources.
(2) For example, due lack of network of rivers, lakes or dams, many villages of
Maharashtra face a problem of shortage of drinking water. On the other hand,
sugarcane plantation is carried out in many villages due to the availability of
natural or artificial water resources.
(5) Why is ground water depleted?
Ans. (1) In our country, farmers traditionally draw water from wells to irrigate farmland.
At many times water is used excessively or wasted. This decreases groundwater
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level. (2) Now, tube wells more than 400-500 feet deep are being dug and water
is being pumped out of the ground. (3) In our country, 65% of the water used
for irrigation. Groundwater reserves in India are rapidly declining due to the
depletion of such abundant water for irrigation.
(6) What is relationship between river health and urbanization?
Ans. (1) In many cities in India, industrial projects and factories are located on the
banks of big rivers. (2) The health of the rivers has deteriorated due to sewage
and waste from the factories. (3) The springs of the rivers have been closed. The
rivers have stopped flowing due to extreme ground water abstraction. (4) It is
imperative to revive such polluted rivers and improve their health.
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CHAPTER 2 OUR WATER CONSUMPTION
• Answer the following questions in brief :
(1) State all the kinds of water consumption.
Ans. (1) The water available on the Earth is used for many purposes. (2) The water
available on the earth is used for the domestic uses, agricultural irrigation,
industries, power generation, fishing and fisheries, shipping, tourism,
environmental protection and many more thousands of purposes.
(2) How do we use water for domestic purposes?
Ans. (1) Human beings need water for drinking, cooking, bathing, sanitizing, washing
clothes and utensils, washing vehicles, cleaning, etc. (2) The role of water is
of immense importance in the day to day life of all human beings. (3) Water is
needed directly or indirectly in almost each and every activity carried out by
human beings.
(3) How is water used for agriculture?
Ans. (1) In rural areas, water is used in a great extent by farmers for agricultural
irrigation. Water is also used for agro-based industries such as sugar factories,
fruit processing, etc. (2) At many places the water is used in excess quantities for
agricultural irrigation. According to the principle of “water is needed for the crop,
not for the whole land”, water must be used sparingly.
(4) Which area needs maximum water?
Ans. (1) Human beings need water for drinking, cooking, bathing, sanitizing, washing
clothes and utensils, washing vehicles, cleaning, etc. (2) The water is used in the
maximum quantities in toilets and washrooms. The water is also used in greater
quantities for cooking.
(5) Explain the relationship between water and fishing business.
Ans. (1) Fishing is practiced extensively in seas as well as in creeks, dams, rivers, lakes
and various reservoirs. (2) Fishing business generates huge financial turnover on
the coast as well as in many port areas. (3) In Maharashtra, fishing is done by
producing fish seeds/eggs in small and big dams. (4) As a supplementary business
to agriculture, fish farming is also practiced in farm puddle/lake/pond and small
ponds in Maharashtra.
(6) Why is the water transport used in many places in the world?
Ans. (1) Today various modes of transportation are in use. (2) Water transportation
(shipping) is the cheapest mode of transportation and suitable for transporting
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bulky goods. (3) There are some major shipping ports in the coastal regions
of India. For example, Kandla, Mumbai, Cochin, Visakhapatnam, Chennai, etc.
(4) The North Atlantic, Suez Canal, Panama Canal are the major waterways of the
world. Thus, water transport is used in many places in the world.
(7) State the commercial uses of water.
Ans. (1) In rural areas, water is used in a great extent by farmers for agricultural
irrigation. Water is also used for agro-based industries such as sugar factories,
fruit processing, etc. (2) In India, water stored in many of the dams is used for
generating hydroelectric power / electricity. (3) Water is also used for fishing,
shipping and tourism business in India.
(8) Explain the relationship between environment protection and water.
Ans. (1) All living organisms need water to drink. Crops, plants and trees in forests
also need water. There is no life without water. (2) Soil and rock formations are
also affected by water. (3) Water alone maintains the balance of all the organic-
inorganic elements in nature. (4) Water helps to protect the food chains in nature
including plants, animals, birds, insects, etc.
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CHAPTER 3 THE JOURNEY OF WATER : DAM TO HOUSE
• Answer the following questions in brief :
(1) Describe the stages of water flow from the dam to the water treatment plant.
Ans. (1) Water in the dams is first brought to the water treatment plants using energy
or using slope. (2) Through canals or sub canals water is supplied at the desired
locations. (3) A canal is a channel constructed to carry water or to supply water
from dam to the desired locations. (4) A sub-canal is a canal built to carry water
or supply water to a farm by connecting it to a main canal.
(2) What is water purification?
Ans. (1) At the water treatment plant, it is churned after mixing chemicals. (2) The
water is filtered after the sludge settles down. (3) To remove unwanted gases
(CO2, H2S), substances that give water a foul and unpleasant taste, water volatile
substances (e.g. chloroform) and reduced compounds of iron and manganese in
water, aeration is carried out. This process is called water purification.
(3) Which factors are to be considered while constructing water lifting station?
Ans. The following factors are to be considered while constructing water lifting station :
(1) The properties of water should not be affected, (2) water distribution system
should be simplified, (3) availability of electricity or similar energy, (4) safety from
crises like flood and fire, (5) the type of and the number of pumps to be used to
maintain regular supply of water, etc.
(4) Briefly describe the process of water purification.
Ans. (1) At the water treatment plant, it is churned after mixing chemicals. (2) The
water is filtered after the sludge settles down. (3) The unwanted gases are removed
from the water. (4) The quality of purified water is tested by various tests. This
pure water is stored in storage tanks mounted at high altitudes. (5) These tanks
are used to reach water every house through main aqueduct, sub-aqueduct and
plumbing.
(5)
Which activities are included in the maintenance / management of water in
cities?
Ans. The following activities are included in the maintenance / management of water
in cities : (1) Maintaining various machines and instruments used. For example,
repairing a broken faucet or leaking pipelines, etc. (2) Delivering the water with
the right amount of pressure everywhere. (3) Examining the water coming from
the source. (4) Ensuring that essential chemical treatments are applied to water.
(5) Maintaining adequate stock of chlorine and coagulants. (6) Water testing in
nearby laboratory, etc.
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(6) How is the water purification project maintenance system works?
Ans. (1) The responsibility of the water supply system is usually with the central / state
government till the completion of construction of particular water supply project
as per its cost. (2) However, after completion of all the work, it is handed over to
the local governments like gram panchayat, municipality or corporation.
(7) Describe the stages of water flow from the dam to the house.
Ans. (1) Water in the dams is first brought to the water treatment plants using energy
or using slopes. (2) Water is then brought to water lifting station. (3) Water is sent
to water treatment plants for its purification. (4) The purified water is supplied to
domestic areas using cannels or pipelines.
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CHAPTER 4 WHAT IS WATER MANAGEMENT?
• Answer the following questions in brief :
(1) What is water management? Explain with examples.
Ans.
(1) Water management is the process of planning, developing and managing
water resources to ensure their sustainable use. (2) It involves the assessment,
development, conservation, and control of water resources, emphasizing policies
and strategies. (3) Rainwater harvesting used in towns and cities, drip irrigation
used in rural areas are some of the examples of water management.
(2) Explain the need for water management.
Ans. (1) Since early days, man has been using water for drinking, for fulfill his other
daily needs and for agriculture. (2) After the Industrial Revolution the use of water
for industry and other ancillary businesses increased. (3) In the modern era, the
man’s need for water is ever increasing. On the contrary, the natural resource
of water has been greatly depleted due to its excessive use by over increasing
population. (4) Now the condition of water supply in the world as a whole is
becoming more and more worrisome. Therefore, there is a strong need for water
management.
(3) What are the problems encountered in water management?
Ans. The following are some of the problems encountered in water management :
(1) Seasonal and irregular nature of monsoon, (2) Excessive usage or wastage
of water by agriculture sector, (3) Sewage and wastewater drainage into water
bodies, (4) Release of chemical effluents into rivers, streams and ponds, (5) Lack
of awareness, (6) Lack of public participation, etc.
(4) How can water pollution be curbed?
Ans. Water pollution can be curbed using following remedial measures : (1) Minimum
use of plastic and using environmental friendly products, (2) Properly dispose of
chemicals and sewage, (3) Planting trees, (4) Avoid using pesticides and chemical
fertilizers, (5) Picking up litter and disposing it properly, (6) Reusing waste water,
etc.
(5) For what purposes can sewage be used?
Ans.
Sewage water can be used for the following purposes after its treatment :
(1) Irrigation for agriculture (2) Washing vehicles and other machinery (3) Cleaning
and toilet flushing (4) Irrigation for landscaping such as public parks, barren
land (5) Use in power plants, refineries, factories and mills, etc.
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(6) What are the important activities for water management?
Ans. The following are some of the important activities for water management : (A) At
collective Level : (1) Using public drinking water as needed only. (2) Controlling
wastage of water. (3) Avoiding washing clothes in rivers. (4) Using water sparingly
for irrigation. (5) Using water sparingly at tourists places. (6) Making provisions
for rainwater harvesting. (B) At individual level : (1) Bathing with a bucket.
(2) Watering plants as required before sunrise. (3) Avoiding washing clothes and
utensils under running tap. (4) Using water sparingly in kitchen. (5) Using water
sparingly for cleaning home and premises. (6) Reusing waste water for watering
plants, etc.
(7) Write down any incident of wastage of water in your area / village / city / taluka /
district.
Ans.
(1) The area where I live has three public gardens built by the municipal
corporation. Drinking water facilities are available for the people in all the three
gardens. However, many people who come to visit these gardens waste water. After
drinking water, they do not close the drinking water taps tightly. (2) A gardener
who works in one of the three gardens always uses a pipe to water the trees
and is constantly busy chatting with friends on his mobile phone. He does not
pay attention to how much and for how long he is watering the trees, leading to
massive wastage of water.
(Note :
Students are expected to write answer to this question as per their own
experience.)
(8) What are the different ways to save water in residential societies?
Ans. The following are the different ways to save water in residential societies : (1) Using
drinking water as needed only. (2) Making provisions for rainwater harvesting.
(3) Using water sparingly for washing two wheelers or cars. (4) Using waste water
for cleaning premises of buildings. (4) Using waste water for watering plants in
societies. (5) Using water sparingly by deciding specific hours of water supply, etc.
(9) How can we save the water in rural and urban areas?
Ans. We can save the water in rural areas and urban areas as follows :
(A) Saving water in rural areas : (1) Using water sparingly for agricultural
irrigation. (2) Using water sparingly for washing animals. (3) Avoid wasting
water or excessive used of water. (4) Using water sparingly in public toilets
and public parks. (5) Avoid washing clothes or cleaning utensils in rivers, etc.
(B) Saving water in urban areas : (1) Using water sparingly for domestic purpose.
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(2) Using water sparingly for washing vehicles. (3) Avoid wastage of water.
(4) Using water sparingly in toilets, washrooms, gyms, swimming pools. (5) Avoid
washing clothes or cleaning utensils under running water taps, etc.
(10) Why is it necessary to have water audit?
Ans. (1) For the careful use of water, tap water meters must be installed and water
bills must be charged according to meters. (2) People using more water should be
taxed at a higher rate and wastewater treatment systems should be set up from
the available funds. (3) Water audit should be made mandatory for all irrigation
projects and water supply agencies should be provided with cubic meter measuring
devices, so that water can be used carefully. Thus, water audit is needed for water
management.
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Unit 4 : Water Quality
CHAPTER 1 WATER QUALITY AND CRITERIA
• Answer the following questions in brief :
(1) What is water quality?
Ans. (1) Water quality refers to the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics
of water based on the standards of its usage. (2) Water quality depends on the
percentage of dissolved physical and chemical substances in the water. (3) Water
quality is considered to be degraded when these substances are mixed in more
than a certain amount in water. (4) Water quality does not need to be the same for
all uses such as water used for agriculture, factory, drinking water, etc.
(2) How does water get polluted?
Ans. (1) Water gets polluted by nature and humans. (2) When rain water travels from
the highlands to the plane grounds or seeps into the ground; it comes in contact
with traces of minerals, salts and toxic chemicals leading to water pollution. Thus,
water get polluted by nature. (3) Domestic sewage chemical fertilizers, mixture of
chemicals and minerals from factories, etc., discharged into lakes, wells, rivers,
leads to water pollution. Thus, water gets polluted by humans.
(3) Write any four criteria for drinking water quality.
Ans. The criteria for drinking water quality are as follows : (1) The water should be
good in taste. It should not be brackish, salty or oily. (2) The water should be
crystal clear, colourless and transparent (showing bottom of the vessel in which it
is stored.) (3) The water should not have odor, no algae or oily layer. (4) The pH
of the water should be between 6.5 and 8.5.
(4) What is pH of water?
Ans. (1) pH of water is measured on the basis of the amount of acidic or alkaline
substances mixed in the water. Universal indicator is used for the measurement
of pH. (2) The numbers 0 to 14 on the given scale are indicated by different
coloured marks. (3) Acidic substances are shown on the scale in a descending
order from 7 to 0 digits and alkaline substances are shown from 7 to 14 digits
in an ascending order. The number 7 indicates neutral pH. For example pH of
rainwater is 7.
(5) How does oxygen get dissolved in water?
Ans. (1) Due to the movement of air, oxygen enters from the surface of the water and
exists in a dissolved state. (2) Oxygen formed during the photosynthesis process
of aquatic plants, in wetlands or in mud is also soluble in water. (3) The amount of
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dissolved oxygen depends on temperature, air pressure, and salinity of the water,
etc. (4) The amount of dissolved oxygen can be increased by creating artificial
turbulence in the water or by exposing the oxygen to the water.
(6) Explain the concept of Biological Oxygen Demand (B.O.D.).
Ans. (1) Biological Oxygen Demand (B.O.D.) is the amount of oxygen needed by
biological organisms such as bacteria in a given water sample for the breakdown
of organic matter by oxidation process. (2) There are certain standards set related
to Biological Oxygen Demand. If the amount of oxygen dissolved in water is 1 to
2 mg per liter, then that water is considered to be very good quality. It is considered
satisfactory if it is 3 to 5 mg per liter. If it is 6 to 9 mg per liter, it is considered to
be containing polluting organic matter.
(7) Explain the concept of Chemical Oxygen Demand (C.O.D.).
Ans. (1) The Chemical Oxygen Demand (C.O.D.) is a measurement of the oxygen
required to oxidize soluble and particulate organic matter in water. (2) The
Chemical Oxygen Demand of water is examined from the point of view of checking
the efficiency of the sewage treatment plant. (3) If the Chemical Oxygen Demand of
water is high, it is considered to be harmful to aquatic organisms. A mechanism
is set up to reduce it. (4) Chemical Oxygen Demand of water should not exceed
250 mg per liter.
(8) Briefly describe the consequences of exceeding the quality limit.
Ans. (1) If the quality limit of pH value is exceeded i.e. if the value of pH is more than
8.5, the biochemical activities in the body are not carried out properly. (2) If the
quality limit of iron and manganese exceeds, it causes gastric ulcer. (3) If the
quality limit of phosphate exceeds, it causes algae to grow in water. (4) If quality
limit of arsenic exceeds, it causes muscle weakness and skin or lung cancer. (5) If
quality limit of fluoride exceeds, it causes bone diseases. (6) If the quality limit of
chloride exceeds, it makes the water salty and unfit for drinking.
(9) Write in brief about experiment of New Water in Singapore.
Ans.
(1) Due to a shortage of water, Singapore has set up factories to desalinate
seawater. On the basis of 47 tests, potability of water is checked. (2) This
desalinated water is called New Water. In this way nearly 35 % need of water is
managed domestically. (3) Initially, the public of Singapore strongly opposed to
use New water. But through government efforts and with the help of media, people
were convinced that the New water was pure. (4) The government of Singapore
has planned to increase the supply of New water gradually to an extent that the
country will not have import water from Malaysia.
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CHAPTER 2 HOW TO MAINTAIN QUALITY OF WATER?
• Answer the following questions in brief :
(1) What are the sources of water?
Ans.
The sources of water are as follows : (1) Rainwater (2) Rivers and streams
(3) Lakes (4) The sea (5) Wells (6) Reservoirs (7) Recycled water, etc.
(2) How to maintain the quality of water?
Ans. The quality of water can be maintained by purifying it. (1) Chlorination is an
easy way to disinfect water. Chlorination in the form of bleaching powder is
also done. This kills germs and viruses and makes pure water easily available.
(2) Orthotolidine Test (OT) Test is to measure the total residual of chlorine present
in the water. It is very simple and does not require much technique or time. During
monsoon, Orthotolidine Test of water must be done frequently. (3) Aeration is
the process of increasing or maintaining the oxygen saturation of water in both
natural and artificial environments.
(3) How a stock of water in the home can be kept pure?
Ans. (1) The pure water supplied to the houses must be stored in a proper way to
maintain its purity. (2) Household storage utensils of water should be cleaned
daily. The utensils containing water must be kept in a clean place, on a high level
out of reach of children. (3) Stored water should be properly covered so that it
is not contaminated by outside dust and debris. (4) Care should be taken not to
touch pure water by hands as much as possible. For this a water dispenser with
a long rod must be used.
(4) How to purify groundwater?
Ans. (1) Sedimentation : The groundwater is stored in a reservoir or a tank. Storing water
allows large, insoluble particles to settle to the bottom of water. (2) Filtration : The
water is sprayed onto specially-prepared layers of sand and gravel to remove insoluble
particles from the water. (3) Chlorination : Chlorine gas is added into the water to
sterilise it.
(5) Write three slogans for the topic : ‘Pure Drinking Water for Health’.
Ans. (1) ‘Pure Water is Key for Physical Health and Psychological Peace’.
(2) ‘Pure Water is a Wealth, Preserve it for Better Health’.
(3) ‘End of Impure Water is the Beginning of Health’.
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WATER POLLUTION : CAUSES, EFFECTS,
CHAPTER 3
REMEDIES
• Answer the following questions in brief :
(1) What is pollution of water? Where is water pollution found in your area?
Ans. (1) The natural quality of water changes directly and indirectly due to human
action or other causes and water becomes unusable for any purpose. This is
called water pollution. (2) Water pollution is found along the river in my area. The
men of the village wash animals and vehicles on the banks of the river. The women
of the village wash clothes and wash utensils on the banks of the river.
(Note :
Students are expected to write answer to this question as per their own
experience.)
(2) Write down the factors that cause water pollution.
Ans. (1) Household Pollutants : It includes the water coming out of the safety tank,
human urine in the urinals, bath water, etc. (2) Industrial Pollutants : It includes
the oil, grease released from washing vehicles mixed with water, sewage, minerals
and chemical wastes coming out of the factory, etc. (3) Agricultural Pollutants :
It includes pesticides or chemical fertilizers given to the crops that ultimately gets
mixed in river water.
(3) Which diseases are spread by pathogenic microorganisms in water?
Ans. (1) Disease of dysentery is spread by entamoeba histolytica. (2) Salmonella
typhi causes a disease of typhoid. (3) Vibrio cholera leads to spread of cholera.
(4) People suffer from jaundice due to Hepatitis (A, B, C, D, E). (5) Plasmodium
species through Anopheles mosquitoes (laying eggs on contaminated water) leads
to spread of Malaria.
(4) Explain with examples how the oil spill in the sea harms the environment.
Ans. (1) There are mineral oil reserves in the sea and they are brought to the surface.
In such cases oil spills in the sea due to human error. (2) While oil is being
traded from the Gulf to other countries, the ships crashed, and millions of tons
of oil spill on seawater. When this oil reaches the coastal areas, it causes a lot of
damage to the environment. (3) For example, in January 2017 near Kamraj port
in Chennai, about 60 tons of oil spilled from the collision of two ships causing
hazards to mangroves and aquatic life.
(5) What are the reasons for the declining number of lakes in cities?
Ans. (1) Increasing urbanization has led to increase in number of cities. Increased
urbanization has reduced the total number of and the size of the lakes. (2) In
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growing cities, some lakes are deliberately submerged or destroyed to build
houses or build roads. (3) In some places, garbage from growing cities is dumped
into the lake. As a result, the water springs in the lake recede. Over time, these
lakes are used as dumping grounds.
(6) Explain the functions of Maharashtra Pollution Control Board.
Ans.
(1) Planning comprehensive programs for pollution prevention and control.
(2) Inspecting sewage or industrial wastewater recycling reaction, waste disposal
facilities, etc. (3) Cooperating and promoting ecofriendly programs like pollution
control, reusing and recycling of waste materials, etc. (4) Educating new
entrepreneurs by explaining appropriate technology and methods of pollution
control. (5) Creating awareness among people for a clean and healthy environment.
(6) Addressing pollution related complaints, etc.
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