TECHNICAL PROPOSAL

FOR

SLOPE STABILIZATION AND EXTENSION OF RIDGE AT SHIMLA

Date: 4 May 2024

Client: O/O The chief architect H.P.P.W.D Vastu Bhawan, Nigam Vihar, Shimla
Project location: Slope stabilization at Ridge, Shimla.

1. GENERAL INFORMATION OF PROJECT SITE

• Stretch length: 70 m.

• Avg. height of slope: 15 m

• Average inclination of slope w.r.t horizontal: 35 to 40°.

• Description of strata.

▪ Debris – Overburden containing rocks pieces intermixed with soil

▪ Very weak fractured highly weathered.

• Project site accessibility: The site is accessible from the bottom and top of the slope.

2. SITE PHOTOGRAPHS

The site photographs are included below.

Figure 1: Overburden
 3. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION

Heavy accumulation of overburden on the slope surface leads to disturbance of natural

stability of slope. So, there is a requirement for slope stabilization measures identified
below the structures.

4. DESIGN AND ANALYSIS

Design section
Based on the topographical survey of critical section, the design analysis was carried out.

Strata parameters
In-situ strata and properties: (Geotechnical Investigation report has been attached)

Table 1. Properties
Angle of
Sl.no. Strata Cohesion, c internal friction Unit Weight
(kPa) (degree)

1 Overburden / Debris 15 31 16

2 Weathered Rock 50 40 22

4.1.1 Design methodology

Considering the behavior of anchors, the anchor calculation must assume the unstable
portion of the slope lies in condition of limit equilibrium, where the safety factor is equal
to 1.05 in case of seismic condition and 1.30 in static condition

4.1.2 Design tool

The analysis of nailed slope with Flexible fascia and Global stability for overall slope has
been carried out using slide of rock science which is a 2D slope stability program for
evaluating stability of circular or non-circular failure surfaces in soil or rock slopes.
External loading, groundwater and support can all be modeled in a variety of ways.
SLIDE analyzes the stability of slip surfaces using vertical slice limit equilibrium methods.
Individual slip surfaces can be analyzed, or search methods can be applied to locate the
critical slip surface for a given slope. Bishop simplified method (Circular slip circles
method) has been used here.
 4.2.2 Design summary

The design Summary of factor of safety (FOS) achieved for both sets are shown in table
below:
Table 2: Summary of FOS achieved in SLIDE analysis
Sl. Seismic/Static Case Achieved
Slope Required FOS
No. FOS
1.05 (as per section 7.4 of WSDOT-
1.101
Seismic Case Geotechnical
1 (Safe)
Design Manual)
Slope with nails 1.3 (as per section 4.7 of IR HRB
Special report 15- Landslide correction 1.364
2 Static Case
techniques) (Safe)

5. PROPOSED SOLUTION

The objective of the proposal is to address slope stabilization and erosion problems by
bringing vegetation to the exposed dumped slope area as mentioned below:

Table 3: Proposed Solution

Identified/ Anticipated problem Solutions

Section Height (m) Stretch length (m) Components

A- A 8 15 High strength meshes + Hydro mulching

Surficial along with SDA Nails
Instabilities B-B 14 35 High strength meshes + Hydro mulching
along with SDA Nails
C-C 21 20 High strength meshes + Hydro mulching
along with SDA Nails
Drainage Sub-surface drains: 50mm internal Dia perforated sub-horizontal drainage pipes wrapped
with non-woven geotextile.

• Before carrying out the installation of proposed solutions, it is recommended that loose scaling
of the slope be done to remove the rock blocks which can be easily dislodged from the surface.
• All loose debris (>100mm) deposited shall be removed before carrying out the installation
of the proposed systems/ solutions.

6. SOLUTION COMPONENTS

6.1. HIGH TENSILE ROLLED CABLE NET

High tensile rolled cable net of minimum longitudinal tensile strength 100 KN/M and with a
minimum tensile strength of wire of the cable as 1770 N/sqmm with Zn Coating Class A or
95% Zn * 5% Al Class-B Coating as per EN 10244-2:2009.

6.2. HIGH TENSILE WIRE MESH

High tensile wire-mesh having minimum tensile strength of 150 KN / m with Zn Coating
Class A or 95% Zn + 5% Al Class-B Coating as per EN 10244-2:2009.
6.3. SELF- DRILLING ANCHORS

Self-Drilling Anchors (SDA) is a commonly used system for rock mass stabilization,
especially in cut slope stabilization applications like in tunnelling, mining, and road
infrastructure industries. Surface nailing is typically used to protect the existing slopes or
excavation. These anchors are typically drilled or installed at 10 to 20 degrees with
horizontal and are primarily subjected to tensile stresses. In case of difficult installation
conditions (insitu strata comprising of soil/soil + rock boulders /collapsible strata), self-
drilling anchors are used. It consists of hollow anchor bars, sacrificial drill bits, couplers,
anchor plate, and bolt. They can also be used for cortical strengthening in inaccessible
terrain where drilling operations are difficult, andthe use of regular bars would be time-
consuming and difficult. The self-drilling anchor system is comprised of a hollow threaded
bar with an attached drill bit that performs drilling, anchoring, and grouting in a single
operation. The hollow bar allows air and water to freely pass through the bar during drilling
to remove debris and then allow grout to be injected immediately after drilling is completed.
Alternatively, grout can be injected during the drilling operation itself. Grout is pumped
through the hollow bar, which exits through the nail bottom at the drill bit and fills up the
entire drill hole length. Couplers can be used to join hollow bars and extend the bolt length
while nuts and plates are secure the anchor at the slope face.

Fig.2. Self-drilling anchors connected with a coupler

6.4. HYDRAULICALLY APPLIED EROSION CONTROL MEASURES

Biotic Soil Media will act as a topsoil alternative that accelerates the development of
depleted soils/substrates with low organic matter, low nutrient levels and limited biological
activity.
 ANNEXURE – 1

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION REPORT

 For Limited Circulation
CED-6579/19-20
GEP-MS-116

Report on
MITIGATION MEASURES AND SUGGESTION FOR
FOUNDATION DESIGN: RCC STRUCTURE AT RIGDE,
SHIMLA (HP)

by

Mahendra Singh
N.K. Samadhiya
M.N. Viladkar

Project Sponsored by

HPPWD Shimla, HP

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE
ROORKEE – 247 667

June 2020
 LIST OF CONTENTS

Page No.
LIST OF CONTENTS i
LIST OF FIGURES ii
LIST OF TABLES iii

1.0 PREAMBLE 1

2.0 OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF THE PROJECT 2

3.0 SITE OBSERVATIONS 3

4.0 GEOLOGY AND GEOTECHNICAL INFORMATION FROM PREVIOUS STUDIES 3

4.1 Overburden and Debris 3
4.2 Climatic Conditions 5
4.3 General Geology of Shimla Town; Source 5
4.4 Local Geology 10

5.0 FIELD AND LABORATORY TEST DATA FROM PRESENT STUDY 12

6.0 SHEAR STRENGTH PARAMETERS OF GEOMATERIALS 14

6.1 Debris and overburden 14
6.2 Rock mass strength 14

7.0 KINEMATIC ANALAYSIS 15

8.0 STABILITY ASSESSMENT 15

9.0 SUGGESTED CONTROL MEASURES 16

9.1 Mitigation Scheme 16
9.2 Construction Methodology 18
9.2.1 Excavation & Support 18
9.2.2 Excavation from EL 2162.0 m to EL 2147.75 m 18
9.2.3 Construction of Shotcrete Facing 19
9.2.4 Installation of 32 mm dia Cable Anchors 22
9.2.5 Self-Drilling Anchors (SDA) – Hollow Bar System 22
9.2.6 Micropiles 23

10.0 IMPROVING SUBSURFACE AND SURFACE DRAINAGE IN THE AREA 23

11.0 MONITORING OF SLOPE MOVEMENT 24

12.0 PRECAUTIONS 24
IMPORTANT NOTE 24
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 24
REFERENCE 25
FIGURES 26-35

i
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
No.
Fig 1: Subsidence on road side 26

Fig 2 Buildings showing cracks 26

Fig 3 Tunnel lining showing crack in crown 26

Fig 4a Site Plan and test locations 27

Fig 4b Proposed RCC structure (Second floor & Terrace plan) 28
Fig 4c Proposed RCC structure: First floor (section and plan) 28
Fig 4d RCC structure: Ground floor (section and plan) 29

Fig 5 Photographs of core boxes 30

Fig 6 Cumulative distribution function of UCS from Point Load Strength Index 31
tests

Fig 7 Load intensity vs settlement plot from Plat Load Test 31

Fig 8 Dynamic cone penetration resistance vs depth plot from DCPT 32

Fig 9 Simulated triaxial test results for weathered rock using Hoek-brown 32
criterion

Fig 10 Stereographic projection of joint planes 33

Fig 11 Typical slope profile (Section +030) 33

Fig 12 Proposed mitigation scheme 34

Fig 12b Details of foundation and support scheme 35

ii
 LIST OF TABLES
Page No.
Table 4.1 Details of Surface strata 6
(Source: Rajneesh Sharma and Atul Sharma)

Table 4.2 Details from Bore Holes on the Northern slope of ridge in between 7
Laveena Restaurant and D.A.V School for Boys.

Table 4.3 Overburden details from various investigations 8

(Source: Rajneesh Sharma and Atul Sharma)

Table 4.4 Geological material details from drill holes advanced by Geological 9
Wing, Directorate of Industries (Rajneesh Sharma and Atul Sharma)

Table 4.5 Stratigraphic sequence of the rocks at Shimla Town 10

Table 5.1a: Details of material observed in BH-1 (Present study); 12

Collar level: 2152.33m; Depth of Borehole:20.0m.
Table 5.1b Details of material observed in Bore hole 2 (Present study) 13
Collar level=2151.0; Depth of borehole=20.0m
Table 5.1c Details of materials observed in Bore Hole-3 (Present study) 13
Collar level 2131.99m; Depth of Bore Hole: 20 m
Table 5.1d Details of material observed at BH-4 13
Collar level: 2162m; Depth of Borehole 30.0m.

Table 5.2 Overburden properties 13

(based on debris samples collected from shallow pits)

Table 6.1 Engineering and physical properties of different strata 15

Table 7.1: Dip and dip directions of the joint planes near Shimla Ridge 15
(Source: Rajneesh Sharma and Atul Sharma)

iii
 MITIGATION MEASURES AND SUGGESTION FOR FOUNDATION DESIGN:
RCC STRUCTURE AT RIGDE, SHIMLA (HP)
Mahendra Singh1 , N.K. Samadhiya1, M.N. Viladkar2

1.0 PREAMBLE
Shimla is one of the most famous tourist places in the state of Himachal Pradesh and
attracts thousands of tourists each year from India and abroad. The Ridge located at Mall road is
a favourite destination of these tourists. However, the ridge area of Shimla (H.P.) has been
experiencing settlement in recent years. The HPPWD has decided to construct a RCC framed
structure to arrest the settlements. Besides this, the Government of Himachal Pradesh has also
decided to install a statue of former Prime Minister late Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee at Ridge Shimla.
The statue is proposed to be installed at the top terrace of this structure. It is proposed that
foundation of this structure should rest over firm strata/ rock. The superintending Engineer,
HPPWD Shimla, vide his letter No. SE-IV-Ridge Stabilisation Statue/ 2019-20/10745-48 dated
05.09.19 requested Dr. Mahendra Singh, Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Roorkee,
Roorkee for opinion/ advice. A visit to site was undertaken on 27.09.19 by a team comprising the
followings:
From IIT Roorkee:
i. Dr. Mahendra Singh, Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Roorkee,
ii. Dr. M.N. Viladkar, Professor retired, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Roorkee.
From HPPWD Shimla
i. Shri Suresh Kapoor, SE,
ii. Shri Ajay Kumar Soni, Executive Engineer, Shimla Division No. III;
iii. Shri Puneet Guleria, State Geologist, Department of Industries; and
iv. Shri Vivek Thakur, JE, HPPWD, Section Winterfield, Shimla.
Based on site observations a proposal for further work was submitted to the HPPWD Shimla vide
letter No. IITR/CED/GTEG/MS/1170 dated 09/10/19. The HPPWD Shimla accepted the proposal
and the project was awarded vide letter No. SE-IV-R-(Shimla Smart City) Misc, Est/19-20-19140-

1
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee-247667
2
Professor & Emeritus Fellow (Retd.), Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee-247667

1
44 dated 18-01-2020. Another visit to the site was made on March 8 and 9, 2020 during which,
observations were taken for a plate load test conducted at the site. The slope is dipping generally
by about 30 to 40 towards north. The slope material, which under saturated ground conditions
is already on the verge of failure, gets aggravated during monsoons. The large extent of the
overburden material with very low shear strength does not seem suitable for the foundation of
a RRC framed structure and hence the load of the structure is planned to be transferred to a firm
ground by means of engineered structure.
This report gives the details of the project and the recommendations for designing the RCC
framed structure.

2.0 OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The overall objective of the project has been to suggest mitigation measures for stabilization of
the Ridge Slope and provide recommendations for designing foundation of the RCC structure. In
order to achieve this objective, stability analysis of the slope has been carried out and mitigation
measures have been suggested. Field and laboratory investigations were proposed for obtaining
physical and engineering properties of the geological material encountered at the site. The
proposed investigation work has been as follows:
i. HPPWD Shimla to advance drilling/ boring at a minimum of four locations. It was proposed
to advance the drilling, with Double / triple tube barrel, at least 5 m in the sound rock
formation. HPPWD Shimla was advised to collect Rock cores and other geological material
obtained during drilling and carry out geological mapping by an experienced geologist.
The driller report shall also be prepared to give an idea about resistance offered by the
strata during drilling.
ii. The geological material obtained during drilling were to be safely transported to
geotechnical Engineering Laboratory at Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Roorkee for
testing. It was advised to take proper care while packing the material so that no damage
is caused to the cores during transportation.

2
 iii. Topographic survey to be carried out by HPPWD Shimla. Slope profiles at FIVE different
locations spaced at regular interval to be prepared and shall be made available to IIT
Roorkee, alongwith other data, for further analysis.
iv. HPPWD Shimla to provide rainfall data of the area for the last five years to IIT Roorkee.
The Scope of IIT Roorkee included the followings:
i. Mapping of the core logs available from the site,
ii. Laboratory testing of the material received from the site.
iii. Interpretation of laboratory and field data,
iv. Assessment of the rock mass properties available at the site,
v. Stability analyses of the slopes at the site of subsidence and suggestions for mitigation
measures.

3.0 SITE OBSERVATIONS

The following observations were made during initial site visit on September 27, 2019:
i. Road subsidence was visible on north side of the road at ridge site (Fig. 1).
ii. The debris, lying down the road is not stable in position and keeps sliding, especially
during monsoon period.
iii. Distress and cracks were observed in some of the buildings and retaining walls (Figs. 2).
The foundations of these structures were apparently placed on debris.
iv. The tunnel beneath and crossing the road shows leakage (Figs. 3). This infers that the soil
and rock mass below the road was water-charged at the time of visit.
v. Some other buildings located near the site like Swami Yoganand Ashram show significant
subsidence and distress in the approach road.
vi. A water tank was constructed at the ridge long back in the year 1883 for supply of drinking
water to Shimla city.
vii. Rock outcrops are not visible at the site.
Another visit to the site was made on March 8 and 9, 2020 during which, observations were taken
for a plate load test conducted at the site.

3
4.0 GEOLOGY AND GEOTECHNICAL INFORMATION FROM PREVIOUS STUDIES
4.1 Overburden and Debris
A detailed report entitled “Geotechnical Report on the Occurrence of Debris slide near Tibetan
Market located towards Northern Slope of Ridge in Shimla Town, District Shimla, Himachal
Pradesh” authored by Shri Rajneesh Sharma (geologist) and Shri Atul Sharma (Assistant
geologist), Geological Wing, Directorate of Industries, Udyog Bhawan, Bemloe, Shimla (HP) was
made available by HPPWD Shimla. The salient details collected from the report are as follows:

The water supply of Shimla Town comes from the water reservoir located at the ridge.
The storage capacity of the water tank is about 4.6 million liters of water. It has a length of 45 m
and width 32m. The tank has nine chambers and was built around year 1883. Frequent landslides
have occurred during past which often take place after heavy rains. A landslide occurred on 19th
September 2008, when a debris slide destroyed more than 20 makeshift shops at around 10:30
P.M. (Friday) due to which two persons were reported to be killed. Debris slide was triggered on
the northern slope of the Ridge in Tibetan market. It is reported that heavy rainfall in the
monsoon season of 1971 triggered off a series of failures in the Ridge area of Shimla. Central
Road Research Institute, New Delhi submitted a report on Hillside safety of Shimla area. The
causes of damages were attributed to enmass movement in the mantle of slope. The sound
bedrock was, however not involved in the failure. The northern slope of ridge falls in sinking zone
as declared by the Town and Country Planning Department of Himachal Pradesh. All the
geological experts who have studied the problems of slope and subsidence the ridge area of
Shimla have attributed the slope failure to over saturation of over burden soil and debris by the
percolating water, may be due to rains or snow or sewerage or leakage in water supply system.
Geological wing, Department of Industries also carried out detailed investigations at the northern
slope of the ridge area including surface exploration by drilling during 1971. The details are given
in Tables 4.1. The thickness of overburden from these studies are also reported in table 4.2.
The report includes several investigations that have mentioned overburden thickness for
northern slope of the ridge. Some of these, especially for northern slope of ridge are as given in
Table 4.3.

4
 Four numbers of drill-holes were advanced during investigation done by Geological Wing,
Directorate of Industries (Rajneesh Sharma and Atul Sharma). The location of field investigations
lies in the survey of India Topo sheet No. 53E/4 located towards downhill side of ladies’ toilet on
Eastern side, Tourist Information Centre on the western side and extends upto foot path leading
to local Bazar. The data extracted from these borehole investigations is presented in table 4.4.

4.2 Climatic Conditions

The general elevation of the district, except few small valleys, is reported to be between 3000 to
6000m above MSL. The district has a number of peaks such as Jakhu in Shimla town, Chudhar in
Tehsil Chaupal, Chansal in Rohru and Hattu in Kumarsain Tehsil. There are four broad seasons.
Winter normally starts from mid-November and continues till mid-March. Upper reaches have
snow and sleet while rains are frequent in lower areas. Rainy season starts from mid-July and
extends upto mid-September.

4.3 General Geology of Shimla Town: (Source: Rajneesh Sharma & Atul Sharma, Geological
Wing, Directorate of Industries)
The Shimla town is situated on the rocks of Jutogh group and Shimla Group. Stratigraphic
sequence of the rocks is given in Table 4.5.

Jutogh Formation
Jutogh formation of Shimla area is lying at higher tectonic level and is surrounded structurally by
younger Shimla, Chail and Blaini series, is a part of Klippe brought in to its present position by a
thrust sheet. The road section east of northern slope is composed of carbonaceous phyllite,
Chloritic phyllite and interbedded carbonaceous limestone ad quartzite.
Member A: Carbonaceous Phyllite extends all along the Jakhu hill at lower level and is well
exposed near Lift, Ramnagar area along the NH-22, between St. Bede’s College and the lower
slope of the Kaithu and Annadale.
Member B: Quartzite has the less thickness and it is exposed near the Victory tunnel and
Kasumpti area below Pari Mahal.
Member C: has the maximum thickness and covers the large part of the central Shimla i.e. the
western slope of the Jakhu ridge, old Rashtrapati Niwas and Tuti Kandi area.

5
 Table 4.1 Details of Surface strata (Source: Rajneesh Sharma and Atul Sharma)
Sr. Bore Location Total Debris Nature of rock
No. Hole Depth thickness
No. (m) (m)
1 E-1 North of Town 45 5.50 From 0.5 to 5.50mtrs, overburden
Hall, just comprised of silty clay and carbonaceous
below the phyllite was encountered. From 0.50 to
Ridge 36.68mtrs weathered zone having Iron
staining was encountered. From 36.68 to
45.0mtrs thinly bedded and slightly
jointed rock encountered.
2 E-2 Ice skating 45 9.14 From 0.5 to 11.58mtrs brownish silty
rink clays, clay chlorite schist and phyllite
fragments were encountered. From 11.58
to 27.70 mtrs weathered chlorite schist
with highly jointed carbonaceous phyllite
was encountered. From 27.70 to 45mtrs
carbonaceous phyllite was encountered.
3 E-3 Id-Gah. 51 5.00 From 0 to 5.00 mtrs brownish yellow silty
clays mixed with phyllite and quartzite
fragments were encountered. From 5.0 to
20.11mtrs weathered zone carbonaceous
phyllite highly iron stained encountered
whereas no iron stained was observed
from 20.11 to 51mtrs.
4 E-4 North of Regal 24 4.57 From 0 to 4.57mtrs overburden including
cinema Hall clay mixed with carbonaceous phyllite
slates and quartzite fragments was
encountered whereas weathered and
jointed phyllite was encountered from
4.57 to 24.00mtrs.
5 E-5 Willows Hotel 52.50 12.49 From 0 to 12.49 mtrs overburden
including clays, weathered fragments of
chlorite schist and carbonaceous schist
was encountered. From 12.49m to
30.70m weathered portion composed of
carbonaceous phyllites with quartz veins.
The portion from 30.70m to 52.50mtrs is
composed of buff colored limestone
carbonaceous phyllite, grey quartzite and
purple slates.

6
Sr. Bore Location Total Debris Nature of rock
No. Hole Depth thickness
No. (m) (m)
6 E-6 Ruldu--- 37.50 6.40 From 0 to 6.40mtrs, overburden
comprised of clays and carbonaceous
phyllite, fragments were encountered
from 6.40 to 32.30mtrs. It was observed
that water action is quite conspicuous up
to the depth because the iron present has
been rusted. from 32.30 to 37.00mtrs
mostly carbonaceous phyllite was
encountered
7 E-7 Mouth of 24 3.00 From 0 to 3.0mtrs soil cover comprised of
Lakkar bazaar clays and weathered pieces of blackish
grey phyllite was encountered from
3.0mtrs to 24.0mtrs weathered and
jointed rock is encountered
8 E-8 North of cart 49.50 6.40 From 0 to 6.40mtrs overburden clay,
road near quartzite and phyllite fragments were
wood depot. reported from 6.40 to 20.12mtrs
weathered phyllite were encountered
from 20.12 to 49.50mtrs. No weathering
effect was observed.
9 E-9 Gobindgarh 45.00 6.40 From 0 to 6.40mtrs overburden consisting
of silty clay, phyllite, sand, slates and
quartzite fragments were encountered.
From 6.40-12.50m weathered zones
composed of phyllites was reported.

Table 4.2 Details from Bore Holes on the Northern slope of ridge in between Laveena
Restaurant and D.A.V School for Boys (Sharma & Sharma)
Drill Holes No. Total Depth. (in mtrs.) Thickness of over burden
1 24.00 4.70
2 15.60 3.00
3 12.60 3.00
4 22.50 12.80
5 12.30 3.90

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 Table 4.3 Overburden details from various investigations
(Source: Rajneesh Sharma and Atul Sharma)
Geological Report Thickness of overburden
(1) A Geological Report on the sinking of land 1.5mtrs to 2.5mtrs. based on study of three
below Crostophan Estate district Shimla (H.P) test pits.
By Sh. Gian Chand, Dec-1975
(2) A Geological Report on the proposed 3.0mtrs to 6.80mtrs. proved by drilling
shopping centre on the northern slope of (Drilling carried out in the year 1972)
Ridge district Shimla (H.P)
By. Sh. Subhash Sharma and O.P. Rana, Jan -
1981.
(3) A Geological Report on hill side safety of Boring of the slopes in the area has shown the
Shimla (H.P) local phyllitic debris varied in thickness from
By: Sh. T.K. Natrajan, R.K.Bhandari and Ajaib 0.0 to 3.0mtrs and overlies openly jointed and
Singh Jul-1977. fractured phyllites.
(4) A Geological Report on “Evaluation of a Varies from 3.0mtrs to 6,0mtrs at the site.
foundation site for a multistoried building”.
By: Sh. Prakash, G.Ranajan and G.Ramaswami
April,1980.
(5) A Geological Report of the proposed site Drill Hole Total Depth Thickness of
for the construction of administrative block of No. (In mtrs.) overburden.
the municipal corporation of Shimla on the MCS1 19.00 8.60
Northern slope of the Ridge the “Mall” MCS2 22.00 6.70
Shimla. MCS3 15.00 3.00
By: Sh. N.C Bhasin & S.C.Mahajan Dec-1994 MCS4 16.00 7.50
MCS5 16.00 5.50
MCS6 16.00 4.85
MCS7 18.00 7.00

Member D: Quartzite is very well exposed around the Prospect Hill, between Boileauganj and
Taradevi.
Member E: Phyllite and schists have its minimum thickness in this area and exposed near the top
of the Prospect Hill (Kamna Devi Temple)
Shimla Group comprising the earlier Chail Formation and Shimla Series represented by Shale,
Slate, Quartzite, local conglomerate are well exposed in Sanjauli-Dhalli, NW part of Walker
Hospital, Steling Castle and Gorcha village area.

8
 Table 4.4 Geological material details from drill holes advanced by Geological Wing,
Directorate of Industries (Rajneesh Sharma and Atul Sharma)
Bore Hole No. 1; Location: Below Lades Toilet;
Depth: 15.80m; R.L of collar of Borehole: 2196.80m
Depth Nature of Material
0.0-4.25m Debris/ overburden material
4.25 - 6.60m Cores of grey coloured phyllite and bed rock started at 4.25m depth
6.60 - 8.0m No core recovered, indicating soft nature of rock.
8.00 - Core comprising of carbonaceous grey colored phyllite
15.80m

Base Hole No. 2; Location: Near Cotton County Building

Depth = 16.00m; RL of collar ofborehole:2180.35m
Depth, m Nature of Material
0-5.5 Overburden material: Mixture of soil with small rock pieces upto 0.90m
depth; from 0.90m to 5.0m depth, core comprising of rock places of
phyllite origin were encountered.
5.5-7.45m Core comprising of grey phyllite rock was encountered, indicating bed rock
at 5.5m depth. From 6.70 to 7.0m the rock was in powder form indicating
soft nature of rock.
7.45- Core pieces in majority contain carbonaceous and grey colored phyllite.
16.00m Cores are highly broken from 7.45 to 7.90m depth: Relatively good core
recovery was observed from 7.9 to 16.0m.

Bore Hole No.3: Location: Downhill side of Gent’s Toilet on Lakkar Bazar footpath.
Depth: 17m; RL of collar of Bore hole = 2185.65m
Depth Nature of Material
0.0 - 2.30m Debris material from 0 to 0.90m depth from 0.90 to 2.30m depth sludge was
recovered.
2.30 -6.10m Sludge material with rock pieces. Bed rock is indicated at 2.30m depth
6.10 - From 6.10 to 6.40m dry rock samples were recovered from 6.40. to 7.90m
17.00m no core was recovered. From 7.90m to 8.5m dry again dry sample of rock
was obtained.

Bore Hole No.4; Location: East side of tourist information office

Depth: 16.00m; RL of collar of bore hole: 2192.30m
Depth Nature of Material
0.0 - 4.55m Over burden/ debris materials from0.0 to 1.65m; From 1.65m to 4.55m
cores containing rock pieces of grey coloured phyllite with sandy sludge
were encountered
4.55 -8.30m Core of carbonaceous phyllite showing brownish tinge were encountered.
8.30 -16.00m Core containing rock pieces of carbonaceous phyllite were observed

9
The boulder beds of Blaini formations comprises of sub-angular to sub-rounded boulders,
cobbles, and pebbles of quartzite, shale, greywacke and silt stone entombed in a matrix of
argillaceous and erroneous composition. The Blaine boulder beds were regarded by Bhargava,
Gaur and Dave as glaciomarine whereas Pilgrim, West and Auden regarded them as tillites.

Table 4.5: Stratigraphic sequence of the rocks at Shimla Town

Formation/ Member Lithology
Group
Blaini Formation Diamicite, Shale, Slate and Limestone
----------------Unconformity------------
Shimla Group Shale, slate, Greywacke, Quartzite, local
conglomerate and dolomite
----------------------Not in normal Stratigraphic Contact------------------
Jutogh Group Member E Graphitic, phyllite / Schist, garnetiferous mica Schist
crystalline lime stone, quartzite and amphibolites
Member D Chiefly quartzite often cross bedded, subordinate
phyllite
Member C Phyllite and schist with local bands of quartzite
Member B Quartzite with thin bands of phyllite
Member A Carbonaceous phyllite with local bands of quartzite
and lime stone.

4.4 Local Geology

The general geology of the Shimla town is highly complex. Number of thrusts, faults and folds
formed due to tectonic movements has been identified by the various geologists during the
course of their investigation. As a result of these ectopic movement the bed rocks have
undergone tremendous variations in the engineering geological properties. The structural
movement has led to the formation of various discontinuities, fissures and jointing in the in-situ
bed rock. The average slope angle in the area under question varies from 30° to 50°.
The sloping hill slope exhibits presence of thick matter of soil, unconsolidated debars of
non-cohesive material with broken and weathered fragments of phyllite, carbonaceous shale,
slate, quartzite and quartz schist. The material appears to have been accumulated on the
proposed site at the time of construction Ridge water tank and various other structures on this
slope. Small outcrops of in-situ bedrock are seen exposed just below the gents’ toilet and above

10
the Jang Ghar building. The exposed bed rocks are highly jointed and fractured in nature. The bed
rock comprises of grey coloured phyllite. The bed rock strikes in N30° W- S30°E to N 45°W- S45°E
and dips in S-W direction with amount of dip from 10° to 30°. The bed rock is jointed in nature
and following prominent sets of joints are observed:

Strike Dip
N50°E-S50°W 70°N40°West
N70°W S 70°E 70°N20°East
N35°E-S35° Vertical

Probable Cause of the Slope Failure

The report has also mentioned the probable cause of failure of the debris slide which occurred
around 10.30PM (Friday) on 19-09-2008. The factors causing failure are stated to be as follows:
a. In dry state the material is in stable but due to water stability is disturbed resulting in failure,
land slip and erosion.
b. The debris is reported to be highly permeable. Water retention occurs due to low sunlight.
c. Freezing of water in debris and open joints resulting in opening of joints.
d. Heavy and substantial rains.
e. Absence of proper drainage system.

It is important to note that no bedrock movement has been observed by the

investigators. Only debris/ overburden lying on Hill slope has been reported to have moved
downward. The investigators also mention that snowmelt water and seepage are the principal
cause of slope failure and efforts are required to reduce/minimize the ingress of percolating
through a network of water drains and cross drains.

11
Concluding Remarks from the Report (Rajneesh Sharma & Atul Sharma)
The report concludes that bed rock is encountered at depths 4.25m, 5.5m, 2.3m and 4.55m
respectively. Based on the geological information it was recommended that the structure should
be placed at 2 to 3 m in sound bed rock. The safe bearing capacity for the design of foundation
was recommended to be 18 to 20 t/m2.

5.0 FIELD AND LABORATORY TEST DATA FROM PRESENT STUDY

Under the present study, four Bore-holes were advanced at locations BH-1 through BH-4 at the
site. The location of the bore holes is marked on the plan of the proposed structure as shown in
Fig. 4. The core extracted from the site boxes were sent to Geotechnical Engineering Laboratory
at IIT Roorkee. The photographs of the core boxes are shown in Figs. 5. The observations made
from the core boxes are presented in Table 5.1. The core recovery was extremely poor and no
cores were found suitable for uniaxial / triaxial strength tests. To assess the uniaxial compressive
strength (UCS), Point load strength index tests were the only options available. The Point load
strength index tests were performed on irregular core pieces and the UCS values of the
specimens were estimated. Cumulative distribution of the strength values is shown in Fig. 6.
From this plot, a rough representative value of the intact rock strength is considered as 32 MPa.
To get details about the engineering behavior of debris material, a plate load test was
performed in the field using a plate size of 0.3m x 0.3m. The plate load test location was situated
adjacent to road (Fig.1). The load intensity vs settlement plot from the plate load test is shown
in Fig.7. The ultimate strength of the plate has been found to be about 5.0 t/m 2. HPPWD Shimla
also made arrangements for conducting Dynamic Cone Penetration tests (DCPT) close to PLT test
location. The DCPT results are shown in Fig. 8.

Table 5.1a: Details of material observed in BH-1 (Present study);

Collar level: 2152.33m; Depth of Borehole:20.0m.
Depth Nature of Material
0-8.5m Debris/ overburden containing rock pieces of phyllite /slate
8.5 to 10.0m Soft rock: completely weathered.
10.0 to 20.m Fractured rock with disc like cores were encountered. The core recovery
was on the order of about 10%.

12
 Table 5.1b Details of material observed in Bore hole 2 (Present study)
Collar level=2151.0; Depth of borehole=20.0m
Depth Nature of Material
0.0 to 6.0m Debars/ overburden material containing rock pieces
6.0 to 9.0m Completely weathered soft rock. No rock pieces are observed. The material
is in powder form.
9.0 to 20m Highly fractured rock (phyllite) is encountered. Core recovering is about
10% at 9.0m depth. At higher depth the recovery gradually increases to
about 20% at 20m depth.

Table 5.1c Details of materials observed in Bore Hole-3 (Present study)

Collar level 2131.99m; Depth of Bore Hole: 20 m
Depth Nature of geological Material
0.0-9.0m Overburden/ debris containing pieces of weather rock coarse grained,
phyllite pieces mixed with mud were observed.
9.0-13.5m Completely weathered Soft Rock is encountered. From 9m to 10.5m depth,
broken pieces of rock are observed. From 10.5 to 13.5depth, completely
crushed powdered form of the rock is observed.
13.5 to Highly fractured rock (phyllite) is observed. Broken pieces of phyllite are be
20.0m observed between 13.5 to 15.0m depth; From 15.0m to 20.0mdepth, small
disc like pieces are observed.

Table 5.1d Details of material observed at BH-4

Collar level: 2162m; Depth of Borehole 30.0m.
Depth Nature of geological Material
0.0-9.0m Debris/Overburden is observed. Broken pieces of phyllite, sandstone are
observed.
9.0-18.0m Weathered soft rock is encountered. Grayish sandy soil with rock pieces
with mud is observed.
18.0- Highly fractured foliated phyllitic rock, with different light colours is
30.0m observed.

The shallow sub soil strata observed from the pits excavated adjacent to road are detailed
in Table 5.2.
Table 5.2 Overburden properties (based on debris samples collected from shallow pits)
I.S. Grain Size Analysis Liquid Plastic Natural Water
Reference Classification Gravel Sand Fines Limit Limit Content
% % % % % %
Pit 1 GC-GM 47.1 17.0 35.9 32.6 24.5 --
Pit-2 CI-MI 12 20.6 67.5 36.6 25.4 18
Pit-3 GM 59.5 17.5 23.1 41.8 32.3 --

13
Concluding remarks on depth of overburden from present investigation
The previous investigations (Sharma & Sharma) had indicated likelihood of encountering debris
thickness ranging between about 2.5 to 4.5m below the topographic ground level. The
observations from the present study, however, indicate that at the proposed location of the
structure the thickness of debris is likely to vary from 6 to 9m below topographic ground level. It
is also seen that the debris is in loose state and not stable. It is therefore proposed that the load
of the structure be transferred to deeper strata. It is also suggested that the structure be
anchored to sound rock to provide lateral stability against destabilizing forces exerted by debris
material.

6.0 SHEAR STRENGTH PARAMETERS OF GEOMATERIALS

6.1 Debris and overburden
Back analysis of slope in near equilibrium conditions provides a good way of assessing shear
strength parameters for failed slope sections. Profile as presented in section +010 was used for
back analysis. Assuming that the failed slope profile will have factor of safety close to one under
the prevailing conditions, the values of shear strength parameters were back calculated. Several
trials of stability analyses were performed with assumed combinations of c and  values. Based
on the analysis, the representative shear strength parameters of the debris material are taken
as: c’ = 26 kPa, ’ = 34 respectively.

6.2 Rock mass strength

To assess shear strength parameters of the rock strata located below debris, Hoek-Brown
criterion was used with a Geological Strength Index (GSI) value of 25. Triaxial strength values
were simulated by using Hoek-Brown (2018) criterion. A confining pressure range of 0 to 1.07
MPa was used and linear Mohr-Coulomb criterion was fitted into the simulated data (Fig. 8). The
shear strength parameters for a rock mass having GSI equal to 25 were estimated to be c mass =
218 kPa and mass=40 respectively. The assigned shear strength parameters of the different
debris/ rock strata are given in Table 6.1.

14
 Table 6.1 Engineering and physical properties of different strata
Sl Geological material Unit weight, Cohesion, c, Angle of internal
(kN/m3) (kPa) friction, 
1 Debris 16 26 34
2 Weathered rock 22 50 40
3 Fractured rock 25 100 40
4 Bed rock 28 1000 40

7.0 KINEMATIC ANALAYSIS

Rock exposures are not available in the area, however, the geological reports mention the
attitude of the joint planes near about the ridge area as shown in Table 7.1. The stereographic
projection of the joints is shown in Fig. 10. The available information indicates that wedges
formed by intersection of joint planes 1 and 2 are likely to be kinematically stable. As the rocks
are heavily jointed circular failure may occur. The reports of the geologists have categorically
mentioned that failure have been through the debris only.
Table 7.1: Dip and dip directions of the joint planes near Shimla Ridge
(Source: Rajneesh Sharma and Atul Sharma)
Planar feature Strike Dip Dip-direction
Slope face E-W 30 N000
Joint plane 1 N50E-S50W 70 320
Joint Plane 2 N70W-S70E 70 020
Joint Plane 3 N35E-S35W -- --
Bed rock N30W-S30E to 10 to 30 225 to 240
N45W-S45E

8.0 STABILITY ASSESSMENT

A typical profile of the slope (Section + 30) is shown in Fig. 11. The likely depths of different rock
strata are also shown in Fig. 12a. A typical section was used and stability analysis was performed
for failure in debris material for the following conditions.
a. Dry and static
b. Dry and seismic
c. Saturated and static
d. Saturated and seismic

15
 The values of factor of safety for these conditions have been found to be 1.443, 1.148
(H=0.14, V=0.07), 0.997 and 0.794 respectively. It is seen that the FOS drops drastically if the
slope mass is saturated. The drainage conditions will therefore substantially influence the
stability of the slope. An enhancement in the shear strength parameters of the overburden and
debris will also enhance the stability.

9.0 SUGGESTED CONTROL MEASURES

9.1 Mitigation Scheme

The slope angle at location varies from 35 to 40 degrees and the top layer of about 6 to 9m
thickness consists of debris material with very low shear strength. The underlying layer of about
12 m thick also consists of highly fractured rockmass with low shear strength. Keeping in view
the fragile geological conditions, it is essential to adopt control measures to minimize the
instability of the ridge slope. HPPWD has proposed to construct a RCC structure to arrest the
settlement and to install the statue. A scheme is proposed with the followings objectives:
a. Re-profiling the slope by providing benches in the top portion of the slope adjoining the
road: The foundations of the RCC structure will be supported on these benches. The
foundations shall not be placed on loose or filled up materials.
b. Improvement in the engineering properties of the geological material by grouting and
anchoring: For this purpose, a series of self-drilling anchors (SDA) is proposed to be
installed. In addition, grouting will be done using vertical drill holes in the benches.
c. Provide RCC structure in such a way that the load is transferred to deeper strata:
Micropiles are recommended to be used for transferring the loads to deeper strata.
Grouting will also be done during construction of micropiles. Micropiles will also act as
stabilisation measures against slope instability.
d. Provide cable anchors to anchor the RCC structure to hard rock to safeguard against
lateral forces.
e. Provide RCC cladding on the d/s of the structure for enhancing stability.

16
 f. Provide adequate and efficient drainage system in the soil mass and also around the
structure to minimise ingress of water into slope mass.
A typical section of the slope with the proposed scheme is shown in Figs. 12 (a,b). It is
aimed that during excavation/ construction minimum disturbance occurs to the existing slope
profile. A tentative sequence is suggested below. The scheme will have to be adjusted as per the
feasibility and local site conditions before execution of work.
a. Initially the top cable anchors will be installed. The cable anchors should be embedded in
hard stratum for a minimum length of 3m. The cable anchors will finally be monolithic
with RCC columns of the structure to provide resistance against lateral movement.
b. A cut of about 7.5m depth, will now be made in steps and stabilised. To do this, initially
1.2m deep cut will be made. Self-drilling anchors (SDA), 6m long, 25 mm dia, will be
installed and grouting will be done to stabilise the cut. A shotcrete facing will be placed
to temporarily restrain the exposed soil in cut face. The facing will consist of 150 mm of
shotcrete reinforced with a single layer of welded wire mesh. The same procedure will be
adopted for another remaining steps of cutting and supporting cuts of about 1.2 m each.
c. After reaching the desired depth, a trench will be constructed and micropiles will be
installed. A pile cap will now be constructed; the pile cap will also act as foundation of the
RCC wall of RCC structure. Vertical wall of the RCC structure will be constructed laterally
supported by Cable anchors. The reinforcement of the micropiles will be suitably
embedded into pile cap and the vertical RCC wall of the structure as per the requirement.
The micropiles, pile cap and vertical RCC wall will be monolithic.
d. Now a horizontal bench of about 3.5 m width will be prepared.
e. The benches will be used to support the foundation. The benches should not have loose
or filled up material. Proper ramming should be done to improve soil condition.
Additionally, grouting of the bench will be done by using vertical drill holes.
f. Another cut of about 3.3 m depth will now be made in steps. The cut will be stabilised
through grouting and nailing as discussed above.
g. A trench will be made at the toe of this cut to install micropiles and pile cap.

17
 h. Another horizontal bench of about 6 m width will be made. Soil conditions should be
improved through ramming and grouting. Micropiples will now be installed. Pile caps will
also be constructed as per the drawing.
i. The third vertical cut will now be made as shown in drawing alongwith trench for pile cap
and micropiles. The cut will be stabilised through nailing and grouting using SDAs. Cement
concrete cladding will be provided in front of the stabilised cut. The SDAs will be extended
to cross the cladding by using extension bars and the plates will be used at the top of
cladding surface.
j. Slope surface downhill of the structure will be stabilised through nailing and grouting by
using SDAs.
k. Cable anchors will be embedded into RCC columns / pile caps.

9.2 Construction Methodology

As discussed previously, keeping in view the fragile geological conditions, the RCC structure as
proposed is proposed to be constructed in three benches of 7.65, 3.3 and 3.3 m height
respectively.

9.2.1 Excavation & Support

Prior to any excavation, surface water controls should be constructed to prevent surface water
from flowing into the excavation, as this condition will adversely affect construction and
potentially cause instability of the excavated face. Collector trenches behind the limits of the
excavation usually intercept and divert surface water.
Excavation shall be started from top at existing road level EL 2162.0 m. There will be in all
three benches at EL 2154.65m, at EL 2151.35m and at 2147.75 m. Before start of excavation work
in the next bench, all support measures as shown the drawings, shall be completed in all respect
in the preceding bench.

18
9.2.2 Excavation from EL 2162.0 m to EL 2147.75 m
The first bench shall be of 7.65 m height and second & third benches shall be of heights 3.3 m
with vertical cuts. The vertical cuts shall be supported by 150 mm shotcrete with wire mesh and
with 25 mm dia, 6 m long grouted self-drilling anchors (SDA). The excavation in each bench shall
be carried out in steps not exceeding in depth of 1.2 m. After completion of each excavation step,
a row of SDA shall be installed with vertical spacing of 1.2 m c/c and 1.1 m c/c lateral spacing.
The SDAs shall be inclined downward at an angle of 20 with horizontal. The grout pressure in
SDA can be increased gradually up to 1-2 bars with extreme care and monitoring the slope surface
response. In any case, the grout pressure should not exceed the overburden pressure. Actual
grout pressure should be arrived at by conducting few trials at the site before the full grouting
operation is undertaken. It is suggested that in one go only 5 to 10 m long stretch along road
alignment should be excavated.
Soil-nailed excavation is usually carried out in stages. The height of the exposed slope face
is determined on the basis of its temporary stability. After installation of a row of soil nails,
subsequent excavation should progress only when the temporary stability of the excavation is
adequate. Soil-nail heads and facing should be constructed before the next stage of excavation,
unless the temporary stability of the soil-nailed excavation in the absence of soil-nail head is
adequate. The sequence and timing of installing soil nails, constructing soil- nail heads and facing,
and excavation should be monitored and controlled to fulfil these requirements.

9.2.3 Construction of Shotcrete Facing

The shotcrete facing is placed to temporarily restrain the exposed soil in cut face. It consists of
150 mm of shotcrete reinforced with a single layer of welded wire mesh. The temporary
shotcrete facing is placed concurrently with each excavation lift. The reinforcement shall consist
of welded wire mesh (WWM), which is placed at approximately the middle of the facing
thickness. The mesh is placed in such a manner that at least one full mesh cell overlaps with
subsequent WWM panels. After proper curing of temporary facing (for at least 24 hours), steel
bearing plate is placed over the nail head and the bar is lightly pressed into the first layer of fresh
shotcrete. Hex nut and washers are subsequently installed to hold the nail head against the

19
bearing plate. Before proceeding with subsequent excavation lifts, the shotcrete must be cured
for at least 72 hours or it should have attained at least the specified 3-day compressive strength.

a. Shotcrete Application
For shotcrete mixtures, there are two opposing requirements: “shootability” and “pumpability”.
Shootability is the ability of a mix to stick to a surface, build up thickness, and resist sloughing.
Pumpability is the ability of a mix to flow like a viscous fluid. For shooting, a high flow resistance
and high viscosity are ideal, whereas for pumping, a low flow resistance and low viscosity are
ideal. Once it is applied, a shotcrete mix with high flow resistance and high viscosity will tend to
“stick” and remain there, as the layers of facing are formed. With the proper mix design,
shootability to a thickness of 300 mm can readily be achieved without sloughing or sag cracks
below rebar.
Any of the two types of shotcrete methods can be used: dry mix and wet mix. In the dry
mix method, the aggregate and cement are blended in the dry and fed into the shotcrete gun
while the mix water is added at the nozzle. Depending on their features, admixtures can be added
at the mix plant or with the water. The addition of water at the nozzle allows the plasticity of the
shotcrete to be adjusted at the nozzle, if required. In the wet mix method, the aggregate, cement,
water, and admixtures are mixed in a batch plant and conveyed to the nozzle by a hydraulic
pump. The plastic mix is applied at higher velocities by compressed air. Both shotcrete methods
produce a mix suitable for wall facings. Dry mix and wet mix shotcrete use a water-cement ratio
of about 0.4 and produce roughly the same mix quality, although shotcrete obtained with the
wet mix process yields a slightly greater flexural strength.
Dry mix method will require a valve at the nozzle outlet to control the amount of water
injecting into the high pressurized flow of sand/cement mix. For controlling the thickness of the
shotcrete, measuring pin shall be installed at fixed vertical and horizontal intervals to guide the
nozzle man.

20
b. Shotcrete Reinforcement
Welded wire mesh, 3 mm diameter, shall be used as reinforcement for facing. Mesh opening of
the WWM shall be 50 x 50 mm to satisfy the structural requirement (i.e., flexural and punching
shear capacities) and constructability constraints. The WWM must have a width that is consistent
with the excavation lift height (equivalent to the vertical nail spacing), plus an overlap of at least
0.2 m. Additional reinforcement (“waler bars”) shall be placed around nail heads to provide
additional flexural capacity at these locations. The waler bars consist of two vertical (one bar at
each side of the nail head) and two horizontal bars.
i) Welded wire mesh shall confirm to the requirements Specification for hard drawn steel
wire fabric of IS: 1566 (1982).
ii) The mesh shall be clean of mud, grease, oil or other foreign matter.
iii) The mesh will be placed over the previously installed hollow soil anchor and draw up tight
against the soil/rock surface by means of the nuts and bearing plates. A minimum of 10
cm lapping of the mesh shall be provided. However, at connections where it is
impracticable to maintain 10 cm laps, the laps may be extended in lieu of cutting along
regular lines.
iv) The chain link mesh as reinforcement of shotcrete can be used only when the excavated
surface is so uneven and rough that placing of welded steel wire fabric is impractical.

c. Proportioning and use of admixtures

The proportion of shotcrete is done in such a way that it is pumpable with the concrete pump
furnished for the work. The cementing material content should be at least 390 kilograms per
cubic meter (660 lbs. per cubic yard) and water/cement ratio should not be greater than 0.45.
The admixtures are thoroughly mixed into the shotcrete at the rate specified by the
manufacturer. Accelerators (if used) shall be compatible with the cement used, be non- corrosive
to steel and not promote other detrimental effects such as cracking or excessive shrinkage. The
maximum allowable chloride ion content of all the ingredients shall not exceed 0.10%.

21
9.2.4 Installation of 32 mm dia Cable Anchors
15 m long Cable anchors of dia 32 mm with extension rod and inclined downward at angle of 20
with horizontal shall be installed at EL 2161.25 m (top of vertical structural element) and at each
pile cap levels as shown in the drawing to tie the whole support system deep into the competent
bed.

9.2.5 Self-Drilling Anchors (SDA)- Hollow Bar System

i) General
Drill Hollow Bar soil nails are ideal for loose or collapsing soils as they can be installed without
the need for a casing. The system is used for mixed fills, granular material and loose overburden.
The drill hollow bar system enables drilling and grouting to be combined as a single operation.
Self-Drilling Anchors (SDA) of Fe 415 grade shall be used complete with all accessories i.e.
fully coarse threaded hollow bar, single-use sacrificial drill bit for every ground conditions,
splicing system to adjust to custom length and other materials necessary for their installation,
fixing, stressing and grouting. The outer diameter of the bars shall be 25 mm and inner dia of the
bar shall be 14 mm. The weight of the bar shall be 2.3 kg / mtr with a yield load of 150 KN and
ultimate load carrying capacity will be 200 KN. Bearing plates shall be flat or dished steel plates
of minimum dimensions of 150x150x10mm, and shall conform to IS:2062 (2011) for structural
steel. The nuts shall be heavy hexagonal type. These components shall be hot-dip galvanized with
a coating mass not less than 0.6 kg/m2. The threads on the projecting ends of SDA (Self Drilling
Anchors) shall be protected and lubricated with rust preventive compound. It should be ensured
that the mesh is connected firmly to the anchors. The galvanizing of all drill hollow bars be done
in accordance with EN ISO 1461.

f. Testing and Monitoring of Reinforcing Elements

It is advised to perform pull-out test, on at least 2% of the installed grouted self-drilling anchors.
In case of failure, additional testing shall be performed on selected reinforcing elements installed
in the vicinity of the failed one. Grouted Self Drilling Anchors shall be tested after the mortar has
achieved its design strength.

22
9.2.6 Micropiles
Battered micropiles are proposed to be installed to a specific depth shown in drawings. The
micropiles are affixed at the ground surface to a concrete cap beam. With this method, the
individual micropiles provide resisting forces through the mobilization of axial, shear, and
bending resistance. The micropiles shall be spaced @ 1.1 m c/c along the slope length. Steel pipes
of 141mm diameter 8 mm thickness confirming to P-110/ N-80 (American Petroleum institute)
will be used as micropiles. The micropiles will be perforated throughout the length by providing
perforations along length at 1m interval in staggered pattern. Grouting of the micropile shall be
done with extreme care so that no instability is caused. Trials shall be made in the field for
working out the safe and effective grout pressure. At maximum depth the grout pressure should
be maximum and then it should be telescopically reduced upto a depth of five meter to nominal
grout pressure. In any case the grout pressure should not exceed overburden pressure at any
depth. Neat cement shall be used in grouting and with water cement ratio 0.4 to 0.5 depending
on field condition. The casings shall be left in place after the micropile is installed.

10.0 IMPROVING SUBSURFACE AND SURFACE DRAINAGE IN THE AREA

Ingress of water into the slope will significantly increase instability of the slope. An
efficient drainage system comprising of surface and subsurface measure should be
planned/installed to minimize water pressure in and around the RCC structure. For efficient
control of groundwater, horizontal subsoil drains are usually proposed at certain horizontal and
vertical spacing to proactively lower the groundwater and depressurize excess pore pressure
within the slope mass.
For sub surface drainage, 10.0 m long, 55 mm dia PVC pipes shall be used. The drainage
pipe shall be inclined at 10 form horizontal towards valley. The drainage pipes shall be installed
at a horizontal & vertical spacing of 6 m c/c (staggered). For the subsoil drains, swellable water-
stops shall be provided at certain intervals to segmentise the annulus between the drain PVC or
other specified pipe and the drilled-hole. This is to prevent excessive accumulation of water at
the lower part of the drain before flowing into the drain pipe through the perforated holes or
slots, and also internal erosion along the drilled-hole.

23
11. MONITORING OF SLOPE MOVEMENT
Being an extremely important public place in the heart of city, the concerned authorities should
make long term plan of continuous monitoring the slope mass movement with time. Continuous
monitoring of the displacement should be carried out at regular intervals. These displacements
should be regularly analysed to help in deciding the measures, if required, in future.

12. PRECAUTIONS
It is advisable to finalize all the suggested measures taking into account the feasibility and other
constructional aspects at the site, accordingly all the above suggested measures shall be finalized.
The construction of the control measures as suggested in this report, should be done only by an
agency which has adequate expertise and experience in successful construction of similar
mitigation measures. Geology in Himalayan region is very fragile and full of surprises and
uncertainties. The agency should have in-house expertise to meet such challenges due to internet
nature of the geological materials.

IMPORTANT NOTE
The recommendations have been made on the basis of limited field investigations, laboratory
investigations and information from the available reports. Geological materials are formed under
an uncontrolled environment and scatter in strata may occur as an inherent characteristic of the
materials. If in field, any significant deviation from reported geology is observed, the matter
should be referred to the geotechnical experts for advice and review of support measures to
accommodate the change in reported geological conditions.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors thank Shri Suresh Kapoor, SE, HPPWD Shimla for referring and sponsoring the
project. The Investigators are also thankful to Shri Ajay Kumar Soni, Executive Engineer, Shimla
Division No. III; Shri Puneet Guleria, State Geologist, Department of Industries; and Shri Vivek
Thakur, JE, HPPWD, Section Winterfield, Shimla for their kind support during the investigations.

24
 The authors also acknowledge and thank the Head, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT
Roorkee, Roorkee for permitting the investigators to take this project.

REFERENCE
Rajneesh Sharma and Atul Sharma “Geotechnical Report on the Occurrence of Debris slide near
Tibetan Market located towards Northern Slope of Ridge in Shimla Town, District Shimla,
Himachal Pradesh”, Geological Wing, Directorate of Industries, Udyog Bhawan, Bemloe, Shimla
(HP).

25
 Fig 1: Subsidence on road side

Fig. 2 Buildings showing cracks

Fig. 3 Tunnel lining showing crack in crown

26
Fig. 4a Site Plan and test locations

27
Fig. 4b Proposed RCC structure (Second floor & Terrace plan)

Fig. 4c Proposed RCC structure: First floor (section and plan)

28
Fig. 4d. Proposed RCC structure: Ground floor (section and plan)

29
Fig. 5 Photographs of core boxes

30
 1.00
0.90 Phyllite
0.80
0.70
0.60
Probability
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175
σc (MPa)

Fig. 6 Cumulative distribution function of UCS from Point Load Strength Index tests

Plate Load Test

Load Intensity, T/sq.m.

0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0

qup

10
Settlement, mm

15
Depth of pit = 1.5m
Size of plate = 0.3m x 0.3m
qup = 5 t/m2

20

25

Fig. 7 Load intensity vs settlement plot from Plat Load Test

31
 Dynamic cone penetration resistance, Ncd

0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0

DCPT-1

3
Depth, m

Fig. 8 Dynamic cone penetration resistance vs depth plot from DCPT

6
Intact rock
m = 10
s ci = 32 MPa 5
Rock mass:
GSI = 25
mb = 0.574
s = 0.00024 4
a = 0.544
c_mass = 0.218 MPa
sig1, MPa

phi_mass = 40.31 3
y = 4.4664x + 0.9435

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
sig3, MPa

Fig. 9 Simulated triaxial test results for weathered rock using Hoek-brown criterion

32
Fig. 10. Stereographic projection of joint planes

Fig. 11. Typical slope profile (Section +030)

33
Fig. 12a: Proposed mitigation scheme

34
Fig. 12b: Details of foundation and support scheme

35
ANNEXURE – 2

DESIGN REPORT
 Safety Factor
0.000
0.250
0.12
0.500 1.117
0.750
120

1.000
0.08
1.250
1.500
1.750
2.000
2.250
2.500
110

2.750
3.000
3.250
3.500
3.750
4.000
4.250
100

4.500
4.750
5.000
5.250
5.500
5.750
6.000+
90
80

1.500

8.000
70

100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190
Project
Slope protection at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

1:397
Date File Name
4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section - A - Seismic.slim
 Slide Analysis Information
Slope protection at Ridge,Shimla

Project Summary

File Name: Section - A - Seismic

Slide Modeler Version: 6.02
Project Title: Slope protection at Ridge,Shimla
Date Created: 4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM

General Settings

Units of Measurement: Metric Units

Time Units: days
Permeability Units: meters/second
Failure Direction: Left to Right
Data Output: Maximum
Maximum Material Properties: 20
Maximum Support Properties: 20

Analysis Options

Analysis Methods Used

Bishop simplified

Number of slices: 25
Tolerance: 0.005
Maximum number of iterations: 50

Project
Slope protection at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section - A - Seismic.slim
Check malpha < 0.2: Yes
Initial trial value of FS: 1
Steffensen Iteration: Yes

Groundwater Analysis

Groundwater Method: Water Surfaces

Pore Fluid Unit Weight: 9.81 kN/m3
Advanced Groundwater Method: None

Random Numbers

Pseudo-random Seed: 10116

Random Number Generation Method: Park and Miller v.3

Surface Options

Surface Type: Circular

Search Method: Grid Search
Radius Increment: 10
Composite Surfaces: Disabled
Reverse Curvature: Create Tension Crack
Minimum Elevation: Not Defined
Minimum Depth: Not Defined

Loading

Seismic Load Coefficient (Horizontal): 0.12

Seismic Load Coefficient (Vertical): 0.08

Project
Slope protection at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section - A - Seismic.slim
Material Properties

Property Debris Weathered Rock

Color ___ ___
Strength Type Mohr-Coulomb Mohr-Coulomb
Unit Weight [kN/m3] 16 22
Cohesion [kPa] 15 50
Friction Angle [deg] 31 40
Water Surface None None
Ru Value 0 0

Support Properties

SDA - 32 MM
Support Type: Soil Nail
Force Application: Passive
Out-of-Plane Spacing: 1.5 m
Tensile Capacity: 230 kN
Plate Capacity: 5 kN
Default Bond Strength: 0 kN/m
and Material Dependent

Bond Strength Dependency:

Material Bond Strength (kN/m)

Debris ___ 23
Weathered ___
29
Rock

Project
Slope protection at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section - A - Seismic.slim
Global Minimums

Method: bishop simplified

FS: 1.117190
Center: 170.447, 123.618
Radius: 56.357
Left Slip Surface Endpoint: 122.960, 93.269
Right Slip Surface Endpoint: 164.399, 67.587
Resisting Moment=159403 kN-m
Driving Moment=142682 kN-m
Total Slice Area=241.816 m2

Valid / Invalid Surfaces

Method: bishop simplified

Number of Valid Surfaces: 3517
Number of Invalid Surfaces: 1334

Project
Slope protection at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section - A - Seismic.slim
 -1000 = No valid slip surfaces are generated at a grid center. Unable to draw a surface.

Slice Data

Global Minimum Query (bishop simplified) - Safety Factor: 1.11719

Base Base Shear Shear Base Pore Effective
Slice Width Weight Base
Cohesion Friction Angle Stress Strength Normal Stress Pressure Normal Stress
Number [m] [kN] Material
[kPa] [degrees] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa]
1 1.65755 28.6145 Debris 15 31 13.0714 14.6032 -0.660366 0 -0.660366
2 1.65755 82.5411 Debris 15 31 24.7158 27.6123 20.9903 0 20.9903
3 1.65755 130.452 Debris 15 31 35.9041 40.1117 41.793 0 41.793
4 1.65755 173.357 Debris 15 31 46.6196 52.083 61.7164 0 61.7164
5 1.65755 211.983 Debris 15 31 56.8609 63.5244 80.7583 0 80.7583
6 1.65755 246.291 Debris 15 31 66.4967 74.2895 98.6744 0 98.6744
7 1.65755 255.987 Debris 15 31 70.5582 78.8269 106.226 0 106.226
8 1.65755 252.006 Debris 15 31 71.2884 79.6427 107.584 0 107.584
9 1.65755 245.323 Debris 15 31 71.2229 79.5695 107.462 0 107.462
10 1.65755 236.158 Debris 15 31 70.3902 78.6392 105.913 0 105.913
11 1.65755 224.934 Debris 15 31 68.8762 76.9478 103.099 0 103.099
12 1.65755 214.179 Debris 15 31 67.3793 75.2755 100.315 0 100.315
13 1.65755 202.129 Debris 15 31 65.3088 72.9623 96.4653 0 96.4653
14 1.65755 188.178 Debris 15 31 62.6167 69.9547 91.4602 0 91.4602
15 1.65755 172.422 Debris 15 31 59.2672 66.2127 85.2321 0 85.2321
16 1.65755 154.944 Debris 15 31 55.2648 61.7413 77.7905 0 77.7905
17 1.65755 138.448 Debris 15 31 51.3768 57.3976 70.5616 0 70.5616
18 1.65755 147.389 Debris 15 31 54.843 61.2701 77.0062 0 77.0062
19 1.65755 160.368 Debris 15 31 59.6035 66.5884 85.8576 0 85.8576
20 1.65755 133.246 Debris 15 31 52.2698 58.3953 72.2219 0 72.2219
21 1.65755 94.3997 Debris 15 31 41.0583 45.8699 51.3762 0 51.3762
22 1.65755 74.938 Debris 15 31 35.5743 39.7432 41.1796 0 41.1796
Project
Slope protection at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section - A - Seismic.slim
 23 1.65755 55.1676 Debris 15 31 29.8121 33.3058 30.4659 0 30.4659
24 1.65755 34.0373 Debris 15 31 23.425 26.1702 18.5903 0 18.5903
25 1.65755 11.5675 Debris 15 31 16.3965 18.318 5.522 0 5.522

Interslice Data

Global Minimum Query (bishop simplified) - Safety Factor: 1.11719

X Y Interslice Interslice Interslice
Slice
coordinate coordinate - Bottom Normal Force Shear Force Force Angle
Number
[m] [m] [kN] [kN] [degrees]
1 122.96 93.2691 0 0 0
2 124.618 90.8196 -19.837 0 0
3 126.275 88.6192 -4.68712 0 0
4 127.933 86.6234 34.9026 0 0
5 129.59 84.8006 90.9768 0 0
6 131.248 83.1274 157.346 0 0
7 132.905 81.586 228.846 0 0
8 134.563 80.1623 293.915 0 0
9 136.22 78.8451 347.77 0 0
10 137.878 77.6253 390.31 0 0
11 139.535 76.4952 421.73 0 0
12 141.193 75.4487 442.524 0 0
13 142.851 74.4803 452.766 0 0
14 144.508 73.5855 455.153 0 0
15 146.166 72.7604 449.471 0 0
16 147.823 72.0017 436.65 0 0
17 149.481 71.3065 417.778 0 0
18 151.138 70.6722 394.037 0 0
19 152.796 70.0968 365.186 0 0
20 154.453 69.5783 330.211 0 0
Project
Slope protection at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section - A - Seismic.slim
 21 156.111 69.1151 293.065 0 0
22 157.769 68.7059 257.405 0 0
23 159.426 68.3493 222.149 0 0
24 161.084 68.0445 188.672 0 0
25 162.741 67.7905 158.674 0 0
26 164.399 67.5867 0 0 0

List Of Coordinates

External Boundary
X Y
87.458 99.514
87.458 85.408
87.458 10.0918
181.907 10.0918
181.907 46.5084
181.907 56.2197
156.556 72.6786
155.312 74.3313
154.153 75.8713
153.751 75.942
150.511 75.942
140.586 84.241
132.591 91.575

Material Boundary
X Y
87.458 85.408
Project
Slope protection at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section - A - Seismic.slim
133.721 77.802
158.634 59.049
181.907 46.5084

Project
Slope protection at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section - A - Seismic.slim
 Safety Factor
0.000
0.250
0.500
0.750 1.390
1.000
120

1.250
1.500
1.750
2.000
2.250
2.500
2.750
110

3.000
3.250
3.500
3.750
4.000
4.250
4.500
100

4.750
5.000
5.250
5.500
5.750
6.000+
90
80

1.500

8.000
70

100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190
Project
Slope protection at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

1:397
Date File Name
4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section - A - Static.slim
 Slide Analysis Information
Slope protection at Ridge,Shimla

Project Summary

File Name: Section - A - Static

Slide Modeler Version: 6.02
Project Title: Slope protection at Ridge,Shimla
Date Created: 4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM

General Settings

Units of Measurement: Metric Units

Time Units: days
Permeability Units: meters/second
Failure Direction: Left to Right
Data Output: Maximum
Maximum Material Properties: 20
Maximum Support Properties: 20

Analysis Options

Analysis Methods Used

Bishop simplified

Number of slices: 25
Tolerance: 0.005
Maximum number of iterations: 50

Project
Slope protection at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section - A - Static.slim
Check malpha < 0.2: Yes
Initial trial value of FS: 1
Steffensen Iteration: Yes

Groundwater Analysis

Groundwater Method: Water Surfaces

Pore Fluid Unit Weight: 9.81 kN/m3
Advanced Groundwater Method: None

Random Numbers

Pseudo-random Seed: 10116

Random Number Generation Method: Park and Miller v.3

Surface Options

Surface Type: Circular

Search Method: Grid Search
Radius Increment: 10
Composite Surfaces: Disabled
Reverse Curvature: Create Tension Crack
Minimum Elevation: Not Defined
Minimum Depth: Not Defined

Material Properties

Property Debris Weathered Rock

Color ___ ___

Project
Slope protection at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section - A - Static.slim
Strength Type Mohr-Coulomb Mohr-Coulomb
Unit Weight [kN/m3] 16 22
Cohesion [kPa] 15 50
Friction Angle [deg] 31 40
Water Surface None None
Ru Value 0 0

Support Properties

SDA - 32 MM
Support Type: Soil Nail
Force Application: Passive
Out-of-Plane Spacing: 1.5 m
Tensile Capacity: 230 kN
Plate Capacity: 5 kN
Default Bond Strength: 0 kN/m
and Material Dependent

Bond Strength Dependency:

Material Bond Strength (kN/m)

Debris ___ 23
Weathered ___
29
Rock

Global Minimums

Method: bishop simplified

FS: 1.389630
Project
Slope protection at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section - A - Static.slim
 Center: 170.447, 123.618
Radius: 56.357
Left Slip Surface Endpoint: 122.960, 93.269
Right Slip Surface Endpoint: 164.399, 67.587
Resisting Moment=157758 kN-m
Driving Moment=113525 kN-m
Total Slice Area=241.816 m2

Valid / Invalid Surfaces

Method: bishop simplified

Number of Valid Surfaces: 3502
Number of Invalid Surfaces: 1349

Slice Data

Global Minimum Query (bishop simplified) - Safety Factor: 1.38963

Project
Slope protection at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section - A - Static.slim
 Base Base Shear Shear Base Pore Effective
Slice Width Weight Base
Cohesion Friction Angle Stress Strength Normal Stress Pressure Normal Stress
Number [m] [kN] Material
[kPa] [degrees] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa]
1 1.65755 28.6145 Debris 15 31 11.1451 15.4876 0.811465 0 0.811465
2 1.65755 82.5411 Debris 15 31 20.5457 28.5509 22.5525 0 22.5525
3 1.65755 130.452 Debris 15 31 29.4884 40.9779 43.2345 0 43.2345
4 1.65755 173.357 Debris 15 31 37.9776 52.7748 62.8679 0 62.8679
5 1.65755 211.983 Debris 15 31 46.0256 63.9585 81.4806 0 81.4806
6 1.65755 246.291 Debris 15 31 53.5381 74.3982 98.8551 0 98.8551
7 1.65755 255.987 Debris 15 31 56.581 78.6266 105.893 0 105.893
8 1.65755 252.006 Debris 15 31 56.9771 79.1771 106.809 0 106.809
9 1.65755 245.323 Debris 15 31 56.7509 78.8628 106.285 0 106.285
10 1.65755 236.158 Debris 15 31 55.9298 77.7217 104.386 0 104.386
11 1.65755 224.934 Debris 15 31 54.5852 75.8532 101.277 0 101.277
12 1.65755 214.179 Debris 15 31 53.2617 74.014 98.216 0 98.216
13 1.65755 202.129 Debris 15 31 51.5112 71.5815 94.1676 0 94.1676
14 1.65755 188.178 Debris 15 31 49.2861 68.4894 89.0211 0 89.0211
15 1.65755 172.422 Debris 15 31 46.5662 64.7098 82.7312 0 82.7312
16 1.65755 154.944 Debris 15 31 43.3584 60.2521 75.312 0 75.312
17 1.65755 138.448 Debris 15 31 40.2568 55.9421 68.1393 0 68.1393
18 1.65755 147.389 Debris 15 31 42.8216 59.5062 74.071 0 74.071
19 1.65755 160.368 Debris 15 31 46.3641 64.4289 82.2636 0 82.2636
20 1.65755 133.246 Debris 15 31 40.6473 56.4847 69.0418 0 69.0418
21 1.65755 94.3997 Debris 15 31 32.0062 44.4768 49.0576 0 49.0576
22 1.65755 74.938 Debris 15 31 27.7632 38.5806 39.2448 0 39.2448
23 1.65755 55.1676 Debris 15 31 23.332 32.4228 28.9964 0 28.9964
24 1.65755 34.0373 Debris 15 31 18.452 25.6415 17.7105 0 17.7105
25 1.65755 11.5675 Debris 15 31 13.1152 18.2253 5.36773 0 5.36773

Interslice Data
Project
Slope protection at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section - A - Static.slim
Global Minimum Query (bishop simplified) - Safety Factor: 1.38963
X Y Interslice Interslice Interslice
Slice
coordinate coordinate - Bottom Normal Force Shear Force Force Angle
Number
[m] [m] [kN] [kN] [degrees]
1 122.96 93.2691 0 0 0
2 124.618 90.8196 -16.4655 0 0
3 126.275 88.6192 -0.858636 0 0
4 127.933 86.6234 36.6059 0 0
5 129.59 84.8006 88.3227 0 0
6 131.248 83.1274 148.45 0 0
7 132.905 81.586 212.183 0 0
8 134.563 80.1623 269.258 0 0
9 136.22 78.8451 315.606 0 0
10 137.878 77.6253 351.291 0 0
11 139.535 76.4952 376.646 0 0
12 141.193 75.4487 392.26 0 0
13 142.851 74.4803 398.391 0 0
14 144.508 73.5855 397.364 0 0
15 146.166 72.7604 389.211 0 0
16 147.823 72.0017 374.879 0 0
17 149.481 71.3065 355.449 0 0
18 151.138 70.6722 332.011 0 0
19 152.796 70.0968 303.733 0 0
20 154.453 69.5783 269.619 0 0
21 156.111 69.1151 234.297 0 0
22 157.769 68.7059 201.381 0 0
23 159.426 68.3493 169.405 0 0
24 161.084 68.0445 139.613 0 0
25 162.741 67.7905 113.56 0 0
26 164.399 67.5867 0 0 0
Project
Slope protection at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section - A - Static.slim
List Of Coordinates

External Boundary
X Y
87.458 99.514
87.458 85.408
87.458 10.0918
181.907 10.0918
181.907 46.5084
181.907 56.2197
156.556 72.6786
155.312 74.3313
154.153 75.8713
153.751 75.942
150.511 75.942
140.586 84.241
132.591 91.575

Material Boundary
X Y
87.458 85.408
133.721 77.802
158.634 59.049
181.907 46.5084

Project
Slope protection at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section - A - Static.slim
 Safety Factor
0.000 1.101
0.250
0.12
0.500
0.750
1.000
0.08
1.250
140

1.500
1.750
2.000
2.250
2.500
2.750
3.000
3.250
3.500
120

3.750
4.000
4.250
4.500
4.750
5.000
5.250
5.500
5.750
100

6.000+
80

1.500

14.000

60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Project
Slope protection at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

1:605
Date File Name
4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section B - B Seismic.slim
 Slide Analysis Information
Slope protection at Ridge,Shimla

Project Summary

File Name: Section B - B Seismic

Slide Modeler Version: 6.02
Project Title: Slope protection at Ridge,Shimla
Date Created: 4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM

General Settings

Units of Measurement: Metric Units

Time Units: days
Permeability Units: meters/second
Failure Direction: Left to Right
Data Output: Maximum
Maximum Material Properties: 20
Maximum Support Properties: 20

Analysis Options

Analysis Methods Used

Bishop simplified

Number of slices: 25
Tolerance: 0.005
Maximum number of iterations: 50

Project
Slope protection at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section B - B Seismic.slim
Check malpha < 0.2: Yes
Initial trial value of FS: 1
Steffensen Iteration: Yes

Groundwater Analysis

Groundwater Method: Water Surfaces

Pore Fluid Unit Weight: 9.81 kN/m3
Advanced Groundwater Method: None

Random Numbers

Pseudo-random Seed: 10116

Random Number Generation Method: Park and Miller v.3

Surface Options

Surface Type: Circular

Search Method: Grid Search
Radius Increment: 10
Composite Surfaces: Disabled
Reverse Curvature: Create Tension Crack
Minimum Elevation: Not Defined
Minimum Depth: Not Defined

Loading

Seismic Load Coefficient (Horizontal): 0.12

Seismic Load Coefficient (Vertical): 0.08

Project
Slope protection at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section B - B Seismic.slim
Material Properties

Property Debris Weathered Rock

Color ___ ___
Strength Type Mohr-Coulomb Mohr-Coulomb
Unit Weight [kN/m3] 16 22
Cohesion [kPa] 15 50
Friction Angle [deg] 31 40
Water Surface None None
Ru Value 0 0

Support Properties

SDA - 32 MM
Support Type: Soil Nail
Force Application: Passive
Out-of-Plane Spacing: 1.5 m
Tensile Capacity: 230 kN
Plate Capacity: 5 kN
Default Bond Strength: 0 kN/m
and Material Dependent

Bond Strength Dependency:

Material Bond Strength (kN/m)

Debris ___ 23
Weathered ___
29
Rock

Project
Slope protection at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section B - B Seismic.slim
Global Minimums

Method: bishop simplified

FS: 1.101430
Center: 178.311, 155.071
Radius: 90.938
Left Slip Surface Endpoint: 107.048, 98.579
Right Slip Surface Endpoint: 168.979, 64.613
Resisting Moment=542150 kN-m
Driving Moment=492223 kN-m
Total Slice Area=551.538 m2

Valid / Invalid Surfaces

Method: bishop simplified

Number of Valid Surfaces: 3824
Number of Invalid Surfaces: 1027

Project
Slope protection at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section B - B Seismic.slim
 -1000 = No valid slip surfaces are generated at a grid center. Unable to draw a surface.

Slice Data

Global Minimum Query (bishop simplified) - Safety Factor: 1.10143

Base Base Shear Shear Base Pore Effective
Slice Width Weight Base
Cohesion Friction Angle Stress Strength Normal Stress Pressure Normal Stress
Number [m] [kN] Material
[kPa] [degrees] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa]
1 2.47722 52.8176 Debris 15 31 15.7858 17.3869 3.97246 0 3.97246
2 2.47722 153.658 Debris 15 31 31.2502 34.4199 32.3203 0 32.3203
3 2.47722 245.521 Debris 15 31 46.1982 50.8841 59.721 0 59.721
4 2.47722 329.491 Debris 15 31 60.6122 66.7601 86.1432 0 86.1432
5 2.47722 406.421 Debris 15 31 74.485 82.04 111.573 0 111.573
6 2.47722 477.677 Debris 15 31 87.9273 96.8458 136.214 0 136.214
7 2.47722 544.208 Debris 15 31 101.014 111.26 160.203 0 160.203
8 2.47722 605.414 Debris 15 31 113.578 125.098 183.233 0 183.233
9 2.47722 634.09 Debris 15 31 120.801 133.054 196.474 0 196.474
10 2.47722 605.815 Debris 15 31 118.015 129.985 191.367 0 191.367
11 2.47722 570.979 Debris 15 31 113.808 125.352 183.657 0 183.657
12 2.47722 534.208 Debris 15 31 109.203 120.28 175.215 0 175.215
13 2.47722 503.327 Debris 15 31 105.452 116.148 168.339 0 168.339
14 2.47722 468.993 Debris 15 31 100.177 110.338 158.668 0 158.668
15 2.47722 431.099 Debris 15 31 94.4268 104.004 148.128 0 148.128
16 2.47722 389.782 Debris 15 31 87.769 96.6714 135.924 0 135.924
17 2.47722 345.163 Debris 15 31 80.2025 88.3374 122.054 0 122.054
18 2.47722 305.738 Debris 15 31 73.4208 80.8679 109.623 0 109.623
19 2.47722 323.651 Debris 15 31 78.1746 86.1038 118.337 0 118.337
20 2.47722 284.889 Debris 15 31 71.2391 78.4649 105.624 0 105.624
21 2.47722 212.941 Debris 15 31 57.0694 62.858 79.6492 0 79.6492
22 2.47722 170.458 Debris 15 31 48.7861 53.7345 64.465 0 64.465
Project
Slope protection at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section B - B Seismic.slim
 23 2.47722 125.133 Debris 15 31 39.6346 43.6547 47.6895 0 47.6895
24 2.47722 77.0107 Debris 15 31 29.5946 32.5964 29.2852 0 29.2852
25 2.47722 26.1276 Debris 15 31 18.6429 20.5338 9.20981 0 9.20981

Interslice Data

Global Minimum Query (bishop simplified) - Safety Factor: 1.10143

X Y Interslice Interslice Interslice
Slice
coordinate coordinate - Bottom Normal Force Shear Force Force Angle
Number
[m] [m] [kN] [kN] [degrees]
1 107.048 98.5786 0 0 0
2 109.525 95.5872 -20.8679 0 0
3 112.003 92.8377 9.05132 0 0
4 114.48 90.2994 75.7095 0 0
5 116.957 87.9482 167.698 0 0
6 119.434 85.7651 275.601 0 0
7 121.912 83.7347 391.766 0 0
8 124.389 81.8442 509.794 0 0
9 126.866 80.0832 623.886 0 0
10 129.343 78.4425 723.183 0 0
11 131.82 76.9148 796.007 0 0
12 134.298 75.4934 843.75 0 0
13 136.775 74.1729 861.696 0 0
14 139.252 72.9482 852.869 0 0
15 141.729 71.8152 840.861 0 0
16 144.207 70.7701 813.57 0 0
17 146.684 69.8098 773.535 0 0
18 149.161 68.9314 723.566 0 0
19 151.638 68.1325 666.032 0 0
20 154.115 67.4107 596.697 0 0
Project
Slope protection at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section B - B Seismic.slim
 21 156.593 66.7644 522.749 0 0
22 159.07 66.1918 452.595 0 0
23 161.547 65.6914 384.498 0 0
24 164.024 65.2622 321.841 0 0
25 166.502 64.903 268.318 0 0
26 168.979 64.613 0 0 0

List Of Coordinates

External Boundary
X Y
36.4769 107.872
36.4769 95.738
36.4769 10.0918
235.884 10.0918
235.884 33.1993
235.884 47.485
181.907 56.2197
156.556 72.6786
155.312 74.3313
154.153 75.8713
153.751 75.942
150.511 75.942
134.758 88.947
133.466 90.2154
132.592 91.0731
127.301 96.048
119.734 96.908

Project
Slope protection at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section B - B Seismic.slim
Material Boundary
X Y
36.4769 95.738
132.333 76.58
157.118 56.7104
199.336 37.1165
235.884 33.1993

Project
Slope protection at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section B - B Seismic.slim
 Safety Factor
0.000 1.380
0.250
0.500
0.750
140

1.000
1.250
1.500
1.750
2.000
2.250
2.500
2.750
3.000
3.250
120

3.500
3.750
4.000
4.250
4.500
4.750
5.000
5.250
5.500
5.750
100

6.000+
80

1.500

14.000

80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Project
Slope protection at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

1:544
Date File Name
4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section B - B Static.slim
 Slide Analysis Information
Slope protection at Ridge,Shimla

Project Summary

File Name: Section B - B Static

Slide Modeler Version: 6.02
Project Title: Slope protection at Ridge,Shimla
Date Created: 4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM

General Settings

Units of Measurement: Metric Units

Time Units: days
Permeability Units: meters/second
Failure Direction: Left to Right
Data Output: Maximum
Maximum Material Properties: 20
Maximum Support Properties: 20

Analysis Options

Analysis Methods Used

Bishop simplified

Number of slices: 25
Tolerance: 0.005
Maximum number of iterations: 50

Project
Slope protection at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section B - B Static.slim
Check malpha < 0.2: Yes
Initial trial value of FS: 1
Steffensen Iteration: Yes

Groundwater Analysis

Groundwater Method: Water Surfaces

Pore Fluid Unit Weight: 9.81 kN/m3
Advanced Groundwater Method: None

Random Numbers

Pseudo-random Seed: 10116

Random Number Generation Method: Park and Miller v.3

Surface Options

Surface Type: Circular

Search Method: Grid Search
Radius Increment: 10
Composite Surfaces: Disabled
Reverse Curvature: Create Tension Crack
Minimum Elevation: Not Defined
Minimum Depth: Not Defined

Material Properties

Property Debris Weathered Rock

Color ___ ___

Project
Slope protection at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section B - B Static.slim
Strength Type Mohr-Coulomb Mohr-Coulomb
Unit Weight [kN/m3] 16 22
Cohesion [kPa] 15 50
Friction Angle [deg] 31 40
Water Surface None None
Ru Value 0 0

Support Properties

SDA - 32 MM
Support Type: Soil Nail
Force Application: Passive
Out-of-Plane Spacing: 1.5 m
Tensile Capacity: 230 kN
Plate Capacity: 5 kN
Default Bond Strength: 0 kN/m
and Material Dependent

Bond Strength Dependency:

Material Bond Strength (kN/m)

Debris ___ 23
Weathered ___
29
Rock

Global Minimums

Method: bishop simplified

FS: 1.379550
Project
Slope protection at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section B - B Static.slim
 Center: 178.311, 147.208
Radius: 83.210
Left Slip Surface Endpoint: 111.185, 98.034
Right Slip Surface Endpoint: 169.147, 64.504
Resisting Moment=437541 kN-m
Driving Moment=317163 kN-m
Total Slice Area=476.393 m2

Valid / Invalid Surfaces

Method: bishop simplified

Number of Valid Surfaces: 3821
Number of Invalid Surfaces: 1030

Slice Data

Global Minimum Query (bishop simplified) - Safety Factor: 1.37955

Project
Slope protection at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section B - B Static.slim
 Base Base Shear Shear Base Pore Effective
Slice Width Weight Base
Cohesion Friction Angle Stress Strength Normal Stress Pressure Normal Stress
Number [m] [kN] Material
[kPa] [degrees] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa]
1 2.31848 50.3073 Debris 15 31 12.9747 17.8993 4.82525 0 4.82525
2 2.31848 146.045 Debris 15 31 25.2521 34.8366 33.0137 0 33.0137
3 2.31848 232.731 Debris 15 31 37.0176 51.0676 60.0266 0 60.0266
4 2.31848 311.672 Debris 15 31 48.3682 66.7263 86.087 0 86.087
5 2.31848 384.843 Debris 15 31 59.3567 81.8856 111.316 0 111.316
6 2.31848 452.241 Debris 15 31 69.7539 96.229 135.188 0 135.188
7 2.31848 514.007 Debris 15 31 79.7161 109.972 158.06 0 158.06
8 2.31848 531.856 Debris 15 31 83.7824 115.582 167.397 0 167.397
9 2.31848 512.89 Debris 15 31 82.6551 114.027 164.808 0 164.808
10 2.31848 488.547 Debris 15 31 80.7003 111.33 160.32 0 160.32
11 2.31848 462.389 Debris 15 31 77.9272 107.504 153.953 0 153.953
12 2.31848 440.915 Debris 15 31 76.6195 105.701 150.951 0 150.951
13 2.31848 416.032 Debris 15 31 72.706 100.302 141.966 0 141.966
14 2.31848 387.731 Debris 15 31 69.3196 95.6298 134.19 0 134.19
15 2.31848 356.166 Debris 15 31 65.2822 90.06 124.921 0 124.921
16 2.31848 321.472 Debris 15 31 60.601 83.6021 114.173 0 114.173
17 2.31848 283.82 Debris 15 31 55.2892 76.2742 101.977 0 101.977
18 2.31848 281.36 Debris 15 31 55.5838 76.6807 102.654 0 102.654
19 2.31848 295.01 Debris 15 31 58.5374 80.7553 109.435 0 109.435
20 2.31848 226.042 Debris 15 31 47.6726 65.7668 84.4901 0 84.4901
21 2.31848 182.9 Debris 15 31 40.9172 56.4473 68.9799 0 68.9799
22 2.31848 146.612 Debris 15 31 35.1667 48.5142 55.7771 0 55.7771
23 2.31848 107.763 Debris 15 31 28.8245 39.7649 41.2157 0 41.2157
24 2.31848 66.3942 Debris 15 31 21.8821 30.1874 25.2761 0 25.2761
25 2.31848 22.5426 Debris 15 31 14.3283 19.7666 7.93296 0 7.93296

Interslice Data
Project
Slope protection at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section B - B Static.slim
Global Minimum Query (bishop simplified) - Safety Factor: 1.37955
X Y Interslice Interslice Interslice
Slice
coordinate coordinate - Bottom Normal Force Shear Force Force Angle
Number
[m] [m] [kN] [kN] [degrees]
1 111.185 98.0338 0 0 0
2 113.504 95.0162 -15.4958 0 0
3 115.822 92.2615 16.9491 0 0
4 118.141 89.7319 83.0387 0 0
5 120.459 87.3988 168.036 0 0
6 122.777 85.2401 263.639 0 0
7 125.096 83.2381 368.608 0 0
8 127.414 81.3785 474.632 0 0
9 129.733 79.6495 564.364 0 0
10 132.051 78.0413 626.427 0 0
11 134.37 76.5457 657.992 0 0
12 136.688 75.1557 675.701 0 0
13 139.007 73.8652 648.433 0 0
14 141.325 72.6692 649.806 0 0
15 143.644 71.563 637.658 0 0
16 145.962 70.5429 613.862 0 0
17 148.281 69.6054 580.513 0 0
18 150.599 68.7476 539.91 0 0
19 152.918 67.9669 491.292 0 0
20 155.236 67.261 432.938 0 0
21 157.555 66.628 375.988 0 0
22 159.873 66.0661 319.961 0 0
23 162.192 65.5739 265.949 0 0
24 164.51 65.1501 216.642 0 0
25 166.829 64.7937 174.96 0 0
26 169.147 64.5038 0 0 0
Project
Slope protection at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section B - B Static.slim
List Of Coordinates

External Boundary
X Y
36.4769 107.872
36.4769 95.738
36.4769 10.0918
235.884 10.0918
235.884 33.1993
235.884 47.485
181.907 56.2197
156.556 72.6786
155.312 74.3313
154.153 75.8713
153.751 75.942
150.511 75.942
134.758 88.947
133.466 90.2154
132.592 91.0731
127.301 96.048
119.734 96.908

Material Boundary
X Y
36.4769 95.738
132.333 76.58
157.118 56.7104
Project
Slope protection at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section B - B Static.slim
199.336 37.1165
235.884 33.1993

Project
Slope protection at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section B - B Static.slim
 Safety Factor
0.000
0.250 1.105
180

0.12
0.500
0.750
1.000
0.08
1.250
1.500
1.750
160

2.000
2.250
2.500
2.750
3.000
3.250
3.500
140

3.750
4.000
4.250
4.500
4.750
5.000
120

5.250
5.500
5.750
6.000+
100

1.500
80

19.000
60

80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280
Project
Slope Stabilization at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

1:853
Date File Name
4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section C- C Seismic.slim
 Slide Analysis Information
Slope Stabilization at Ridge,Shimla

Project Summary

File Name: Section C- C Seismic

Slide Modeler Version: 6.02
Project Title: Slope Stabilization at Ridge,Shimla
Date Created: 4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM

General Settings

Units of Measurement: Metric Units

Time Units: days
Permeability Units: meters/second
Failure Direction: Left to Right
Data Output: Maximum
Maximum Material Properties: 20
Maximum Support Properties: 20

Analysis Options

Analysis Methods Used

Bishop simplified

Number of slices: 25
Tolerance: 0.005
Maximum number of iterations: 50

Project
Slope Stabilization at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section C- C Seismic.slim
Check malpha < 0.2: Yes
Initial trial value of FS: 1
Steffensen Iteration: Yes

Groundwater Analysis

Groundwater Method: Water Surfaces

Pore Fluid Unit Weight: 9.81 kN/m3
Advanced Groundwater Method: None

Random Numbers

Pseudo-random Seed: 10116

Random Number Generation Method: Park and Miller v.3

Surface Options

Surface Type: Circular

Search Method: Grid Search
Radius Increment: 10
Composite Surfaces: Disabled
Reverse Curvature: Create Tension Crack
Minimum Elevation: Not Defined
Minimum Depth: Not Defined

Loading

Seismic Load Coefficient (Horizontal): 0.12

Seismic Load Coefficient (Vertical): 0.08

Project
Slope Stabilization at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section C- C Seismic.slim
Material Properties

Property Debris Weathered Rock

Color ___ ___
Strength Type Mohr-Coulomb Mohr-Coulomb
Unit Weight [kN/m3] 16 22
Cohesion [kPa] 15 50
Friction Angle [deg] 31 40
Water Surface None None
Ru Value 0 0

Support Properties

SDA - 32 MM
Support Type: Soil Nail
Force Application: Passive
Out-of-Plane Spacing: 1.5 m
Tensile Capacity: 230 kN
Plate Capacity: 5 kN
Default Bond Strength: 0 kN/m
and Material Dependent

Bond Strength Dependency:

Material Bond Strength (kN/m)

Debris ___ 23
Weathered ___
29
Rock

Project
Slope Stabilization at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section C- C Seismic.slim
Global Minimums

Method: bishop simplified

FS: 1.105430
Center: 221.452, 183.398
Radius: 120.343
Left Slip Surface Endpoint: 125.119, 111.271
Right Slip Surface Endpoint: 200.007, 64.981
Resisting Moment=1.12201e+006 kN-m
Driving Moment=1.015e+006 kN-m
Total Slice Area=790.175 m2

Valid / Invalid Surfaces

Method: bishop simplified

Number of Valid Surfaces: 4340
Number of Invalid Surfaces: 511

Project
Slope Stabilization at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section C- C Seismic.slim
Slice Data

Global Minimum Query (bishop simplified) - Safety Factor: 1.10543

Base Base Shear Shear Base Pore Effective
Slice Width Weight Base
Cohesion Friction Angle Stress Strength Normal Stress Pressure Normal Stress
Number [m] [kN] Material
[kPa] [degrees] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa]
1 2.99553 91.9412 Debris 15 31 18.6257 20.5894 9.30226 0 9.30226
2 2.99553 268.695 Debris 15 31 40.3339 44.5863 49.2398 0 49.2398
3 2.99553 432.108 Debris 15 31 61.6022 68.0969 88.3679 0 88.3679
4 2.99553 583.804 Debris 15 31 83.5242 92.3302 128.699 0 128.699
5 2.99553 719.183 Debris 15 31 103.064 113.93 164.647 0 164.647
6 2.99553 798.328 Debris 15 31 116.822 129.139 189.96 0 189.96
7 2.99553 858.281 Debris 15 31 126.933 140.316 208.56 0 208.56
8 2.99553 865.928 Debris 15 31 131.913 145.821 217.723 0 217.723
9 2.99553 837.817 Debris 15 31 130.024 143.732 214.245 0 214.245
10 2.99553 802.921 Debris 15 31 127.948 141.438 210.429 0 210.429
11 2.99553 761.667 Debris 15 31 124.621 137.76 204.307 0 204.307
12 2.99553 714.42 Debris 15 31 120.215 132.889 196.201 0 196.201
13 2.99553 661.5 Debris 15 31 112.183 124.011 181.424 0 181.424
14 2.99553 598.409 Debris 15 31 101.822 112.557 162.362 0 162.362
15 2.99553 527.971 Debris 15 31 92.4513 102.198 145.122 0 145.122
16 2.99553 469.007 Debris 15 31 84.5457 93.4593 130.578 0 130.578
17 2.99553 423.49 Debris 15 31 78.5054 86.7822 119.466 0 119.466
18 2.99553 463.821 Debris 15 31 86.124 95.204 133.482 0 133.482
19 2.99553 444.265 Debris 15 31 84.109 92.9766 129.775 0 129.775
Project
Slope Stabilization at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section C- C Seismic.slim
 20 2.99553 386.966 Debris 15 31 75.7391 83.7243 114.376 0 114.376
21 2.99553 325.483 Debris 15 31 66.4109 73.4126 97.2149 0 97.2149
22 2.99553 259.92 Debris 15 31 56.1153 62.0315 78.2736 0 78.2736
23 2.99553 190.368 Debris 15 31 44.8407 49.5683 57.5311 0 57.5311
24 2.99553 116.905 Debris 15 31 32.5728 36.0069 34.9613 0 34.9613
25 2.99553 39.603 Debris 15 31 19.2943 21.3285 10.5324 0 10.5324

Interslice Data

Global Minimum Query (bishop simplified) - Safety Factor: 1.10543

X Y Interslice Interslice Interslice
Slice
coordinate coordinate - Bottom Normal Force Shear Force Force Angle
Number
[m] [m] [kN] [kN] [degrees]
1 125.119 111.271 0 0 0
2 128.114 107.434 -9.05001 0 0
3 131.11 103.895 76.686 0 0
4 134.105 100.615 233.913 0 0
5 137.101 97.5651 391.48 0 0
6 140.096 94.7207 583.435 0 0
7 143.092 92.0629 736.688 0 0
8 146.088 89.5759 902.465 0 0
9 149.083 87.2465 981.476 0 0
10 152.079 85.0633 1043.04 0 0
11 155.074 83.0169 1045.5 0 0
12 158.07 81.0991 994.932 0 0
13 161.065 79.3028 891.502 0 0
14 164.061 77.6217 840.35 0 0
15 167.056 76.0505 862.371 0 0
16 170.052 74.5844 861.66 0 0
17 173.047 73.2192 843.045 0 0
Project
Slope Stabilization at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section C- C Seismic.slim
 18 176.043 71.9512 810.273 0 0
19 179.038 70.7771 764.764 0 0
20 182.034 69.6941 706.78 0 0
21 185.029 68.6994 640.191 0 0
22 188.025 67.7909 568.711 0 0
23 191.02 66.9665 496.4 0 0
24 194.016 66.2245 427.665 0 0
25 197.012 65.5632 367.276 0 0
26 200.007 64.9814 0 0 0

List Of Coordinates

External Boundary
X Y
178.387 81.1082
174.655 81.052
171.44 83.767
167.756 87.026
164.583 90.347
152.147 102.149
145.73 108.239
138.8 111.271
126.025 111.271
115.848 111.271
20.5201 124.546
20.5201 103.278
20.5201 7.71147
241.396 7.71147
241.396 35.756
Project
Slope Stabilization at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section C- C Seismic.slim
 241.396 56.1082
211.903 56.1082

Material Boundary
X Y
20.5201 103.278
139.4 94.2981
211.513 40.411
231.723 35.756
241.396 35.756

Project
Slope Stabilization at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section C- C Seismic.slim
 Safety Factor
160

0.000
0.250
0.500 1.364
0.750
1.000
1.250
1.500
1.750
140

2.000
2.250
2.500
2.750
3.000
3.250
3.500
3.750
120

4.000
4.250
4.500
4.750
5.000
5.250
5.500
5.750
100

6.000+

1.500
80

19.000
60

60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220

Project
Slope Stabilization at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

1:691
Date File Name
4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section C- C Static.slim
 Slide Analysis Information
Slope Stabilization at Ridge,Shimla

Project Summary

File Name: Section C- C Static

Slide Modeler Version: 6.02
Project Title: Slope Stabilization at Ridge,Shimla
Date Created: 4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM

General Settings

Units of Measurement: Metric Units

Time Units: days
Permeability Units: meters/second
Failure Direction: Left to Right
Data Output: Maximum
Maximum Material Properties: 20
Maximum Support Properties: 20

Analysis Options

Analysis Methods Used

Bishop simplified

Number of slices: 25
Tolerance: 0.005
Maximum number of iterations: 50

Project
Slope Stabilization at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section C- C Static.slim
Check malpha < 0.2: Yes
Initial trial value of FS: 1
Steffensen Iteration: Yes

Groundwater Analysis

Groundwater Method: Water Surfaces

Pore Fluid Unit Weight: 9.81 kN/m3
Advanced Groundwater Method: None

Random Numbers

Pseudo-random Seed: 10116

Random Number Generation Method: Park and Miller v.3

Surface Options

Surface Type: Circular

Search Method: Grid Search
Radius Increment: 10
Composite Surfaces: Disabled
Reverse Curvature: Create Tension Crack
Minimum Elevation: Not Defined
Minimum Depth: Not Defined

Material Properties

Property Debris Weathered Rock

Color ___ ___

Project
Slope Stabilization at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section C- C Static.slim
Strength Type Mohr-Coulomb Mohr-Coulomb
Unit Weight [kN/m3] 16 22
Cohesion [kPa] 15 50
Friction Angle [deg] 31 40
Water Surface None None
Ru Value 0 0

Support Properties

SDA - 32 MM
Support Type: Soil Nail
Force Application: Passive
Out-of-Plane Spacing: 1.5 m
Tensile Capacity: 230 kN
Plate Capacity: 5 kN
Default Bond Strength: 0 kN/m
and Material Dependent

Bond Strength Dependency:

Material Bond Strength (kN/m)

Debris ___ 23
Weathered ___
29
Rock

Global Minimums

Method: bishop simplified

FS: 1.363970
Project
Slope Stabilization at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section C- C Static.slim
 Center: 210.616, 156.309
Radius: 92.093
Left Slip Surface Endpoint: 130.287, 111.271
Right Slip Surface Endpoint: 200.249, 64.801
Resisting Moment=822958 kN-m
Driving Moment=603356 kN-m
Total Slice Area=751.874 m2

Valid / Invalid Surfaces

Method: bishop simplified

Number of Valid Surfaces: 4335
Number of Invalid Surfaces: 516

Project
Slope Stabilization at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section C- C Static.slim
Slice Data

Global Minimum Query (bishop simplified) - Safety Factor: 1.36397

Base Base Shear Shear Base Pore Effective
Slice Width Weight Base
Cohesion Friction Angle Stress Strength Normal Stress Pressure Normal Stress
Number [m] [kN] Material
[kPa] [degrees] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa]
1 2.79845 104.391 Debris 15 31 15.8425 21.6088 10.9988 0 10.9988
2 2.79845 300.933 Debris 15 31 35.4685 48.378 55.5502 0 55.5502
3 2.79845 475.626 Debris 15 31 55.2799 75.4001 100.523 0 100.523
4 2.79845 607.686 Debris 15 31 72.4935 98.879 139.598 0 139.598
5 2.79845 695.645 Debris 15 31 84.0631 114.659 165.861 0 165.861
6 2.79845 763.768 Debris 15 31 93.0086 126.861 186.168 0 186.168
7 2.79845 773.09 Debris 15 31 97.3438 132.774 196.009 0 196.009
8 2.79845 764.281 Debris 15 31 97.8958 133.527 197.262 0 197.262
9 2.79845 746.92 Debris 15 31 98.1854 133.922 197.919 0 197.919
10 2.79845 721.787 Debris 15 31 97.3035 132.719 195.917 0 195.917
11 2.79845 689.522 Debris 15 31 95.4039 130.128 191.606 0 191.606
12 2.79845 650.652 Debris 15 31 90.9111 124 181.407 0 181.407
13 2.79845 602.231 Debris 15 31 84.7475 115.593 167.414 0 167.414
14 2.79845 543.369 Debris 15 31 78.563 107.158 153.376 0 153.376
15 2.79845 493.835 Debris 15 31 73.3295 100.019 141.496 0 141.496
16 2.79845 445.341 Debris 15 31 68.0194 92.7764 129.442 0 129.442
17 2.79845 460.397 Debris 15 31 71.0199 96.869 136.253 0 136.253
18 2.79845 478.553 Debris 15 31 74.4876 101.599 144.125 0 144.125
19 2.79845 429.901 Debris 15 31 68.8165 93.8637 131.251 0 131.251
20 2.79845 375.131 Debris 15 31 62.1058 84.7104 116.017 0 116.017
21 2.79845 316.055 Debris 15 31 54.5807 74.4464 98.9354 0 98.9354
22 2.79845 252.783 Debris 15 31 46.2352 63.0634 79.9912 0 79.9912
23 2.79845 185.41 Debris 15 31 37.0602 50.549 59.1634 0 59.1634
24 2.79845 114.013 Debris 15 31 27.0433 36.8862 36.4246 0 36.4246

Project
Slope Stabilization at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section C- C Static.slim
 25 2.79845 38.6591 Debris 15 31 16.1684 22.0533 11.7386 0 11.7386

Interslice Data

Global Minimum Query (bishop simplified) - Safety Factor: 1.36397

X Y Interslice Interslice Interslice
Slice
coordinate coordinate - Bottom Normal Force Shear Force Force Angle
Number
[m] [m] [kN] [kN] [degrees]
1 130.287 111.271 0 0 0
2 133.086 106.608 7.10838 0 0
3 135.884 102.492 136.856 0 0
4 138.683 98.805 303.377 0 0
5 141.481 95.4692 430.632 0 0
6 144.28 92.4295 568.724 0 0
7 147.078 89.6454 740.9 0 0
8 149.877 87.086 836.278 0 0
9 152.675 84.7273 927.025 0 0
10 155.473 82.5499 970.472 0 0
11 158.272 80.5383 970.745 0 0
12 161.07 78.6795 927.763 0 0
13 163.869 76.9629 914.421 0 0
14 166.667 75.3793 943.211 0 0
15 169.466 73.9211 947.782 0 0
16 172.264 72.5818 932.808 0 0
17 175.063 71.3557 901.842 0 0
18 177.861 70.2379 856.092 0 0
19 180.659 69.2244 794.451 0 0
20 183.458 68.3115 722.372 0 0
21 186.256 67.4961 643.786 0 0
22 189.055 66.7756 562.873 0 0
Project
Slope Stabilization at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section C- C Static.slim
 23 191.853 66.1476 484.176 0 0
24 194.652 65.6102 412.622 0 0
25 197.45 65.1619 353.539 0 0
26 200.249 64.8014 0 0 0

List Of Coordinates

External Boundary
X Y
178.387 81.1082
174.655 81.052
171.44 83.767
167.756 87.026
164.583 90.347
152.147 102.149
145.73 108.239
138.8 111.271
126.025 111.271
115.848 111.271
20.5201 124.546
20.5201 103.278
20.5201 7.71147
241.396 7.71147
241.396 35.756
241.396 56.1082
211.903 56.1082

Material Boundary

Project
Slope Stabilization at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section C- C Static.slim
 X Y
20.5201 103.278
139.4 94.2981
211.513 40.411
231.723 35.756
241.396 35.756

Project
Slope Stabilization at Ridge,Shimla
Analysis Description

Drawn By Scale Company

Date File Name

4/25/2024, 9:12:40 AM Section C- C Static.slim
ANNEXURE – 3

DRAWINGS
 Existing
R.C.C Wall

El:2145.25m
Existing
Pile foundation

Surface nails-(SDA)
Top Anchor
Length 2m , 32mm
dia,Spacing 2mc/c

High tensile rolled cable net of minimum longitudinal tensile

strength 100 KN/M and with a minimum tensile strength of wire
of the cable as 1770 N/sqmm with Zn Coating Class A or 95%
Zn * 5% Al Class-B Coating as per EN 10244-2:2009 for
treatment of slopes.

HECP (High Performance Flexible Growth

Medium+Biotic Soil Media+Soil Amendments+
U-pins 500mm coir mat
Length 8mm dia
@1m c/c spacing
ETA certified high tensile wire-mesh having minimum tensile
strength of 150 KN / m with Zn Coating Class A or 95% Zn +

8m
5% Al Class-B Coating as per EN 10244-2:2009 for
treatment of slopes.

Surface nails-(SDA) Length 8m,

32mm dia,Spacing 1.5mc/c in both Sub surface drainage pipes (50mm dia, PVC
direction perforated pipes wrapped with non-woven geotextile)
- 2 rows, 3m long @2m c/c spacing

El:2130.979m

40°
Tibetan Market Road

TYPICAL CROSS-SECTION SHOWING SLOPE PROTECTION MEASURES

SECTION AT A-A
DATE-03/05/24
N.S
. L Existing
R.C.C Wall

El:2145.25m

Surface nails-(SDA)
Top Anchor
Length 2m , 32mm
dia,Spacing 2mc/c

High tensile rolled cable net of minimum longitudinal

tensile strength 100 KN/M and with a minimum tensile
strength of wire of the cable as 1770 N/sqmm with Zn
Coating Class A or 95% Zn * 5% Al Class-B Coating
as per EN 10244-2:2009 for treatment of slopes.

ETA certified high tensile wire-mesh having minimum

tensile strength of 150 KN / m with Zn Coating Class A or
95% Zn + 5% Al Class-B Coating as per EN 10244-2:2009
for treatment of slopes.

U-pins 500mm

13m
Length 8mm dia
@1m c/c spacing
HECP (High Performance Flexible
Growth Medium+Biotic Soil
Media+Soil Amendments + coir mat

Surface nails-(SDA) Length 14m ,

32mm dia,Spacing 1.5mc/c in both
direction
Sub surface drainage pipes (50mm dia,
PVC perforated pipes wrapped with
non-woven geotextile) - 2 rows, 3m long
@2m c/c spacing

El:2125.627m

38°
Tibetan Market Road

TYPICAL CROSS-SECTION SHOWING SLOPE PROTECTION MEASURES

SECTION AT B-B DATE-03/05/24
 El:2145.25m

Surface nails-(SDA)
Top Anchor
Length 2m , 32mm
dia,Spacing 2mc/c

High tensile rolled cable net of minimum longitudinal

tensile strength 100 KN/M and with a minimum tensile
strength of wire of the cable as 1770 N/sqmm with Zn
Coating Class A or 95% Zn * 5% Al Class-B Coating as
per EN 10244-2:2009 for treatment of slopes.

U-pins 500mm Length 8mm dia @1m

c/c spacing
HECP (High Performance Flexible
Growth Medium+Biotic Soil Media+Soil
Amendments + coir mat

21m
ETA certified high tensile wire-mesh
having minimum tensile strength of 150
KN / m with Zn Coating Class A or 95%
Zn + 5% Al Class-B Coating as per EN
10244-2:2009 for treatment of slopes.
Surface nails-(SDA)
Length 19m , 32mm
dia,Spacing 1.5mc/c in
both direction

Sub surface drainage pipes (50mm dia,

PVC perforated pipes wrapped with
non-woven geotextile) - 2 rows, 3m long
@2m c/c spacing

El:2118.196m

40°
Tibetan Market Road

Proposed
R.C.C Wall

TYPICAL CROSS-SECTION SHOWING SLOPE PROTECTION MEASURES

SECTION AT C-C DATE- 03/05/24