8.

1 SNIFFING  Sniffing Overview

 Types of Sniffing
OVERVIEW  Protocols Vulnerable to Sniffing
 Sniffing is the act of capturing (recording) traffic flowing through a network
 It is the network equivalent of wiretapping
 Sniffing allows you to identify hosts, services, device types, protocols, subnets, IP
addresses, etc. on the network
 A good sniffer can capture nearly any protocol, even ones it does not recognize
 For example, Wireshark supports thousands of protocols
 Encrypted packets can also be sniffed
 You won’t be able to read their contents unless you can decrypt them
 However, you can still read:
 Source and destination addresses and ports
 SSID, authentication handshakes and initialization vectors for wireless networks
 VPN handshake information
 Two conditions must be met for sniffing to be effective:
 Sniffer interface must be in promiscuous mode
 Traffic to be captured must be forwarded to, or pass by, the sniffer’s interface
 You need to be on a shared segment such as a hub or Wi-Fi channel
 You can spoof the switch into copying frames out your switchport
 The sniffing app puts the device network interface in promiscuous mode
 The app starts capturing all traffic that reaches the interface, regardless of who it’s
destined for
 You can stop the capture at any time and:
 Filter the results based on protocol, port, IP address, or payload key word
 Perform some analysis on the traffic
 Recreate entire TCP conversations
 Recreate certain file types
 Save the captured traffic in a pcap file for later analysis

Windows needs the WinPcap driver to be able to put a NIC in promiscuous mode
 Many organizations do not put any restrictions on unused switchports
 Someone can plug in any device using an Ethernet cable

 Sniffing allows the attacker to:

 identify potential targets
 hostnames, device types, IP addresses, MAC addresses, ports, protocols, services
 capture credentials
 read private messages
 eavesdrop on voice and video calls
 recreate files
 and more
 Passive sniffing involves collecting packets as they pass by your network interface
 You don’t transmit anything
 You just promiscuously receive

 Active sniffing involves sending out multiple network probes to achieve an

objective. Examples:
 MAC flooding
 DNS poisoning
 ARP poisoning
 DHCP attacks
 Switch port stealing
 Spoofing attacks
 Port spanning
 Switch configuration that makes the switch send a copy of all frames from other ports to a
specific port
 AKA span port or port mirroring
 Not all switches have the ability to do this
 Modern switches sometimes don't allow span ports to send data - you can only listen

 Network tap
 Purpose-built hardware device that sits in a network segment between two appliances
(router, switch or firewall)
 Allows you to capture all traffic passing through it
 Moo connects to the hotel’s wireless network to send emails to some of his clients.
 The next day, Moo notices that additional emails have been sent out from his
account without consent.
 So what happened?
 If Moo used HTTP instead of HTTPS to sign into his webmail, an attacker could have
sniffed it and logged in as him.
 If Moo used Outlook or some email app, if he sent in clear text his SMTP login could
have been compromised.
 It is also possible that the additional emails had a spoofed source address.
 We would have to investigate the email headers to see if Moo was the actual sender or
not.
 Legal interception of data communication between end-points
 Some jurisdictions, like the US, require a court order
 For surveillance on traditional phone, VoIP, data, multi-service networks
 PRISM - System used by NSA to collect internet communications from various U.S.
internet companies
 Process of third-party monitoring of phone/Internet conversations
 Attacker connects a listening device to a circuit between two hosts/phones
 Often covert
 Attack can monitor, access, intercept, and record information
 Types of Wiretapping:
 Active Wiretapping – Monitors/reads and injects something into communication/traffic
 Passive Wiretapping – Only monitors/reads/records data
 Secretly listening to private conversations or
communications
 Capture speech or telephone conversations
 Plant a sniffer on a network
 Secretly place a camera or microphone in a room
 Capture VoIP packets off the network and replay them
 Use a phone to record someone entering a password or
PIN from across a room
 Use a Wi-Fi Pineapple or other man-in-the-middle
device to capture wireless traffic
 Use an IMSI-catcher man-in-the-middle
device to intercept cell phone calls
 Many protocols are transmitted in clear text (unencrypted)
 Vulnerabilities include:
 Disclosure of usernames, passwords, host names, IP addresses, sensitive data
 Keystrokes that provide user names/passwords
 Reconstructing/capturing files including documents, images, voice, video
 ARP
 IGMP
 ICMP
 TCP shows sequence numbers (usable in session hijacking)
 TCP and UDP show open ports
 IP (both versions) shows source and destination addresses

All six of the core TCP/IP protocols are clear text and vulnerable to sniffing.
Clear Version TCP Port Encrypted TCP Port
Replacement
FTP 21 SFTP (part of SSH) 22
FTPS 990
Telnet 23 SSH 22
SMTP 25 SMTP/SSL or TLS 587, 465 (previous)
DNS (zone transfer) 53 -- --
HTTP 80 HTTPS 443
SHTTP (obsolete)
POP3 110 POP/SSL or TLS 995
NNTP 119 NNTP/SSL or TLS 563, 443
SMBv1 139 SMBv3 445
IMAP4 143 IMAP/SSL or TLS 993
LDAP 389 LDAPS 683
SQL 1433 SQL/SSL or TLS 1433
Clear Version UDP Port Encrypted Replacement UDP Port
TFTP 69 -- --
SNMP v1-2c 161, 162 SNMP v3 161, 162
NTP 123 (Best practices recommend adding --
authentication, and encryption)
DNS 53 (DNSSEC recommended to add --
integrity to records)
IKE 500 -- --
SIP 5060, 2000 Cisco SIP-TLS 5061
Call Manager
RTSP (SIP competitor 554 -- --
for CCTV)
RTP 5004, 9000, 6970- SRTP 5004+
6999 IETF, 16384-
32767 )
RTCP SRTCP 5005
  Wireshark
8.2 SNIFFING  TCPDump

TOOLS  Wi-Fi Sniffers

 Other Sniffers
 AKA Protocol Analyzer or Packet Analyzer
 Records all network traffic that reaches its interface
 Can be software- or hardware-based
 Depending on the product, can capture different Layer 2 protocols on various
media types
 Typically requires a driver to place the interface in promiscuous mode
 Allows the sniffer to intake frames even if they are not destined for the sniffing machine
 The most popular software-based sniffer
 Open source
 Previously known as Ethereal
 Runs on *nix or Windows

 Captures live traffic from any interface, on different types of media

 Any protocol including raw packets that are unidentified
 Follow and recreate entire TCP/HTTP streams
 Recreate captured files from raw packet hex data

 Has extensive filtering and search capabilities, and packet analysis features
 Can save, export and import packet captures (pcap files)
 With the correct driver, can capture radio and management headers from Wi-Fi

Note: Wireshark is not an IDS or packet crafter

 !(arp or icmp or dns)
 Filters out the "noise" from ARP, DNS and ICMP requests
 ! - Clears out the protocols for better inspection

 [Link] == 23
 Look for specific ports using [Link]

 [Link] ==21 || [Link] ==20

 Look for TCP 21 or 20, which are used by FTP

 [Link] == [Link]
 Look for specific IP address
 [Link] == [Link] && [Link] == 23
 Display telnet packets for a particular IP

 [Link] == [Link] && [Link] == [Link]

 See all packets exchanged from IP source to destination IP

 [Link]
 Display HTTP GET requests
 [Link]==21
 Display FTP packets (unencrypted file transfers)

 tcp contains string

 Displays TCP segments that contain the word "string"

 [Link]==0x16
 Filters TCP requests with ACK flag set
 Tcpdump is a command-line tool for sniffing traffic
 Similar to Wireshark, but Linux command-line only
 It captures and displays traffic
 Good for:
 Passive fingerprinting
 Sniffing passwords
 Intercepting any clear text transmissions

 Syntax
 tcpdump flag(s) interface
 tcpdump -i eth1
 Puts the specified interface in listening mode

 WinDump is a Windows version similar to tcpdump

 You can send capture files (pcap) from Wireshark, tcpdump, WinDump, EtherPeek,
etc. to an analysis tool
 Example tools include:
 Tcptrace
 PRTG Network Monitor
 Wireshark (open dumps from command line tools like tcpdump)
 NetworkMiner
 Airodump-ng
 Carnivore
 snoop
 SkyGrabber

Note:
 Wireshark will capture Wi-Fi packets from any interface, including wireless
 Wireshark presents Wi-Fi packets as if they are Ethernet
 802.11 LLC header was designed to be directly interoperable with Ethernet

 If you want to see Wi-Fi 802.11 management frames/radio headers:

 Wireshark: Select "802.11" as the "Link-layer header type" in the "Capture Options" dialog
 dumpcap, TShark, or Wireshark (capture started from the command line):
 add the argument -y IEEE802_11 to the command
 Equipment that captures signals to monitor network usage
 Does not alter traffic in cable segment
 Identifies malicious network traffic generated via hacking network software
 Grabs data packets
 Decodes and analyzes packet content based on predetermined rules
 Able to view individual bytes of data in each packet passing through cable
 Keysight N2X N5540A
 Keysight E2960B
 RADCOM PrismLite Protocol Analyzer
 RADCOM Prism UltraLite Protocol Analyzer
 FLUKE Networks OptiView XG Network Analyzer
 FLUKE Networks OneTouch AT Network Assistant
 SolarWinds Deep Packet Inspection and Analysis Tool
 ManageEngine NetFlow Analyzer
 Paessler Packet Capture Tool
 Omnipeek Network Protocol Analyzer
 tshark
 NetworkMiner
 Fiddler
 Capsa
 [Link] Sniffer Pro
 FaceNiff
 Sniffer
 zAnti
Note: Many mobile sniffer apps
 cSploit
require root access (you will have
 Packet Capture to root or jailbreak your device)
 Debug Proxy
 WiFinspect
 tPacketCapture
 Android tcpdump
  MAC Addresses

8.3 MAC AND

 MAC Spoofing
 MAC Flooding

ARP ATTACKS  ARP

 ARP Spoofing
 ARP Poisoning
 Physical address of a network interface card (NIC)
 AKA burned-in address
 Set by the factory – cannot be changed in the NIC firmware
 Some NIC drivers allow the OS to temporarily override it

 Used to identify a node at Layer 2 on Ethernet and Wi-Fi segments

 An IP packet must also include the source and destination MAC addresses
 Deliberately change the MAC address of your NIC
 Many OSes can use the NIC driver to temporarily override the MAC address

 Used to:
 Impersonate another machine
 Bypass MAC-based access control restrictions
 Spoof (fool) a switch
 A common attack on a network switch
 The goal is to force a switch to behave like a hub
 Forward all frames out all ports
 The attacker can sniff any traffic

 Intentionally overwhelming a switch with phony MAC addresses

 Specially crafted Ethernet frames are rapidly sent into a switch port
 Typically the frames have random spoofed source MAC addresses

 The switch will enter the spoofed MAC addresses into its MAC table
 The MAC table fills and cannot take in any new MAC addresses
 Vulnerable switches will then change into hub mode
 They repeat any incoming frame out all ports

 This allows the attacker to sniff traffic from all nodes on the switch
 Most modern switches are not vulnerable
 bbbb cccc

aaaa
dddd

ffff

eeee
 bbbb cccc

aaaa
dddd

ffff

eeee
 My MAC
table is
full!

bbbb cccc

aaaa
dddd

ffff

eeee
 A core TCP/IP protocol
 Maps MAC addresses to IP addresses
 In Ethernet and Wi-Fi, you cannot transmit a packet until the Layer 2 header contains the source
and destination MAC addresses
 ARP process:
 Sender transmits an ARP request
 Layer 2 broadcast (FFFFFFFFFFFF)
 Asks which MAC “owns” the specified IP address
 All nodes on the same segment receive and process the request
 The “owner” sends an ARP reply
 Layer 2 unicast
 Affirms it owns the IP address
 The sender updates its ARP cache, mapping MAC to IP
 Mappings must be refreshed periodically
 Used for sniffing someone else’s traffic
 Transmit spoofed ARP frames into the switch
 Pretend to have the same MAC as the node(s) you want to eavesdrop on
 The IP address is irrelevant, because the switch only deals in MAC addresses

 The switch will add the spoofed MAC to its table, associating it with your port
 The switch will actually have the same MAC associated with two switchports

 Any traffic destined for the other node will also be forwarded out your port

You use the target’s MAC address to fool the switch

MAC aaaa MAC bbbb

MAC xxxx
MAC aaaa “I’m MAC xxxx MAC bbbb
and MAC aaaa
and MAC bbbb”

MAC xxxx
MAC aaaa MAC bbbb

MAC xxxx
• The deliberate effort to corrupt another device’s ARP cache

• Send fake ARP replies that associate attacker’s MAC with target’s IP

• Used for man-in-the-middle attacks

• Corrupt both sides of a conversation (client - server / sender - gateway)
• Each node thinks the other has your MAC address
• The two sides will unknowingly relay their conversation through you

You use your own MAC address, but associate it with the
target’s IP address, to fool other devices
 To send to
To send to IP [Link],
IP [Link], deliver to
deliver to MAC aaaa
MAC bbbb NORMAL

[Link] [Link]
MAC aaaa MAC bbbb
 To send to
To send to IP [Link],
IP [Link], deliver to
deliver to MAC xxxx
MAC xxxx MITM

[Link] [Link]
MAC xxxx
MAC aaaa MAC bbbb
  Name Resolution Process

8.4 NAME  DNS Poisoning

 Poisoning Tools
RESOLUTION  Poisoning Defense

POISONING  NBNS
 LLMNR
1. Check if the destination is self
2. Check if the name is currently in the DNS resolver cache
3. Check if the name is in the %systemroot%\system32\drivers\etc\hosts file
4. Query the DNS server
5. Send an LLMNR multicast to [Link] (IPv6 FF02::1:3), UDP port 5355
6. Send a NetBIOS name query broadcast to [Link], UDP port 137
 Most DNS servers allow dynamic updates
 Attacker updates a DNS server with a fake A record
 Destination name is the same
 IP address has been changed to the attacker’s IP

 Server thinks update is legitimate

 When clients perform an A lookup, they are given the wrong IP address
 Can be performed against both Internet and intranet DNS servers
 False DNS records are inserted into a DNS server’s cache
 These records are then given to clients and other DNS servers

 Most DNS servers query other servers to resolve host names

 One false record can propagate to many DNS servers and clients
 Digital signatures and DNSSEC can help, and should be implemented
 In DNSSEC, a digital signature accompanies each DNS record to prove its authenticity and
integrity
 Reduce the threat of DNS poisoning, spoofing, and similar types of attacks
 Clients that cannot utilize DNSSEC will ignore the signature files
 dns-poisoning-tool ([Link]
 Ettercap
 Bettercap
 dnsspoof
 Test your DNS server for poisoning vulnerabilities at:
 [Link]/oarc/services/dnsentropy

 Keep DNS servers patched

 Configure clients to use your internal DNS server
 As opposed to Google - you can reduce the risk of DNS MITM

 Hard-code DNS A records where practical (especially server A records)

 Disallow anonymous updates to DNS
 Client updates
 Incoming zone transfers

 Configure local DNS server against cache pollution

 Implement IDS to watch for inappropriate update sources
 Implement DNSSEC
 Pre-Windows 2000 clients and servers
 Name resolution was performed by querying Microsoft’s NetBIOS name
server WINS (aka NetBIOS over TCP Name Server)
 NetBIOS name resolution order (configurable)
1. Check local NetBIOS resolver cache (nbtstat -c)
2. Query WINS server (UDP 139)
3. Check local LMHOSTS file
4. Send NetBIOS broadcast message (UDP 137)
5. Check DNS resolver cache
6. Query DNS server
 Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution (LLMNR) replaced NetBIOS
 Uses multicasting instead of broadcasting
 Supports IPv4 and IPv6
 Disable LLMNR/NetBIOS name queries
 Require all clients to use DNS
 Secure DNS against spoofing
8.5 OTHER  DHCP Starvation
LAYER 2  Spanning-Tree Protocol Attacks

ATTACKS  VLAN Hopping

 A flood of fake DHCP Discover messages with spoofed MAC addresses
 The DHCP server makes an Offer to each of the fake clients
 All available IP addresses quickly become reserved for “potential” DHCP clients
 DHCP starvation is often accompanied by a rogue DHCP server and MITM attack
 Attack Tool Examples:
 Yersenia
 DHCPstarv
 A variety of GitHub tools

 Mitigation:
 Switchport security (restricting the port to only allow one MAC address) may not help
 Switches monitor nodes on their ports by examining source MAC addresses
 The DHCP protocol does not use source MAC addresses to identify clients
 It uses the DHCP DISCOVER CHADDR field in the payload
 You can configure DHCP snooping on the switch
 Will block rogue DHCP servers
 The verify mac-address parameter will also only allow client requests whose payload matches the
actual source MAC in the frame
 ip dhcp snooping verify mac-address
 Switching loops are caused by uncontrolled redundant links
 Switching loops will almost instantly bring the network segment to a standstill
 Links will be flooded with endlessly looping and repeating frames
 The switch CPU utilization will shoot up to near 100%
 The switch MAC table will become unstable by constant rapid changes

 Spanning-tree protocol (STP) eliminates switching loops in a switched network

 Switches us it to identify redundant links
 The switches agree upon one switch becoming the primary point of reference (root
bridge) for the entire network
 All redundant links to the root bridge are put in a blocked state to break any loops
 If a primary link goes down, then the redundant link will assume its place and start
forwarding traffic.
 The attacker can send spoofed root
bridge messages (BPDUs) to a switch,
advertising a better link to the root
bridge
 The switch will redirect traffic from its
normal path to the attacker instead
 The attacker can then sniff the incoming
traffic
 The attacker can also choose to discard
the traffic or redirect it back into the
network

Attacker
Tools:
 Scapy
 Yersinia
 Various GitHub projects

Mitigation:
 Enable Root Guard on the switchports
 spanning-tree guard root
 A logical grouping of switch ports
 Used to segregate end devices and their traffic based on various business criteria:
 Location
 Device type
 Security level

 Each VLAN becomes its own broadcast domain

 Traffic cannot not leave that VLAN unless routed by a router/Layer 3 switch
 Devices can only communicate with other devices in the same VLAN
 Generally, a switch access port (that an end device is plugged into) can only belong to
one VLAN at any one time
 VLANs can extend across any number of switches on an Ethernet or Wi-Fi network
 The illegal movement of traffic from one VLAN to another
 Traffic is not routed properly between VLANs
 Traffic jumps over the VLAN “barricade” and ends up in another VLAN
 MAC flood a vulnerable switch
 When this occurs, the switch defaults to operating as a hub
 Repeats all frames out all ports
 VLANs become meaningless
 This “fail open” method ensures the network can continue to operate, but it is a security
risk
 Configure an attacker’s NIC as a “trunk port”
 Encourage the switch to negotiate a trunk link
 All VLAN traffic is then sent across that link to the attacker

 Double-tagging
 A frame header is specially crafted with two VLAN tags, one embedded inside another
 The outside tag must belong to the native (default) VLAN of the switch
 The switch accepts the frame, discards the outer tag, reads the second tag, and then
forwards the frame to that target VLAN
 Patch/update switch operating system
 Shut down unused ports and put them in an unused VLAN
 Explicitly configure ports for end devices as “access ports”
 switchport mode access
 Disable Dynamic Trunking Protocol
 An attacker will not be able to trick a switchport into establishing a trunk link with them

 Change the switch’s native VLAN and ensure no port directly uses the native VLAN
 This prevents a switch from accepting double-tagged frames
8.6 SNIFFING
COUNTER-  Countermeasures
 Tools & Techniques
MEASURES
 Use encrypted versions of protocols
 Require HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) to prevent MITM downgrade attacks
 Prefer switches over hubs
 Configure port security on switches
 Consider using host-to-host (transport mode) VPNs
 Use strong encryption WPA3/2 for Wi-Fi
 Scan for NICs in promiscuous mode.
 Avoid public Wi-Fi spots
 Check DNS logs for Reverse DNS lookups
 By default, sniffers will attempt to resolve IP addresses to names

 Ping suspected clients with the their correct IP but the wrong MAC address
 If suspect accepts the packet, its interface is in promiscuous mode
 A good indication of sniffing

 Use Nmap sniffer detection script:

nmap --script=sniffer-detect <target>
 Transmit an ARP request with the fake broadcast address [Link]
 This will be blocked by all NIC's operating in normal mode
 Will be allowed by NIC operating in promiscuous mode and thus it will respond to the
message
 Promiscuous mode detection tools:
 PromqryUI
 Ifchk.
 Use tools like Xarp to identify ARP attacks
 Hard code ARP-IP mappings
 Implement IDS
 Use host-to-host VPNs.
 Limit MAC addresses that are allowed to connect to a switchport
 Hard-code a maximum number of MACs per port
 Hard-code the MAC-to-port mapping in the switch’s MAC table
 Alternatively, allow “sticky MAC” learning – the switch enters the first MAC plugged into the port
as the only permitted MAC
 Better make sure you plug in an authorized device for the switch to learn!

 Set rules for switchport security violations

 The port shuts down
 The port is quarantined
 The violation is logged.
 DHCP Snooping
 Feature that can be enabled on certain switches
 Examines DHCP message exchanges passing through its ports
 Detects and blocks DHCPOFFER frames from untrusted/unknown sources

 Dynamic ARP Inspection

 Prevents malicious devices from poisoning their neighbors’ ARP caches
 Rejects invalid and malicious ARP packets
 Relies on DHCP snooping

 Best option:
 MAC address reporting from a source device like a router or a switch
 You would need a management system or inventory process to capture these addresses
 You then identify the rogue devices, and the switchports they were discovered on

 Next best option:

 Periodic ARP scanning to list active MAC addresses
 Check output for rogue devices.
 8.7
SNIFFING  Review

REVIEW
 INTRO TO
 Sniffing allows you to capture passwords, private messages, voice and video calls, files
and other sensitive data from the network
ETHICAL
 A good sniffer can capture any protocol from a variety of media types
 Should also be able to use multiple filters, follow TCP sessions, recreate captured files from raw

HACKING
hex data, provide packet analysis, and save and load captures files
 Sniffing is successful when desired traffic passes a NIC in promiscuous mode

REVIEW
 ARP poisoning redirects local LAN segment traffic to the attacker’s MAC address
 INTRO TO
 Sniffing allows you to capture passwords, private messages, voice and video calls, files
and other sensitive data from the network
ETHICAL
 A good sniffer can capture any protocol from a variety of media types
 Should also be able to use multiple filters, follow TCP sessions, recreate captured files from raw

HACKING
hex data, provide packet analysis, and save and load captures files
 Sniffing is successful when desired traffic passes a NIC in promiscuous mode

REVIEW
 ARP poisoning redirects local LAN segment traffic to the attacker’s MAC address

 MAC flooding forces a vulnerable switch to behave like a hub and

flood all frames out all ports
 Useful for VLAN hopping or when ARP poisoning is not desirable

 MAC spoofing changes the MAC address of your device’s NIC

 Use DNS cache poisoning and other name resolution exploits to
redirect targets when ARP poisoning isn't practical
 Including when credential harvesting from another subnet

 Be careful when poisoning ARP and DNS caches as it could cause a

denial-of-service for regular users.