TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER - 10 PAINTING 10-1 10-2 10:3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 10-9 Paint Ingredient of Paint Essel and Specific Properties of Good Quality Paint Elements of a Good Painting Job Surface Preparation Kinds of Paint, Uses and Area Coverage Estimating Your Paint Failures and Remedy CHAPTER- 11 AUXILIARY TOPICS 14 11-2 11-3 11-4 145 116 147 18 ‘Accordion Door Cover Glass Jalousie ‘Water Tank ‘Wood Piles Bituminous Surface Treatment Filling Materials Nipa Shingle Roofing ‘Anahaw Roofing 297 300 301 305 311 317 323 325 326 331 332 334 338 CHAPTER CONCRETE 1-1 PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE Concrete is either Plain or Reinforced. By definition, Plain Concrete is an artificial stone as a result of mixing cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates and water. The conglomeration of these materials producing a solid mass is called plain con- crete. Reinforced Concrete on the other hand, is a concrete with reinforcement properly embedded in such a manner that the two materials act together in resisting forces. The Different Types of Concrete Used in Construction are : 4. The Ordinary Portland cement. 2. The Rapid Hardening Portland Cement whi when high early strength concrete is desired. 3. The Blast Furnace or Sulfate Cement used on concrete structures designed to resist chemical attack. 4. The Low Heat Portland Cement used for massive sec- tions designed to reduce the heat of hydration. 5. The Portland Pozzolan Cement with a low hardening characteristic concrete. 6. The High Alumina Cement. is preferred The High Alumina Cement is sometimes called aluminous ‘cement or cement fundu. Its chemical composition is different from that of Portland cement for having predominant alumina ‘oxide content of at least 32% by weight. The alumina lime is within the limit of 0.85% to 1.3%.| ‘SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE ‘This type of cement has a very high rate of strength devel- opment compared with the ordinary Portland cement. Aside from its rapid hardening properties, it can resist chemical attack by sulfate and weak acids including sea water. It can also with- stand. prolonged exposure to high temperature of more than 4,000°C. Alumina cement however, is not advisable for mixing with any other types of cement. ‘The Main Composition of Cement are: 1.6 to 65% Lime 18.0 - 25% Silica 3.0 - 8% Alumina 3.0 - 5% Iron oxide 2.0 - 5% Magnesia 1,0 - 5% Sulfurtrioxide AGGREGATES, ‘Aggregates for concrete work are classified into two: 4. Coarse Aggregate such as crushed stone, crushed gravel or natural gravel with particles retained on a 5 mm sieve. 2. Fine Aggregate such as crushed stone, crushed gravel, sand or natural sand with particles passing ona 5 mm sieve. Size of Aggregates. - For coarse aggregate (gravel), the ‘maximum nominal size varies from 40, 20, 14 or 10 mm diame- ter. The choice from the above sizes depends upon the dimen- sions of the concrete member more particularly, the spacing of the steel bars reinforcement or as specified. Good practice demand that the maximum size of coarse ag- gregate (gravel) should not exceed 25% of the minimum thick- ness of the member structure nor exceed the clear distance between the reinforcing bars and the form. 2 CONCRETE ‘The coarse aggregate should be small enough for the con- crete mixture to flow smoothly around the reinforcement. This is. referred to as workability of concrete. 1-2 THE PRINCIPLES OF CONCRETE MIXING ‘The purpose in mixing concrete is to select an optimum pro- portion of cement, water and aggregates, to produce @ concrete mixture that will meet the following requirements: 4. Workability 3. Durability 2. Strength 4. Economy ‘The proportion that will be finally adopted in concrete mixing has to be established by actual trial and adjustment processes to atiain the desired strength and quality of concrete required under the following procedures: 4, The water cement ratio is first determined at the very first hhour of mixing to meet the requirements of strength and durability 2. The cement-aggregate ratio is then chosen and estab- lished to satisfy the workability requirements. Workability, ‘means the ability of the fresh concrete to fill all the voids between the stee! bars and the forms without necessarily exerting much effort in tamping. Laboratory tests showed that the water-cement content ratio Is the most important consideration in mixing because it deter- mines not only the strength and durability of the concrete but also the workability of the mbdure. Concrete mixtures in a paste form, is preferred than those, ‘mixtures which are flowing with water. ‘The ACI Requirements for Concrete are as follows: 1. Fresh concrete shall be workable. Meaning, that fresh con- 3‘SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE crete could freely flow around the reinforcements to fill all ‘the voids inside the form. 2. That, the hardened concrete shall be strong enough to carry the design load. 3, That, hardened concrete could withstand the conditions to which itis expected to perform. 4, That, concrete should be economically produced. Concrete Mixture may be classified as either: a. Designed Mixture 'b. Prescribed Midture Designed Mixture. Where the contractor is responsible in establishing the mixture proportion that will achieve the required strength and workability as specified in the plan. Prescribed Mixture. Where the designing engineer specify the mixture proportion. The contractor's responsibility is only to provide a mixed concrete containing the right propor- tions as in the plan. 1-3 THE UNIT OF MEASURE Prior to the worldwide acceptance of Metrication, otherwise known as System International (SI), materials for concrete structures were estimated in terms of cubic meter although, the ‘components thereof like; cement, sand, gravel and water, are measured in pounds, cubic foot and gallons per bag respec- tively. Lately however, under the SI measures, the 94 pounds per bag cement equivalent to 42.72 kilograms was changed and fixed at 40 kilograms per bag. The traditional wooden box used ‘to measure the sand and gravel is 12 inches wide by 12 inches long and 12 inches high, having niet volume of 1 cubic foot. 4 CONCRETE Today, instead of the traditionial measuring wooden box, the ‘empty plastic bag of cement is popularly used to measure the volume of sand and gravel for convenience in handling aggre- ‘Gates during the mixing operations. TABLE 1-1 CONVERSION FROM INCHES TO METER Nemec] Acarae | Appesat | numer | Aciam | Apron vice | ie ae | PR + | case [as [anf sae | aes 2 | vse | 60 | ze | see | So 3 | ome | oe | % | ten | Se 4 | ‘oe | oo | i | soo | oo 5 | ao | fos | 2 | too | 8 s | ss | 150 | 25 | sos 7 | ime | as | my | see | 8 & | zz | 200 | oe | Hee | Sp 9 2286 228 29 7366 725 10 | 20 | 250 | 2 | tem | Teo | 20 | a | oo | sem | tts 12 | Sma | 30 | S| ate | toe 3 | Sooo | 0 | 3 | aoe | oe a | 3s | 50] 3 | Gewe | SS 1 | 30 | ae | 3 | tom | 28 1s | 404 | 400 | a feo v | aoa} ae | [came | $2 te | ‘er | 450 | Se | asso | oon to | 4a | 7s | 3 | 0m | oe x | S000 | so | fo | toe | too 1 ‘The values presented in Table 1-1 could be useful in: 1. Finding the accurate conver Metric a sion of length from English to 2. Determining the approximate value to be used in our simplified methods of estimating. GettaSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE For Instance : In solving problems, the probability of committing error is subetantaly high when severe! digitnumbers are being used. Example: It is easier to use .10 meter, the approximate equivalent of 4 inches than .1016 it's exact equivelent, be it by multiplication or bby division processes. 8 = 80 by inspection and analysis “g_ = 78.7 by long process of division A016 B) To memorize the values given in Table 1-1 is a waste of time end nota practical approach in estimating. A simple guide will be adopted so that one could easily determine the equiva- lent values from English to Metric or vise versa. Example: 1, Toconvert Meter to Feet: Divide the length by .30 Say 6,00 meters = 20ft 30 2, To convert Feet to Meters: Multiply by .20 Say, 30 feet x .30 = 9.00 meters 3. To convert Inches to Meter, just remember the following values of equivalent. CONCRETE Take note that all length in inches is divisible by one or any combination of these five numbers. Thus, it could be easily con- verted to meters by summing up their quotient equival Example: a, Whats the meter length equivalent of 7 inches 2 By sim- ple analysis, 7 inches could be the sum of 4 and 3, there- fore: 4 inches = 10 meter 3 inches = .075 meter Answer = .175 meter b. How about 21 inches ? § x 4inches = 20 + 1 = 21 inches since 4" = 10m. and 1" = 025; multiply 5 x 10m. = 504.025 = 525m. Problem Exes Using the foregoing simple guide, convert the following num- bers from inches to meters or vise versa. Inches _to__Meters | “Meters _to._Inches 66 2.42 99 3.35 413 427 178 4.88 233 5.19 1-4 CONCRETE PROPORTION Proportioning concrete mixture is done in two different ways: by weight or by volume method. The most common and con- venient way is by the volume method using the empty plastic bag of cement, or by a measuring box for sand and gravel as 7SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE ction 1-3. Measuring the aggregates and water | welnt IB sometimes used n'a eonereto batching plant for ready-mix concrete or as specified in the plan. ~ 00m rs = ~o = PURE 1-4 MEASURING BOX TABLE 12 CONGRETE PROPORTION Moaure Cenertingay | Sand | Grval Gass | Proporin [H0KG | Soke] cum | cum 9 | zo | os | oo | 4 iE ia | So | ro | im | te 8 [iakis| rs | ao | & | to ¢ |i: :6| 60 | so | iioning concrete by volume method had long been practiced in almost al ypes of concrete sonstucon. Tine has proven it to be effective and successful. However, on construc; tion where space for materials stock piling and mixing does n permit, ready-mixed concrete is the most practical solution. interest of sand {tis interesting to note in Table 1-2 that the volume and gravel for all lasses of mixture is constant at 50 and 1.0 cubic meter respectively. It is rue, on the assumption that cement paste enters the void of the sand and at the same ins- CONCRETE tance, the composition of these two materials fil the voids of the gravel and thereafter, form a solid mass called concrete equiva- lent to one cubic meter. Based on actual concreting work, one cubic meter of gravel Plus one-half cubic meter sand mixed with cement and water will obtain a litle bit more than one cubic meter solid concrete, The small excess over one cubic meter will be considered as contingency. Comment : {In actual concreting and masonry work, there are several factors that might affect the accuracy of the estimate. Some of which are enumerated as follows: 1. Inaccurate volume of delivered aggregates which is very common. Delivery truck should be measured to check if - the volume of aggregates being delivered is exactly as or- dered, 2,. Dumping of aggregates on uneven ground surface and ‘grass areas reduces the net volume of aggregates. 3. Improper measuring of the aggregates during the mixing operation. This is common practice when the work is on its ‘momentum where laborers fails to observe the right meas- turing of aggregates being delivered to the mixer. 4, The cement and fine aggregate for grouting concrete Joints are mostly overlooked in the estimating processes, 5. Cement waste due to reckless handling and hauling, 6. The pure cement powder used by mason in plastering op- erations to prevent the plaster from sliding downward is, Not considered in estimating, 7. Pilferage of materials. This could be avoided with an effec- tive system of construction management.SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE Ordering of Coarse Aggregate must be Specific as tot a. Kind of gravel, either crushed stone or natural gravel from the creek. b. The minimum and maximum size of the stone must be specified. It should be free from mixed sand because ‘sand is cheaper than gravel. c., Natural gravel from the creek requires screening to obtain a well-graded coarse aggregate. Take note that soreening of aggregates means additional cost of labor and reduc tion in the net usable volume of gravel. 1-5 CONCRETE SLAB The discussions from cement to concrete proportions plus the Tables as presented could be more meaningful and appre~ ciated if accompanied by illustrations of actual applications. ILLUSTRATION 1-1 ‘A proposed concrete pavement has a general dimension of 40 om. thick, 3,00 meters wide and 5.00 meters long. Determine the quantity of cement in bags, sand and gravel in cubic meters required using class "C* mixture. cS FIGURE 12 CONCRETE PAVEMENT CONCRETE SOLUTION 1. Determine the volume of the proposed concrete pave- ment. Volume = Thickness x Width x Length V = 10 x 9.00 x 5,00 V = 1.5 cubic meters 2, Refer to Table 1-2. Using 40 kg. cement class © mix- ; Multiply the volume by the corresponding values: 6.0 = 9.0 bags 50 = .75 cu. m. xx 3, Take note that the computation is for a 40 kg. cement. ‘Suppose there is no 40 kilograms cement and what is lable are 50 kilograms per bag. How many bags will be ordered using the later? SOLUTION - 2 ( Using a 50 kg. Cement) 1. Knowing the volunte to be 1.5 cubic meters, refer again to Table 1-2. Under 50 kg. cement, using class “C* mix. ture; muttiply the volume by the corresponding values, Cement: 1.5 x 5.0 = 7.5 bags Sand: 1.5 x 50 = .75cu.m. Gravel: 1.5 x 1.0 = 1.5cu.m. ILLUSTRATION 1-2 A rural road 6.00 meters wide after base preparation re- ‘quires concreting of one kilometer long. Find the number of bags cement, sand and gravel required using class “A” concrete ifthe slab is 6 inches thick. "‘SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE, ° [or Tenet Scop FIGURE 13 CONCRETE ROAD SOLUTION 1. Solve for the volume of concrete pavement, convert 6 inches to meter = .15 m. (see table 1-1) V = Thickness x Width x Length V.= 45 x 6.00 x 1,000 m. V = 900 cubic meters 2. Refer to Table 1-2. Using 40 kg. cement, multiply the vo- ume by the corresponding values: Comat: 900 x 9.0 = 8,100 bags Sand: 900 x 50 = [Link].m. Gravel: 909 x 1.0 = 900cu.m. 3. Ifthere is no available 40 kg. cement, a 50 kg. cernent will require: ‘Cement: 900 x 7.0 = 6,300 bags Sand: 900 x .50 = [Link]. m. Gravel: 900 x 1.0 = 900 cu. m. Take note that the thickness was first converted from inches to meters using the approximate values in Tabie 1-1. 12 CONCRETE ILLUSTRATION 1-3 ‘Annational highway project as shown in Figure 1-4 specify 25 ‘centimeters thick concrete. Find the number of bags cement, ‘sand [Link] required using class “A* mixture. mE ee 7s 1,000 m. PLAN, FIGURE 1-4 CONCRETE ROAD SOLUTION 1. Find the volume of the concrete slab; V'= Thickness x Width x Length V = .25 x 7.20 x 1,000 meters V = 1,800 cubic meters 2. Refer to Table 1-2. Using 40 kg. cement class A mixture, ‘multiply the volume by the corresponding values: Cement: 1,800 x 9.0 = 18,200 bags Sand: 1,800 x 50 = 900 cu. m, Gravel: 1,800 x 1.0 = 1,[Link], m, 3. If S0kg, cement will be use, we need: Cement: 1,800 x 7,0 » 12,600 bags ‘Sand and Gravel same as in step 2. ILLUSTRATION 1-4 ‘The ground floor of a residential house has an area of 200 ‘square meters. The plan specify 4 inches thick concrete floor on fill using class C concrete. List down the materials required, 13SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 10.00m. FIGURE 15 FLOOR PLAN SOLUTION 1. Find the volume of the floor slab. Convert 4 inches to meter = 10m, and then multiply: 200 x .10 = 20 cubic meters 2. Refer to Table 1-2 under 40 kg. cement along class C mixture, multiply: Cement: 20 x 6.0 = 120 bags k 20 x .60 = 10 cu. m. Gravel: 20 x 1.0 = 20cu.m. Problem Exercise 1. Acconcrete road 15 meters wide, § kilometers long, is de- signed with a thickness as shown in the following cross seo- tion, Specifying class “A” concrete, determine the quantity of 40 kg. cement, sand and gravel required. If there is no available 40 kg. cement, how many bags at 50 kg. would be needed instead? e e s Bal iv 1500 m, FIGURE 15 CROSS SECTION OF THE ROAD CONCRETE 2, From the following figure, solve for cement, sand and gravel using class B concrete if the floor is § inches thick. FIGURE 1-7 FLOOR PLAN 1-6 ESTIMATING CONCRETE SLAB BY THE AREA METHOD Estimating concrete slab by the “Area Method” is much eas- jer than the Volume Method as explained in Sec. 1-5. However, this could: be done with the aid of Table 1-3 which readily offer the quantity of cement, sand and gravel per square meter de- pending upon the required thickness of the slab. ‘TABLE 1.3 QUANTITY OF CEMENT, SAND AND GRAVEL FOR SLAB. 'AND WALLS PER SQUARE METER AREA Modure Class = Sib Thick [40 Kg. Cement 50 kg. Cement Sond’ | Gravel ess T om | a [se feo [a c [cum|cum so | 459 | 375 | 200] 250 |. 280. | 0280 7s | 675 | ‘563 | 450] ‘505 37s | (0375 10.0 | ‘s00 | 750 | 600} 700 125 | 1125 | 938 | 750] 975 450 | 1.350 | 1.125 | ‘900 | 1.050 a7s_| 1575 | 1313 | 1950 | 1.225] 1.050 200 | 11800 | 1500 | 1-200 | 1.400] 1200 | 1.00 | -1000 225 | 2030 | 1688 | 1.350 | 1575] 1350 | 1425 | 1125 250 | 2250 | 1875 | 1500 | 1.750| 1500 | 1.250 | ‘+250 278, | 2475 | 2063 | 1.950 | 11925] 1650 | 1375 | 1380 300° | 2700 | 2250 | 1.800 | 2100| 1.800 | 1.500 | ‘+500 (0500 (0750. e888 |° a subeagaes® 6 3SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE. CONCRETE 3. Again, comparing the result with that of illustration 1-2 the ILLUSTRATION 1-5 answers are pracoaly the same: Thus, solving the quan SF a tity of coment, sanci and gravel for concrete pavement gon a tte erobtern net panel hate 2 by nei Aree ‘and walls can’be done by the Volume Method and the ‘Area Method. The choice is yours. Solution for Illustration 1-1 ILLUSTRATION 1-6 1. Solve for the pavement area. ‘A concrete wall, 3 inches thick with general dimensions of ‘Area = Width x Length 3.00 meters high by 7.00 meters long specify class “B" mixture. A= 3.00 x 5.0m. Find the number of 40 kg. cement, sand and gravel required A= 15sq.m. 2. Refer to Table 1-3. Along 10 cm. slab thickness under 40 kg. cement class °C" mixture, multiply: Cement: 15 x .600 = 9.0 bags Sand: 15 x .050 = .75 cu. m. Gravel: 15 x .100 = 1.5 cu. m, 3. Compare this quantity to that of illustration 1-1, the results PE ONSET Sone are the same. SOLUTION Solution for Mustration 1-2 1, Convert 3 inches to centimeters.= 7.5 (see Table 1-1) 1. Find the area of the concrete road pavement; 22); Fingltne Aree of the,yran ate ‘Area = Height x Length A pete ‘A = 3.00 x 7.00m. = 21.59. m. ‘A = 6.00 x 1,000 meters A= 6,000 sq.m. 3, Refer to Table 1-3. Under slab thickness 7.5 cm. 40 kg. ‘cement class B mixture we obtain the number .563, 2. Refer to Table 1-3. Using class" thick concrete slab, multiply: Cement: 6,800 x 1.350 = 8,100 bags sonate 18.15 Fn. 4. Likewise, under column sand and gravel of Table 1-3 we obtain .0375 and .075 respectively. 5. Multiply the Area by each of these numbers to get the ‘quantity of cement, sand and gravel respectively. 16 m‘SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE CONCRETE Cement: 21 x 663 = 11.82 say 12 bags i? Sand: 21 x .0375 = .79cu. m. 1-7 SQUARE CONCRETE COLUMN Gravel: 21x 075 = 1.87 cu.m. sae oun een ce oy umn can also be done In two simple ways: erable eases 4. By Volume Method and 1. By the Area Method, determine the quantity of cement, 2, By Linear Meter Method. ssand and gravel of the proposed concrete parking area 6 inches thick with a general dimensions of 160 x 120 me- iLbostaateice? ters using class "A" mixture, ‘A reinforced concrete square column is 5.00 meters long with @ cross sectional dimensions of 16 by 16 inches. Deter- mine the quantity of cement, sand and gravel using class A ‘concrete, 16 FIGURE 1.9 FLOOR PLAN OF PARKING AREA 16 2. By the Volume and Area Method, find the quantity of ce- ‘ment, sand and gravel of the concrete pavement 4” thick as shown in Figure 1-10 using class “B" concrete. FIGURE 111 SQUARE COLUMN 2.00 " 800m. SOLUTION : at A. By Volume Method 000) Pre LS 1. Convert first all measurements from inches to meter. 16 inches = .40 meter ( See Table 1-1) ; 2. Solve for the cross sectional area of the column, ; 11.00 Area: 40 x AO = .16 sq.m. FIGURE 1.10 CONCRETE PAVEMENT PLAN i 3. Find the volume of the column. 18 19SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE V = 16 x 5.00 meters V = .80 cum. 4, Refer to Table 1-2, using 40 kg. cement class crete, multiply: Cement: .80 x 9.0 = 7.2say 8 bags Sand; .80 x .50 = 0.4 say 0.5 cu. m. Gravel: .80 x 1.0 = 0.8 say 1.0 cu. m. ILLUSTRATION 1-8 ‘A concrete column is 7.00 meters high with a cross sec- tional dimensions of 20 by 20 inches. Determine the quantity of ‘cement sand and gravel content of the column if there are 8 ‘columns in the row using class “A* conicrete. ‘CROSS SECTION XX FIGURE 1-12 CONCRETE COLUMN CONCRETE SOLUTION 1. Convert all dimensions from inches to meters. (Refer to Table 1-1, use approximate values). 2. Solve for the volume of one square column. V = 50 x 50 x 7.00 V = 1.75 cu. m, 3. Find the volume of the 8 columns, Ve 175x8 V = 14 cubic meters 4. Refer to Table 1-2. Using a 40 kg. cement class “A* mix- ture, multiply Cement: 14 x 9.0 = 126 bags Sand: 14 x 50 = 7.0 cu.m. Gravel: 14 x 1.0 = [Link]. m, 1-8 ESTIMATING SQUARE CONCRETE COLUMN BY LINEAR METER METHOD Another way of estimating the quantity of materials for con- crete column is by the Linear Meter Method. Under this method, the length of the column is first deter- mined. With the aid of Table 1-4, the materials required are found by multiplying the length by the corresponding values of ‘cement, sand and gravel given in Table 1-4, aSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE ILLUSTRATION 1-9 Solving the problem of |ilustration 1-8 Figure 1-12 where there are 8 columns at 7.00 mé:ars high each, we have: SOLUTION 1. Find the total length of the 8 columns ‘8 column x 7.00 m. = 66.00 meters 2. Referto Table 1-4. Along 60x 50 cm, column, using ‘40 kg. cement class “A” concrete, multiply: ‘Cement : 58.00 x 2.250 = 126 bags ‘Sand: 56.00 x .125 = 7.0 cu.m. Gravel: 56.00 x .260 = [Link]. m. 3. Comparing the results to that of iilustration 1-7, the an- swers are the same. Problem Exe 4. From the following figure, solve for thé quantity of ce- ‘ment, sand and gravel by the Volume Method using (2) class “A” concrete; (b) Class B conerete, CROSS SECTION FIGURE 1-13 CROSS SECTION @.) 6 COLUMN [Link] b) 8 COLUMNS AT 16M. HIGH CONCRETE ‘TABLE 1-4 QUANTITY OF CEMENT, SAND AND GRAVEL FOR POST "BEAM AND GIRDER PER METER LENGTH Size Mixture Ciags Sand | Gravet A] By] AT 8 | cum | um 18x20 ao | z5| 210] 180] or | cao 18x25 3 | 281 | 263] 225] ‘ore | 038 45x30 | 405 | 338] 318] 270] 023 | 045 18x35 | (473 | 304 | 360] (315 | 028 | ‘053 35x40 | ‘540 | 450 | 420] 360] 030 | ‘060 20x20 | 260} 200| 280) 240} 020 | 040 20x25 | 450] 375 | 350] 300] 025 | 050 20x30 | S40} 480 | 420] 360] 030 | 060 20x35 | 630] 525 | 490] 420] 035 | 070 zox40 | 720] .00| sco} 480] 040 | 080 25x25 | sea} soo] 43a] 275] 031 | 069 25x30 | (675 | 563) ‘525| 450] 038 | 075 25x35 | 7e8} 656) 613| 525| 044 | ose 25x40 | ‘900| 750) 700] 600} 050 | 100 25x45 | 1013] ea4| 7e8| 575] (058 | 113, 25x50 | 1125] 998 | e75| 750) 053 | (125 soxso | sro} 675 | 520] 540} 048 | 000 goxas | ‘9s | 783 | 735] 620] 053 | 105 30x40 | 1080} 900] e40| 720) 060 | ‘120 20x45 | 1125] 1013] 945] ‘8t0| 08 | 138 30x80 | 1.350 | 1.425 | 1.050] 900] (078 | (150 3x35 | 1103] 10] e568 |° 795] 06: | 123 35x40 | 1260 | 1050 | 960] 840] ‘970 | 140 35x45 | 1418 | 181 | 1.103] 9451 079 | 158 5x50 | 1575 | 1313 | 1.225] 1.050] 088 | 175 38x85 | 11890 | 1575 | 1.470| 1260] 105 | 210 40x40 | 1.440 | 1200 | 1.120] 960} 080 | 160 40x45 | 11620 | 1350 | 1.260] 1080} 090 | 120 40x50 | 1.800 | 1500 | 1.400] 1.200] 100 | 200 40x55 | 1.980 | 1650 | 1.540] 1.320] ‘110 | 220 oxo | 2160] 1800 | 1.680] 1.440] 120 | 240 45x45 | 1923] 1510 | 1.418] 1215] tor | 208 45x50 | 2025 | 1688 | 1575] 1350] 113 | 226 45x55 | 2228 | 1.956 | 1.733| 1495] 124 | 248 45x60 | 2430 | 2025 | 1.890] 1620] 135 | 270 23SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE. CONCRETE 1-9 POST AND FOOTING Structurally, post is always supported by slab called footing or foundation. Estimating the quantity of materials for these types of structures could be done by: 4, The Volume Method or 2. The Area and Linear Meter Method combined for Post and footing. s0xs0 | 2250] 1.875} 1.750] 1.600] 125 50x55 | 2475 | 2083 | 1.9925) 1.650 “138 50x60 | 2700] 2250} 2100) 1.800] ‘160 ssxe0 | 2970| 2475) 2310] 1.980| 165 55x70 | 3485 | 2088, 608] 2310| ‘16 55x80 | 3960 | 3200 | s080) 2640] 220 55x00 | 4455| 3713 | 3405] 2970] ‘248 85x10 | 4950] 4125 | 3850 3300] 275 60x60 | 3240 | 2700} 2520) 2160] 100 60x70 | 3780 | 3150] 2940] 2520] ‘210 60x80 | 4320) 3800 | 3360] 2880] 240 60x80 | 4860 | 4050 | 3780] 3.240] 270 60x 100 | 5.400} 4500 | 4200] 3600] “300 ILLUSTRATION 1-10 ‘A concrete post 4.00 meters high with cross sectional di- ‘mensions of 40 cm. x 40 cm. is supported by a footing slab 20 ‘cm. thick by 1.20 m. square. Using class "A" concrete, find the quantity of cement, sand and gravel if there are 12 posts of the 5x60 | 2510 | 2925 | 2730] 2340] 195 6x70 | 4095 | 3413 | 3185] 2730| ‘ze 5x80 | 4680 | 3900] 3640] 3120] 260 5x90 | 5265 | 4388 | 4095] 3510| ‘203 65x 100 | 5.850! 4875 | 4550] 3200] 325 70x70 | 4410 | 3675 | 3.430) 2040] 245 7oxa0 | 5040 | 4200] 3920| 3360] 200 70x90 | 5670) 4725 | 4.410] 3780| 315 3883 BESRE BEERS BREE BSE roxi00 | 6300 | 5260 | 4200| 4200| 350 He=A0m 7x70 | 4725 | 3958 | 675] 3150] 253] 25 120m, 75x80 | 5400 | 4500 | 4200] 3000) 300 | 720 75x90 | cars| S0s3 | 4725| 4050 | ss8| es 75x10 | 6750 8625 | 5250] 4500| ‘37s | 760 80x80 | 5760| 4900} 4480) 3240] 20] 640 ELEVATION 20x90 | 6480 | 5400 | S040| 4320| 360) 720 eox100 | 7950 | 6375 | ses0| s.100| sos | +050 FIGURE 1-14 POST AND FOOTING s5x20 | s120| 5100} 4760] 4080| 340] 500 85x50 | cass| s7se | sass) 4s80| S05] tee e5x100 | 7950] 6375 | 5050 8100) 425 | 0 SOLUTION 2x80 | 7290] 607s | se70| 4860| 405 ‘210 ecxe Meth soxi00 | 8100] 6750 | 6300] s400| aso | ‘S00 fh) oan ene Mead, 95x90 | 7605] e419 | 5005] 5130) 420 | 255 1. Find the volume ofthe 12 posts 25x00. | ass0| 7125| s650| 5700) 475 | 980 100x100 | “800 | 7500 | 7.000| 6.000 | _‘s00'| 1.000 Volume = Sectional area x Height x No. of post 24 2SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE, Volume = 12 posts x (.40 x .40) x 4,00 m. nt. V_ = 7.68 cubic meters Solve for the volume of 12 footing slab a V = 12(.20x1.20x1.20) V = 3.456 cubic meters Find the total volume. Add 1 and 2 Total Volume = 7.68 + 3.456 V = 11.136 cu. m Refer to Table 1-2. Using 40 kg. cement class concrete, multiply : Cement: 11.136 x 9.0 = 100.2 bags Sand: 11.136 x 50 = 5.56 cu. m. Gravel: 11.136 x 1.0 = 11.136 cu. m. B. Solution by the Linear Meter and Area Method 1 Find the total length of 12 posts L L 42 posts x 4.00 m. ht. 48 meters Refer to Table 1-4. Along the 40 x 40 cm. column size class "A" mixture; multiply. Cement: 48 x 1.440 = 69.12 bags Sand: 48 x .080 = [Link]. m. Gravel: 48 x .160 = 7.68 cu. m. Find the area of the footing slab, Area = 12 pos. (1.2 x12) = 17.28 sq.m. CONCRETE 4, Refer to Table 1-3, using 40 kg. cement class “A” mix: ture for 20 cm. thick stab; multiply: Cement: 17.28 x 1.80 = 31.1 bags Sand: 17.28 x 100 = 1.72cu.m Gravel: 17.28 x .200 = 3.46 cu.m. 5. Add results of step 2 and step 4. Cement: 69.12 + 31.1 = 100.2 bags Sand: 3.84 + 1.72 = 5.56 cu.m. Gravel: 7.68 + 3.45 = 11.13 cu. m, ILLUSTRATION 1-11 From Figure 1-15, determine the number of 40 kg. cement, ‘sand and a gravel required using class “A concrete for the foot- ing and class *C* concrete for the flooring 4” thick. 20 490m. # floor 7 ‘concrete for sab |3.00m, Pp |90 45 0 PLAN ELEVATION FIGURE 1-15. SOLUTION A. Footing Slab 4. Solve forthe volume of F Volume = .15 x .80x.80 = ,096 cu. m. 2. Total volume of 4 pieces footing slabSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE, V = 096 x 4 f001INgS ose seene 0.384 B. Pedestal 1. Solve for the volume of P 30.x.30 x90 1081 cu. m. x 4 pieces... 0.324 Total volume........0.708 ou. m. 2.. Refer to Table 1-2. Using 40 kg. cement class "A" con- crete; multiply: 708 x 9.0 = 6.37 bags 708 x .50 = .354 cum. Gravel: .708 x 1.0 = .708 cu. m. C. Concrete Floor Slab 1. Solve for the volume of concrete floor slab. Volume = .10 x 3.00 x 4.00 V= 1.2cu.m. 2. Refer to Table 1-2. Using 40 kg. cement class °C” con- crete; mi 3. Summary of the materials B and C. Cement: 6.37 + 7.2 = 13.57 say 14 bags 354 +06 = .95cu.m. Gravel: 708 + 1.2 = 1.90cu. m. Comment: To a meticulous estimator, the area occupied by the posts, will be subtracted from the gross area of the floor although the result is an insignificant amount. 28 CONCRETE 1-10 RECTANGULAR COLUMN ‘The procedure in estimating rectangular column is practically the saine as that of the square column. It-could be either by. ” volume method or by the linear meter method as previously explained. The choice of the method however, depends upon the convenience and preference of the estimator. ILLUSTRATION 1-12 A series of 8 rectangular concrete columns with typical cross sectional dimensions of 40 x 60 cm. is supporting a beam. ‘The column has a clear height of 8.00 meters from the floor line to the bottom line of the beam. Specifying class *A* concrete, determine the quantity of cement sand and gravel required, FIGURE 1-18 RECTANGULAR COLUMN, SOLUTION (By Linear Meter Method) 1. , Find the total length of the 8 columns, Length: 8.00 x 5.00 m. = 40 meters 20‘SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 2. Refer to Table 1-4. Along the 40 x 60 om. column size under 40 kg. cement class “A” concrete, multiply: Cement: 40 x 2.16 = 86.4 bags ‘Sand > 40 x .120 = 4.8 cu. m. Gravel: 40 x .240 = 9.6 cu. m. SOLUTION (By Volume Method ) 4, Find the volume of the eight columns: * v= 40x.60 x 5.00ht. x 8 V = 9.6 cubic meters 2. Refer to Table 1-2. Using 40 kg. cement class crete, multiply: Cement: 9.6 x 9.0 = 86.4 bags Sand: 9.6 x 60 = 48cu.m. el: 9.6 x 1.0 = [Link].m. * Comparing the result of the two methods, the answers are ‘the same. As to which method to use is now your choice. Plastering Ifthe post will be plastered with class “A” mortar mixture, the solution will be as follows: 4. Find the total surface area of the 8 columns. Perimeter = 2 (40) +2 (.60) P = 2.00m. 2. Solve for the surface area of the 8 columns. ‘Area = Px height x Number of posts ‘A = 2.00 x 5.00 x 8 A = 8089. m. 30 CONCRETE 3. Find the volunre of the plaster at 12 mm thick. V = Area x thickness of the plaster V = 80 x 012m. = .96 cu. m. 4. Refer to Table 2-1. Using 40 kg. cement class "A’ mix: ture, multiply: Cement: .96 x 18.0 = 17.2 bags Fine Sand: .96 x 1.0°= .96 cu. m. Plastering is a separate subject matter to be discussed thoroughly in Chapter - 2. 1-11 RECTANGULAR BEAM AND GIRDER ‘ABeam is defined as a strong horizontal piece of reinforced ‘concrete for spanning and supporting weights. On the other Fond. a beam that is carrying of supporting another beam is Called girder. Similarly, estimating the materials for these types Gf structures is etther by the volume or the linear meter methodSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE, SLLUSTRATION 1-13 From Figure 1-17, using class “A” concrete, list down the materials required. SOLUTION (By Volume Method) 1. Find the volume of the beam Volume = 5 pes. x .25x.40 x 8.00 m. span V = 4cubic meters 2. Solve for the volume of the girder Volume = 2 pes. x .40 x .60 x 16.00 m. span V = 7.68 cu. m. 3, Total volume of beam and girder Total V = 4+ 7.68 V = 11,68 cu. m. 4. Refer to Table 1-2. Using 40 kg. cement class “A” con- crete; muitiply: Cement: 11.68 x 9.0 = 105.12 bags Sand: 11.68 x .50 = 5.84 cu. m. Gravel: 11.68 x 1.0 = 11.68 cu. m SOLUTION (By The Linear Meter Method ) 1. Find the total length of the Beam 5 pes. x 800m. = 40 meters 2. Refer to Table 1-4. Along column size 25 x 40 om. under 40 kg. class A concrete, multiply: Cement: 40 m.x.900 = 36 bags Sand: 40m. x .050 = 2cu.m. Gravel: 40m. x.100 = 4cu.m. 32 CONCRETE 3. Find the total length of the Girder 16m. x 2 pes. = 32 meters 4. Refer to Table 1-4 along column size 40 x 60 under ‘column 40 kg class A mixture, muttiply: Cement: 32 x 2.160 = 69.12 bags Sand: 32x 120 = 3.84 cu. m. Gravel: 32x 240 = 7.68 cu. m. 5. Summarized results of 2 and 4. Cement: 36 + 69.12 = 105.12 say 106 bags Sand: 2+ 3.84 = 5.84 cu.m. Gravel: 4+ 7.68 = 11.68cu.m. 1-12 CIRCULAR COLUMN Estimating the materials for circular column is typically the ‘same as the volume method for the square and rectangular col- umns with the aid of Table 1-2. However, Table 1-5 was also prepared for circular column problems to avail of the linear me- ter method of estimating ILLUSTRATION 1-14 AA circular concrete column has a diameter of 60 cm. by 6,00 meters high. Find the concrete materials required if there are 5 columns of the same size in a row, SOLUTION -~ 1 ( By the Volume Method ) 41. Solve for the cross sectional area of the column, A= Tr? or A = 0,7854xd? (Formula) 0.7854 x 607) = .283 sq.m. : N 33{| SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE ELEVATION SECTION AA FIGURE 1-18 CIRCULAR COLUMN 2. Find the volume of one column. V = 283 x 6m. ht. = 1,698 cu. m. 3. Solve for the volume of 5 columns. Total volume: (1.698 x5) = 8.49 cu. m. ‘TABLE 1-6 QUANTITY OF CEMENT, SAND AND GRAVEL PER METER. LENGTH OF CIRCULAR COLUMN MIXTURE CLASS cot | 40g. coment 50 kg, cement Sand | Gravet Dia, om [| A B A 8 foum|oum | 2 | 42 | 368 | see 295 | 1025 | 050 30 530 | 495 424 | 035 | 070 lt 35 | ‘ses | 722 | 73 S77 | 048 | 096 4 | 1131 | ‘942 | 880 754 | 063 | 126 so | 1767 | 1473 | 1374 | 1178 | 0968 | 106 86 | 2198 | 1782 | 1663 | 1425 | 119 | 238 ! eo | 2545 | 2121 | 1970 | 1696 | 141 | 262 i 65 | 2986 | 2498 | 2923 | 1991 | ‘168 | 332 ! 70 | 3464 | 2886 | 2604 | 2300 | ‘182 | ‘e4 75 | as7e | 3313 | 3003 | 2651 | zat | 442 0 | 4524 | 3770 | aste | sore | 251 | ‘soa 85 | 107 | 4256 | s972 | 3405 | 254 | 508 90 | 5726 | 4771 | 4453 | 3at7 | 318 100 | 7.069 | 5800 | sass | 4712 | 200 | 706 34 CONCRETE 4. Refer to Table 1:2. Using 40 kg. cement class “AY con- crete; multiply: Cement: 8.49 x 9.0.= 76.4 bags Sand: 8.49 x .50 = 4.24 cu. m. Gravel: 8.49 x 1.0 = [Link]. m. SOLUTION - 2 ( By Linear Meter Method ) 1. Determine the total length ofthe § circular columns. L = (5 x 6.00mht) = 30,00 meters 2. Refer to Table 1-5. Along the 60 cm. column diameter under 40 kg. cement, class “A” mixture, multiply: Cement: 30.00 x 2.545 = 76.4 bags Sand: 30.00 x .141 = 4.23cu.m. Gravel: 30.00 x .282 = 8.46 cu. m. Problem Exercise 1. From the following figure, List down the concrete materials by any method using class “A” concrete. a la.00m. ae | 26 4 20m. 7 Ea o PLAN ELEVATION FIGURE 1-19 POST AND FOOTING‘SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE. From the following figures, solve for the concrete materials of slab, beams and girders using class “A* concrete. (Cross Section of Beam Cross Section of Girer CONCRETE 3. From the following figure, find the concrete materials re- quired for the columns 9.00 meters high each using class A concrete, 10 pos. Hexagonal Column FIGURE 1.22 4. From the following Figure 1-23, find the cement, sand and gravel if there are 8 columns, using class “A” mixture, PLAN ELEVATION. FIGURE 1-2 CROSS SECTION OF ELIPTICAL COLUMN, 5. A building design has spiral reinforced concrete column 9 meters high with a general cross sectional diameter of 45 inches. Determine the required materials by the volume ‘method and the linear meter method using class A concrete | if there are 6 columns in the plan. 1-13 CONCRETE PIPE Concrete pipe is much in demand for smell and medium drainage construction. The use of concrete pipe as drainage structure materially save cost of forms, time and labor costs as well 37‘SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE, Procedures in Estimating the Materials for Concrete Pipe. 1. Find the net volume of the concrete pipe. That is, by sub- tracting the volume occupied by the hole from the gross volume of the pipe. 2. Knowing the net volume of the concrete, [Link] Table 1- 2, under 40 kg. cement and class of mixture specified, multiply by the net volume found for cement, sand and gravel or 3, Use Table 1-6 for final result Tongue d 1,00 Meter Pipe Where: D = Diameter of the Pipe d= diameter of the pipe hole L_= Length of the pipe 1.00 m. FIGURE 1.24 CONCRETE PIPE ILLUSTRATION 1-15 ‘A road construction requires 12 pieces of 90 cm. diameter concrete pipes for drainage purposes. Determine the quantity of ‘cement, sand and gravel needed to manufacture said pipes using class “A” concrete. (excluding reinforcement which will be discussed later in chapter 3). SOLUTION (By Volume Method ) 1, Solve for the gross volume of the concrete pipe. CONCRETE Formula: . Volume = 0.7854D7h Formula V = 0.7854 x 1.10? x 1.00m. V = .950 cu. m, 90 cm, Diameter Concrete Pipe FGURE 1.25 CONCRETE PIPE 2. Solve for the volume of the hole. V = 0.7854 x d?h V = (0.7854 x .907 x 1.00 length) = .636 cu. m. 3. Subtract result of step 2 from step 1 to get the net volume ‘of the conorete pipe. Ve = 950-636 = 314 4. Total volume of the 12 pipes. M = 314 x 12 Vi = 3.768 cubic meters 5, Refer to Table 1-2. Using 40 kg. cement class crete; multiply: Cement: 3.768 x 9.0 = 33.912 say 34 bags Sand: 3.768 x .50 = 1.88 say 2.0 cu. m. Gravel: 3.768 x 1.0 = 3.7 say 4.0cu.m. 30SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE ‘TABLE 1-6 QUANTITY OF CEMENT, SAND AND GRAVEL PER CONCRETE PIPE. Diameterin |__CEMENTINEAGS _ —Gentipeter ‘lass of eee o | 4 a [enreecremn Ga a8 | 52 wa | oo | oe ead ea {95 163 ont ‘oz els | 38 zm | om | car alae 30s | 025 | 060 50} 40 635 530 038 ee 60 | 50 779 850 084 al ge | 0 | 175 | 1483 | 98 | 106 go | 7 | 2200 | teas | 126 | 22 wo | oo | 258 | 215 | 14 | 2m tio | 9 | 202 | 2955 | 157 | ste 420 | 100 3.110 2595 473 346 faa [120 | aaez | 3705 | 200 | 8 ia |io | S500 | 45e3 | 306 | e12 SOLUTION -2 (Per Pipe Using Table 1-6) 1 To say 90 centimeters concrete pipe, it refers to the hole diameter. And for the purpose of estimating the volume of concrete, we consider the inside diameter of the pipe {35 presented in the second column d of Table 1-6. Refer to Table 1-6. Under d = 90 pipe diameter, class *A" mixture, multiply Cement: 12 x 2.826 = 33.9 say 34 bags Sand: 12 x 187 = 1.88 say 2.0cu.m, Gravel: 12 x 314 = 3.77 say [Link].m. MASONRY -1 CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS Concrete Hollow Block is popularly known as CHB. It is classified as load bearing and non-bearing blocks. Load bearing blocks are those whose thickness ranges from 15 to 20 centi- meters and are used to camry load aside from its own weight. Non-bearing blocks on the other hand, are blocks intended for walls, partitions, fences, dividers and the like carrying its ‘own weight whose thickness ranges from 7 to 10 centimeters, FIGURE 2-1 CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCK The standard hollow blocks has three void cells and two half cells at both ends having a total of four. These hollow cells vary In sizes as there are different manufacturers using different types of mold. Hence, itis recommended that concrete hollow blocks with bigger cells. be considered in estimating for a more realistic result. In this study, what we want to know is the quantity of the ma- terials needed for a certain masonry work made of concrete. a‘SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE hollow blo:! vhich generally comprises of the following items. Concrete hollow blocks. Cement and sand for block laying. ‘Gement, sand and gravel filer for the hollow core or cell. Cement and fine sand for plastering ‘Cement sand and gravel for foundation or footing, Reinforcing steel bars and Tie wires. NOREEN Item 4 to 5 will be discussed in this chapter. The reinforcing steel bars and Tie wires will be presented in Chapter 3 -Metal Reinforcement. Estimating the materials for masonry work using hollow looks, could be done in either of the following methods: ay Fundamental methods By the Area methods ILLUSTRATION 2-1 ‘A concrete hollow block wall has a general dimension of 3.00 meters high by 4.00 meters long. Determine the number of CHB, cement and sand required to construct the wall. ELEVATION ig" > CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS WALL 2 MASONRY SOLUTION - 1 (By Fundamental Method ) 1. Divide the height of the fence by the height of one block. 3.00 = 15 layers :20 2. Divide the length of the fence by the length of one block 4.00 = 10 pieces 40 3. Multiply the result of step 1 by step 2 15x10 = 150 pieces SOLUTION -2 (By the Area Method ) Let us examine first how many pieces of ( cover one square meter area. ee Spee He Te [3 Pe | 10m. [4 fe] pe tao i) FIGURE 23 NUMBER OF CHB PER SQUARE METER From the above figure it appears, that one 1 s r sre reques 125 neces cone halon las Thora, by iplying the entire area of the wall by 12.5, 0 number of CHB required. Thus, ie enrator 1, Area ofthe fence; 3.00 x 4.00m = 12sq.m. 2. Multiply: 12,00 sq.m. x 12.6 = 150 pieces. a:D CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE, SIMPLIFIE oe ILLUSTRATION 2-2 From the following Figure 2-4, find the number of 4” x 8° x 16" concrete hollow blocks to construct the fence, 2. If there are 12.5 blocks in one square meter then, ‘muttiply by the area. 156 x 12.5 = 1,950 pieces. Comments 400m 1. Comparing the results obtained by the two methods, the 260m. answers are practically the same, but for convenience, the solution by the area method is much favored for be- ing simple and direct to the answer. 400m. 400m. 2. Take note that in the above example, we computed the N oe Soe ‘number of hollow blocks without posts, Suppose that etree es oa Figure 2-4 was provided with the necessary posts as in- dleated In Figure 2, in this case, the area covered by : thod ost will be subtracted from the total area of the wail, SOLUTION: By Baadamestal Hethod ) then solve for the CHB adopting the area method for simplicity of the process. 1. Find the Perimeter of the Fence P= 444412420420 = 60,00 meters. 20.00m. 20% 20 post | 2. Divide this perimeter by the length of one biock 26 60,00 = 150 pieces 1200 4a | 40 3. Divide the height of the wail by the height of one block. x [x | 2.60 = 13 layers PLAN at 20 60 Section XX 4, Multiply 2 and 3: 150 x 13 = 1,950 pieces. nialine techn ienes SOLUTION - 2 ( By the Area Method ) ILLUSTRATION 2-3 TS ay hecletesha dena be From Figure 2-5, using class B mixture find the nuniver of: ARRON coe he Ea ME ater 8) 10x20 x 40 om. conerete hollow blocks ae : 45‘SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE b)_Gement and sand. j ©) Concrete for the posts and footings. SOLUTION ~1 (Finding the CHB ) } 1, Find the perimeter of the wei. P= 20420+12+8 P = 60.00 meters 2. Find the space length occupied by the posts ‘Along 20m. (.20x6)2 = 2.40 ‘Along 12m. (.20x4)2 = 1.60 j Total space occupied by posts = 4.00 3, Subtract: 60.00 m.~ 4,00 m. = 56.00 m. net length for CHB: 5. Multiply by the height of fence to get the Net Area. Net Area = 56.00 x 2.60 ht. A'= 145.6 square meters i 6. Multiply by 12.5 to get the total number of concrete hot 4 ow blocks required. } 14566 x 12.5 = 1,820 pieces. I 7. Comparing this result to that of illustration 2-2, with 1,950 I pieces hollow blocks, there is a material difference of 130 pieces because we subtracted the space occupied by the concrete posts. SOLUTION- 2 (Concrete Posts and its Footing ) 1. Find the volume of one concrete footing slab. 46 ‘MASONRY Volume = Thickness x Width x Length V = 15 x 60 x .60 V = .054 cu. m. 20m.x.20m. fom. 260 r a8 = 7) ey ELEVATION PLAN FIGURE 2-4 POST AND FOOTING 2. Find the volume of 16 footings V'=(.084 x 16)= 964 cu. m. 3. Find the volume of 16 concrete posts V = (.20 x .20 x 2.60 x 16) = 1.67 0u.m. 4. Total volume of concrete posts and its footing: ‘Add results of step [Link] 3: _ Vi; 864 + 1.67 = 253cu.m. 5. Refer to Table 1-2. Using class "B" concrete under co- ‘umn 40 kg. cement, multiply: i Cement : 2.53 x 7.5 = 19.0 bags Sand: 2.53'x .60 = [Link]. m. Gravel: 2.53 x 1.0 = 2.53 cu. m. * Note: Concrete was thoroughly discussed in Chapter - 1 47SIMPLIFTED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE MASONRY ILLUSTRATION 2-4 7. Find the CHB at Area C: S00 = 1250 From the following Figure, determine the number of 15 x 20 Peril x 40 cm, CHB required to construct the building firewall 8. Height of C divided by height of one boot 190 = 950 20 {1.00 9. Multiply (7) and (8) 12.50 x 9.50 = 118.75 pieces ‘Add Total CHB for Area A, B and C. 170 + 603.75 + 118.75 = 893 pieces Comment: ELEVATION. ‘Take note that in the preceding example solution, fundamen- tal methods of determining the number of blocks were used. ‘The methods had undergone a very long process of finding the quantity by area one at a time. The process must be simplified with the aid of Table 2-2, presented as follows: FIGURE 27 16 CHB FIREWALL SOLUTION ( By Direct Counting ) 1. Find the CHB at AreaA: 4.00 = 10 pieces AO of one block SOLUTION - 2 ( By the Area Method ) 1. Find the Area of A: 3.40x4.00 = 13.60 sq. m. 2, Find the Area of B: 7.00x6.90 = 48.30 sq. m. 2. Height of wall A divided by he 3:40 = 17 pieces 20 3. Find the Area of C: 5.00% 1.90 = _9.50'sa, m. 3 a =1 Multiply: (1) and (2): 10x17 = 170 pieces meh Sel eos 4. Find the CHB at AreaB: 7,00 = 175 bs 40 4. Refero Table 2-2. Along 15 x 20 x 40 CHB under column ‘umber per square meter; multiply: 5. Average Height of Area B divided by .20 ht. of one block 71.40 x 12.50 = 893 pieces, 6.90 = 34.50 20 Reminder Before estimating the quantity of concrete hollow blocks, be . Multiply (4) and (6): 17.5 x 34.50 = 603.75 pieces 48 40SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE ‘sure to verify the plan specially the clear height of the wall which is very Important in the process. The following questions should be given due consideration for these might affect the result of the estimate. 1 Does the elevation as indicated in the plan specify the height from the first floor to the second floor line, or is it from floor to ceiling? In either case, the depth of the beam has to be considered in the estimate, either added or subtracted Have you considered the CHB to be installed from the underground foundation to the floor line? This particular portion of the wall is often overlook in the process of es- timating especially when there is no detailed plan or ‘cross section detail. Don't ever commit the same mis- take experienced by most estimators. See to it that the concrete hollow blocks to be installed are uniform in sizes and in thickness. Have it ordered from one manufacturer or supplier only. Installing differ- ent sizes of CHB means additional expenses for cement plaster and labor. If several suppliers cannot be avoided, have their respective blocks installed in a par- ticular phase of work. 2-2: ESTIMATING CEMENT MORTAR After knowing the number of blocks needed for a particular masonry work, the next step is to find its work partner called ‘cement mortar. Cement mortar is a mixture of cement, sand and water, It is used as bonding materials in installing masonry blocks and other various plastering work. In estimating cement ‘mortar, one has to consider the following items. a b. ‘The mortar to be used in between the layer of CHB. ‘The mortar filler for the hollow core or cell of the blocks. This filler could be pure mortar or mortar with gravel for economy. Fine screened sand for plastering. MASONRY ILLUSTRATION 2-5 _ Continuing the problem of Illustration 2-1 Figure 2-2, deter- mine how many bags of cement and sand needed to install the 10 pieces 10 x 20 x 40 cm. CHB using class *B" mortar. ‘There are three solutions offered in finding the cement mortar for cencrete hollow blocks installation. 4. By volume method. 2. By the Area Method. 3. Per Hundred Block method. SOLUTION - 1 (By Volume Method ) 1. Determine the volume of mortar in between the layer of the blocks, adopting the 12 mm ( %') or .012 meters uni- form thickness of the mortar. Volume = Thickness x Width of CHB x Length v v 012 x .10 x 4.00 m. (0048 cubic meter 2. Take note that 3.00 meters high wall divided by .20 m. height of one block is = 15 layers. Thus, multiply v v 15 layers x .0048 072 cu. m. This is the total volume of the mortar in between the 15 layers of concrete hollow blocks. 3. Aside from the cement mortar used in between block, layers, there are 4 hollow cores or cells per block to be filled up with mortar. Find the volume per block. Volume = .05 x .075 x .20 x 4 cores V = .003 cu. m. 51MASONRY ‘SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE Area: (3.00 x 4.00) = 42 square meters. 05m. 2. Refer to Table 2-2. Along 10 x 20 x 40 CHB under Be Glass “B* mixture; multiply: Cement : 12 x .522 = 6.26 bags Sand : 12 x .0435 = .522 cu.m. 075m. ‘TABLE 22 QUANTITY OF CENENT AND SAND FOR CHB MORTAR FIGURE 2-8 HOLLOW [Link] 48x 16 CHB PER SQUARE METER 4. Find the total volume of hollow core for the 150 CHB. Se iees V = 150 x .003 = .45cu.m. paste Lebets oa eee te sel aioe 5. Total volume; add the results of step 2 and step 4 tox20x40 | 125 | 792 | .522 | 204 | .228 | o«ss Total Volume: .072 + .45 = 522 cu. m. Se anit anid sea nee hee 20x20x40 | 125 |2.260 | 1.500 | 1.125 | 998 | 1250 6. Referto Table 2-1. Using class “B" mixture, multiply: Cement: 522 x 12.0 = 6.26 bags SOLUTION - 3 ( By the Hundred Block Method ) Sand: 622 x 1.0 = 622 ‘The Hundred Block Method is the third solution offered for a ‘TABLE 2-1 QUANTITY OF CEMENT AND SAND FOR MORTAR ‘more simpler approach with the aid of Table 2-3. ‘AND PLASTER IN CUBIC METER. Class | Proportion | Cement inbage | Sana 41. Find the number of conorete hollow blocks, eae some AOS Sec Area: 3.00x 4.00 = 12sq.m. a [4:2 | 0 | ms | 10 42'sq. m. x 12.5 = 150 pieces CHB B | 1:3 | 120 | 95 | to Ee oo teal seo ros ts tg us Oe Miaealaenad cee tadeant 2 Converttount of 100: 160 = 1.5 ; 3. Refer to Table 2-3. Under class “B* mixture for a Another way of finding the mortar for block laying is by the ; ‘Area Method with the aid of Table 2-2. 50x 40,.GH8 rumen Cement: 1.5 x 4.176 = 6.26 bags SOLUTION ~2 ( By the Arca Method ) Sand: 15 x 348 = .[Link].m. 1. Find the area of the wail. 62SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE ‘TABLE 2-3 QUANTITY OF CEMENT AND SAND PER ONE NSCS ae Cement in Bags 40 kg.. mines seaetons [7s sant 10x20x40 | 6.336 | 4176 | 3.162 | 2624 | 0.248 16x 20x40 | 12.150 | 8.104 | 6.072 | 5.064 | 0675 20x20x40 | 18.072 | 12.000 | 9.000 | 7.604 | 4.000 Comment: ‘Comparing the answers of the three methods in finding the materials for cement mortar, the results are practically the same. The estimator now has the choice which method to use, but before using Table 2-2 and 2-3, know first the kind of mix- ture and the size of CHB to be used because this is where most. errors are being committed, ILLUSTRATION 2-6 Going back to the problem of llustration 2-2, Figure 2-4, find the quantity of hollow blocks, cement and sand, for mortar using the area method of estimating, SOLUTION: 1. Find the area of the wall, Area = Perimeter x Height A = 60.00 m. x 2.60 m, A = 158 square meters 2. Find the number of CHB. Refer to Table 2-2, under col ‘umn number per sq. m. multiply: 186 x 12.5 = 1,950 pieces MASONRY 3. Find the cement and sand. Refer again to Table 2-2, us- ing class B mortar; Multiply: Cement: 156 x 522 = 81.43 say 82 bags Sand: 156 x .0435 = 6.78 say 7 cu. m. 4, Summary of the materials: 1,950 pieces CHB 82 bags cement 7 cubic meters sand, ‘Take note that the above materials found does not include the cement, sand and gravel for the footing. For this item, refer to Chapter 1 where it was thoroughly discussed, 2-3 CEMENT MORTAR FOR PLASTERING Aside from the cement mortar for block laying, plastering is another item to consider. Most estimators however, make their estimate of mortar for block laying and plastering through sim- pple guessing and calculation, assuming the quantity of cement {and sand without the pain of computation. The reason is simple, they are justin a hurry and has no time to do it. And for this rea- sons, we offer the following methods accompanied by a simpli- fied tables of equivalent values. Estimating the cement mortar for plastering oan be done by: 1. The Volume Method and 2. The Area Method ILLUSTRATION 2-7 Continuing the problem of illustration 2-1, find the cement land sand necessary to plaster two sides of the 3.00 x 4.00 me- ters wall.