Chapter Out Line © NUMBER SYSTEM ¢ Introduction to natural numbers, whole numbers, Integers rational numbers @ Irrational numbers real numbers @ Real numbers & their decimal numbers ¢ Representing real numbers on the number line @ Operation on real numbers @ Laws of exponents of real numbers © Scientific notation ¢ Fundamental theorm of Arthmetic © Number of factors © Sum of factors © Introduction to surds © Different types of surdsI1T JEE- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION, MATHEMATICS VOL-1-CLASS9 Uae aT ee ees When you have completed this lecture you should be able to : * Know about the Properties of Rational Numbers. Q ¢ Understand the Real numbers & Their Decimal numbers ¢ Understand the Real numbers on the number line 1, Natural Numbers: The counting numbers are called natural numbers. Thus, N = (1, 2, 3, 4, 2. Whole Numbers } is the set of all natural numbers. All counting numbers together with 0 form the set of all whole numbers. Thus, W = (0, 1, 2, 3, 4.....} is the set of all whole numbers. Clearly, every natural number is a whole number. But, 0 is a whole number which is not a natural number, 3. Integers : All natural numbers together with 0 and the negatives of all counting numbers form the set of all integers , to be denoted by Z or I Thus,Z={-~ -3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3-- {the set of all integers. 4. Fractions: The numbers of the form 5, where a and b are natural numbers, are called fractions. . 245117 Ex: 3/7/grpqg ete. are all fractions, RATIONAL NUMBERS Zz ‘A number of the form zB where q#0, p and q are integers, and E is in the lowest form, ie., pand q have no common factor, is called a rational number. Obviously, integers as well as fractions can be expressed in this form. So, all integers and fractions are rational numbers. The set of rational numbers is denoted by Q. Clearly, NcWeZcQ 2 Some rational numbers are : 57 Some useful information: (a) Every natural number is a rational number but a rational number need not be a natural number. (Wer mereunyeducation.som JooI1T JEE- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION, MATHEMATICS VOL-1-CLASS9 . ete, are natural number as well as rational numbers. 3 T eg: (b) Zero is a rational number. (©) Every integer is a rational number but a rational number need not be an integer. (2) Every fraction is a rational number but a rational number need not be a fraction. P i (©) If { is a rational number and m is a non-zero integer, then. pam | 6 9 21-36 gem °8* 9°12" 28" 48 £ ivalent to > q are equivalent to 7. P P ()Ifz= 7 isa rational number and m is a common divisor of p and q, then Properties of Rational Numbers Consider the numbers 24 and 20 We know that 24>20. Let us now add 3 to each term on both the sides of the inequality symbol. We get 27 and 23 It is obvious that 27 > 23 2 1 201 Similarly, Consider 5 and We know that 5 > Z- 1 Now add = to both the rational numbers, We get 2 and 2 ly. Ibis obvious that 22> = fe get 75 and 55 respectively. It is obvious that 7=> 35 Hence in general, for any three rational numbers a, b and c, ifa>bandc>Othena+c>b¥c For any three rational numbers a, b and c(>0), ifa>b,thenat+c>btc 1 1 1a Consider 5 and G. We know that 5 > 7. 2 1 1 Let us multiply > and 7, the two numbers present on both the sides of the inequality sign, 7 (Ws mereuryeducation som JooI1T JEE- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION, MATHEMATICS VOL-1-CLASS9 Ex: Sol. Ex: Sol: 1 by gz. Weget ¢ and 75 1 Itis obvious that ¢ is greater than 75 Hence in general, for any three rational numbers a, b and c such that ¢ > 0, ifa > b then ac > be. For any three rational numbers a, b and c(> 0) if a> b then ac> be. Insertion of Rational Numbers between Two Rational Numbers Ifa and b are two rational numbers, then Fe +b) is also a rational number between a and b. Actually, between any two rational numbers, there exist an infinite number of rational numbers, 14 Insert three rational numbers between 5 and > 4 three rati r 3 11 85 1\_5 3*2) 12 er 1 A rational number between 3 and > i t 3 15 1 Wehave, 3<75 <5 14d A rational number between and is Clearly, we have =< learly, we have 3 <5 Hence, three rational numbers between +and+ are 2, and 34 lence, three rational numbers between 7 and are Sy and 55 Observe the following examples : 7 1 et us find the average of — and = Let us find th ge of zz and 5 13 7 13 13 analt 13 Here, 57 lies between 7 and 5 Bana 4 7 2aand py we Be In the same way, if we find the average ofI1T JEE- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION, MATHEMATICS VOL-1-CLASS9 13,1 13 1 or 25 3 24_2 _13+12 _25 Here, 2 lies between and 5. 2 2x24 48 48 a) ‘Hence it is clear that the average of two rational numbers is also a rational number and it lies between the two given rational_ numbers. This process of selecting two rational numbers and finding their average can be continued indefinitely so as to get infinitely many rational numbers which lie in between the given rational numbers Thus, between any two given rational numbers, there exist infinitely many rational numbers. This property is called “denseness of rational numbers’. There exist infinitely many rational numbers between any two given rational numbers. This property is called ‘density of rational numbers’. is Sol. Decimal representation of rational numbers: Let us now learn to represent rational numbers as decimal numbers. Let us recall that decimal numbers have two parts called the integral part and the decimal part, Let us consider the decimal number 143.564782 143 564782 inagel Decal Te mt In the above decimal number there are 6 decimal places. In earlier classes, we have learnt that a rational number is a number which can be expressed in the form “where m and n are both integers and n «0. A rational number — is said to be in its lowest terms, if n ¢N and m and n have no common factor other than 1. For 2712 22 example, 51g», ete are rational number in their lowest terms, whereas 35 is not in its lowest terms. m A rational numbers — is a positive rational number if m and n are of the same sign. If m and. nare such that one of them is positive and another one is negative, then the rational number 2 i my iS negative. m Recall that every integer m is also a rational number, as it can be written as In earlier classes, we have learnt about the conversion of fractions into decimal numbers and vice-versa. A rational number, like all fractions, can also be expressed as a decimal number. The following illustrations will illustrate the same. 7 Express J in the decimal form by long division method. We, have (Ww: mruryeducation som Joo >I1T JEE- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION, MATHEMATICS VOL-1-CLASS9 8)7.000(0.875 64 60 56 7 £=0.875 40 3 40 0 Terminating Decimals P In order to express a fraction { in decimal form, we divide p by q. If after a finite number of steps, no remainder is left, then we call it a terminating decimal. 1 3 4 14 Ex: (i) —=0.25 (ji) —=0.375 (ii) 2= = — = 2.8 etc. are all examples of terminatin, Be) aS v5 =F tc. are all examples of terminating decimals. Remark: P A fraction @ is terminating decimal only when prime factors of q are out of 2 and 5 only. Ex: Without division, find out, which of the following fraction are terminating decimals. 8 a au 9 () 20 60 5 Sol. (i) In 5, we have denominator = 9. And, 9 has prime factor 3 only. 5 3 cannot be expressed as a terminating decimal (i) In x we have denominator = 20, Prime factors of 20 are 2 and 5, un > is expressible as a terminating decimal 20 31 5 (ii) In Zp, the denominator = 60.Prime factors of 60 are 2, 3, 5 Thus, 60 has prime factors, other than 2 and 5. 31 - Zp cannot be expressed as a terminating decimal. Repeating (or Recurring) Decimals A decimal in which a digit or a set of digits repeats continually, is called a repeating or a recurring or a periodic or a circulating decimal ‘www mercuryeducation.comI1T JEE- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION, MATHEMATICS VOL-1-CLASS9 Ex ot 0.333... (i) 72 =3.142857142857 (ii) 3 =03666..... are all examples of repeating decimals. Notation for a Repeating Decimal (i) Ina repeating decimal, if only one digit is repeated, then a dot () or a bar (-) is placed above it. Ex.1: $= 0.666....=0.6 or 0.6 ut Bx2: $=1.8333. 1.83 or 1.83 (ii) Ina repeating decimal, if two digits are repeated, then a dot (.) above each repeating digit or a bar above both the digits is placed. 13 3B. 1181818... er 1.18 0r1i (iii) In a repeating decimal, if three or more digits are repeated then a dot is put on each of the first and the last repeating digits or a bar is placed on entire period of repeating digits. Ex. Baa 142857142867..... = 2.142857 = 2.142857 Observe the following from the above representation : 7 13 in =~ = 0.3181818... we observe that 18 is recurring. Similarly in Ingy bserve that 18 1g Similarly in 7 = 0.295454... we observe 15 that 54 is recurring and in [= 2142857142857... we observe that 142857 is recurring, The recurring digits 18, 54 and 142857 in the above representation are called periods. In the recurring part of the decimal representation of a rational number, the number of digits that repeat is called the periodic + Periods : The digits which are present in the recurring part is called the period of the recurring decimals, > Periodicity : The number of digits present in the recurring part i called the periodicity of the recurring decimals. Let us know about the types of repeating decimals. Consider the decimals 97437 and 7.2356. In 0.7437 itis clear that all the digits after the decimal point repeat continuously. Such decimals are called pure repeating decimals. (Ww: meruryeducation.som JooI1T JEE- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION, MATHEMATICS VOL-1-CLASS9 In 7.2356, some digits after the decimal point do not repeat while some of them repeat. Such decimals are called mixed repeating decimals. } Ifall the digits after the decimal point repeat continuously, then that decimal is called Pure repeating decimal > Ifsome digits after the decimal point do not repeat and some digits repeat, then the decimal is called Mixed repeating decimal Irrational Numbers A number which when expressed in decimal form is expressible as a non-terminating and non-repeating decimal, is called an irrational number. Ex. Every non-terminating and non-repeating decimal is irrational eg. (i) 0.10110111011110..... is irrational (ii) 0.535535553.... is irrational (iii) 0.212212221.... is irrational ete. Be jelued Examples 35 Ex: Convert [> into decimal form by long division method. Sol. We have, 13)35.000(2.1875 140 128 120 35 te . ygn2.1875 80 80 P Express 0.9 in the form — Sol. x=04 > x=0444d4...... (i) 10x = 4.4444 ii) on subtracting (j) from (ji), we get 9x =4 => x=4 Express 0.35 in the form ole Sol. Let x=035 => x = 0.353535. ercuryeducation.comIT JEE- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION, MATHEMATICS VOL-I-CLASS9 Ex. Sol, Ex. Flere, we have two repeating digits after the decimal point. So, we multiply sides of (i) by 10? = 100 to get=> 10x = 35.3535, Subtracting (i) from (ii), we get 35 ae 38 5 x=. nce, 0.35 ==> 35 x= 55. Hence, 30 100x - x = (35.35: 5...) = (0.3 sn) =2 99K. Representing Rational Numbers on the number line Number line is a geometrical straight line with arbitrarily defined zero, We understand the concept with the help of following examples. Represent 3.765 on the number line. This number lies between 3 and 4, The distance 3 and 4 is divided into 10 equal parts. Then the first mark to the right of 3 will represent 3.1 and second 3.2 and so on, Now, 3.765 lies between 3.7 and 3.8. We divide the distance between 3.7 and 3.8 into 10 equal parts 3.76 will be on the right of 3.7 at the sixth mark, and 3.77 will be on the right of 3.7 at the 7th mark and 3.765 will lie between 3.76 and 3.77 and so on. 3 37 38 - 32.33 34 35 370 80 To mark 3.765 we have to use magnifying glass method Visualize the representation of 5,37 on the number line upto 5 decimal places. We have, 537-5377 ‘This number lies between 5.3 and 5.4. The distance between 5.3 and 5.4 is divided into 10 ‘equal parts. Then the first mark to the right of 5.3 will represent 5.31 and second 5.32 and so on. Now, 5.3777 lies between 5.37 and 5.38, We divide the distance between 5.37 and 5.38 into 10 equal parts and so on.I1T JEE- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION, MATHEMATICS VOL-1-CLASS9 Representing Irrational numbers on the number line Represent /J & 3 on the number line Greeks discovered this method. Consider a unit square OABC, with each side 1 unit in length. Then by using pythagoras theorem a 1 1 of 1 Ty oB=VTe1 =v? Now, transfer this square onto the number line making sure that the vertex O coincides with zero A ex With O as centre & OB as radius, draw an arc, meeting OX at P. Then OB =OP = v2 units Then, the point P represents J on the number line. Now draw, BC LOB such that BC = 1 unit, join OC. Then OC = (V2) +(1) =F units With O as centre & OC as radius, draw an arc, meeting OX at Q. Then OQ=OC= V3 units Then, the point Q represents 3 on the number line. Remark: In the same way, we can locate Jy for any positive integer n, after aT has been located. Existence of Jj for a positive real number (Geometrical Representation) Represent the value of 14.3 geometrically: Draw a line segment AB = 4.3 units and extend it to C such that BC = 1 unit Find the midpoint 0 of AC by drawing the perpendicular bisector of AC. ercuryeducation.comI1T JEE- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION, MATHEMATICS VOL-1-CLASS9 With O as centre and OA a radius, draw a semicircle. 4A Ooaea cea Now, draw BD 1 AC, intersecting the semicircle at D. Then, BD = JJ units With B as centre and BD as radius, draw an are, meeting AC produced at E. ‘Then, BE = BD = 3 units. amma [inportant Points — When the numbers are written in fraction, they are known as rational numbers. Every fraction is a rational number but a rational number need not be a fraction. Every integer is a rational number but a rational number need not be an integer. VVVV Between any two given rational numbers, there exist infinitely many rational numbers. This property is called “denseness of rational numbers’ If a rational number is expressed in decimal form and its remainder is zero (ie,, the division is terminated), then it is called a ‘terminating decimal’ Bar on the repeating or recurring digits in nonterminating decimals is known as Vinculum. ‘The digits which are present in the recurring part is called the period > > > The recurring part of the decimal representation of a rational number, the number of digits that repeat is called the periodicity. ‘The digits which are present in the recurring part is called the period of the recurring decimals. vv The number of digit preent in the recurring part is called the periodicity of the recurring decimals. Pe eee / ® Conceptual Practice Sheet Single Response Type: 1, Which of the following are not false ? 0 A) 5 is a Natural number 2 > are Fractions but not Rational number 2479 © 5-3/g°77 ate Fractions as well as Rational number D) Zero is a smallest Rational number. ercuryeducation.comINT JEE - OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION, MATHEMATICS VOL-1-CLASS9 2. 10. ‘www mercuryeducation.com Which of the following will be converted into a non terminating decimal 3 7 23 az oF ya 13 times ‘2 is added to 4 times -, then the result is 5 15 25x5 5 125 . A) a oe b) All Which of the following is rational? 4 0 A) 8 B) x oF DF 7 ‘A rational number equivalent to rational number 7 is nea yt a > ) 19 ) 57 O38 ) 37 The product of two rational numbers is If one of the numbers is 75, find the other number A= Be p= ) a 2 I Write the decimal 6.38 as a rational number 823 p) o @ p) ) 99 ) 99 ) 99 ) 99 1 7 35 The speed of car is §45km per hour. What is the distance travelled in 5 hours and > minutes ? 14279 14972 14919. EP km OP km km lone of these = a om D) None of th Ifx = 3.3-0.9,y =4.1-0.5, then x? +y?—2xy as A) 27 B) 149 C) 2.6 D) 25 Express 075 as rational number. a2 eo 92 po 9 ) 99 9 ) 99I1T JEE- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION, MATHEMATICS VOL-1-CLASS9 @ IIT - JEE Mains Practice Sheet Single Response Type: LEVEL-1 1, Which of the following numbers can be represented as non-terminating, repeating decimals? eo »= 92 bp) ) oa ) 16 Ya ) 3. Which of the following rational number is in standard form? at » & 62 > 2 ) 30 ) az ) 125 ) 3. Convert 9,373 in the form of rational number ? ay ) 188 63 p) 228 ) 765 ) 450 Ys ) 333 4. If the decimal representation of a number is non-terminating non-repeating then the number A) a natural number B) a rational number ©) a whole number D) an irrational number 1 5. The smallest rational number by which = should be multiplied so that its decimal expansion terminates after one place of decimal, is A) 7 B) o3 D) 30 LEVEL - I 6. Four rational numbers between 3 and 4. 13 14 16 17 2, 2 ©)34,82,41,42 D) 31,32, 38,39 7. Which of the following is not a terminating decimal 3 8 7 1 Ng Das © 350 >) 50 8. Which of the following will change into a terminating decimal at »S 13 2 ) 32 44 9 9. Express 17.34 as rational number. 365 67 6 st ) 0 ®) 0 30 ) 50 ‘www mercuryeducation.comI1T JEE- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION, MATHEMATICS VOL-1-CLASS9 10. u 12. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. ‘www mercuryeducation.com jz py? o3 p= 1s 3 2 2 LEVEL - 1 A 1 number b 2 ana 2 rational number between 7 and 5 is 1 2 5 5 era De oF p> The number 1.37 in the form 2g x0 is ane po ot pt ) 1 9 YB ) 5 87 3 3 a-£2_9.71875,8-2 -0.625,c -2-0.75, +Be q We A= i = 2.71875,B == = 0.625,C = 5 =0.75, thne A + B + Cin p/q forma as 409375 ) 409975 ¢ 409375 > ) T0000 ) {00000 [000000 ) “tooo Which of the following pairs of rational numbers are not equal ? “15 21 “15 25 = 7 ana and 2 Sand B35 9 © 39 9°40 D) If A=2",B= 4”, = 8", where x = 0.T,y =0.4,2=0.6, then A x Bx Cis As B)2 co) 16 D)4 LEVEL - IV Which of the following is a true statement? A) The sum of two irrational numbers is an irrational number B) The product of two irrational numbers is an irrational number ©) Every real number is always rational D) Every real number is either rational or irrational = Bp 0.47 in the form ¢, q#0p,qeZ, is wy 2 pz 48 43 ) 700 ) 90 9 Convert 53 into rational form a »8 of » 2 7 »S ) ) A) >I1T JEE- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION, MATHEMATICS VOL-1-CLASS9 ¢ = and y= be yr ae a? = b® = 64,c¥ = d? =16,x+y =5,p+q=g—h=3 then the rational number between x and y is 19, x are two rational numbers, where ai B) 513 1/3 D) 3/8 20. If x =0.7 and y = 0,33 then rational number between (x + y) and (x - y) is A) 4/11 B) 5/11 ©) 53/55 D) 12/11 LEVEL - V jovi) 21. If x=0.82,y =0.17, A=0.7,B=0.3 then [(x+y)+(A+B)] A)4 B)2 os D) 16 22. Express 9840740443 in the form Q where p and q are integers and q#0. 182 » 9 a 90 “Oo ) 90 ) 782 23. Expressing 9, 0.39 as a single decimal, we get A) 0.6788 B) 0.659 © 06a D) 0.687 2 7 24. Find two rational numbers between 3 and To (23) (83) , (41,81) (2,89) 4) (60120) ®) 60120) © leorz20 >) \e0"120) 25. Consider the following statements is a rational number (i) (i) There are infinitely many integers between any two integers (ii) Number of rational numbers between 15 and 18 is infinite (iv) There are numbers which cannot be written in the form ©,4#0 , p,q both are integers. 4 ze Which of the following is true? A) Only statement (i) is true B) All statement are false except (iv) C) All statement are false D) Only statement (ii) is false ‘www mercuryeducation.comI1T JEE- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION, MATHEMATICS VOL-1-CLASS9 ® IIT - JEE Advanced Practice Sheet Assertion and Reasoning Type: a+b 1. Assertion : Rational number lying between two rational numbers a and b is “> Reason : There is one rational number lying between any two rational numbers A) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion B) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion. ©) If assertion is true but reason is false. _(D) If asertion is false but reason is true. 2. Statement I : If A = 0.414141......, B = 0.414141114.......... then A is rational, B is irrational Statement II ; A rational can be expressd as a terminating or non - terminating recurring decimal A) Both statements I and IT are true. B) Both statements I and II are false. ©) Statement - 1 is true but statement - II is false. D) Statement - I is false but statement ~ II is true. Linked Comprehensive Type: 1. The recurring part of the non - terminating recurring decimal is called period and the number of digits in the recurring part is callled periodicity 3 3. The period of 7 is A)17 B) 27 37 b) 47 1 4. The periodicity of 5 is A)1 B)2 3 D4 5 B A2 B)4 o6 D)s Il. A number which when expressed in decimal form is expressible as a non-terminating and non-repeating decimal, is called an irrational number. The periodicity of = is 6. 0.9999... as a fraction in simplest form ays 8) 90 on b) 99 7. OT as a fraction in simplest form 2 pe 52 ye ) 500 ) 995 ) F000 7I1T JEE- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION, MATHEMATICS VOL-1-CLASS9 8. 0.295 asa fraction in simplest form yz » 28 6 28 p22 ) To ) S00 ) 700 ) 70 Multi Response Type: 9. Which of the following is a false statements, A) Decimal expansion of a rational number is terminating B) Decimal expansion of a rational number is non-terminating ©) Decimal expansion of an irrational number is terminating D) Decimal expansion of an irrational number is non terminating and non repeating lod 10. Which of the following rational numbers lie between ~ and > 2 as B)o 92 p2 ) 70 ) T00 13 11. Which of the following statements are correct A) 9/11, 1/7 are rational numbers which are non - terminating, recurring decimals B) 7/250 is terminating decimal ©) 5/44 is a recurring decimal D) none of these. 12, The rational form of 2.7435 is 27161 py 27164 o Ms p) 27161 99 “990 ) “9900 ) “9000 Match the following/ Matrix Matching: 13, Column -1 Column - IT a) 15.02 = p) 4/3 130 = q) 1/4 1352 90 8) 5/6 169 9 450 ‘www mercuryeducation.comIIT JEE- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION, MATHEMATICS VOL-1-CLASS9 14. Column-I Column - I Ifx = 0.90 and y = 0.18 using this match the following a) x+y is p) Rational number b) x+y is 4) Irrational number o)x-yis 1) Real number 4) xy is s) Integer t) Natural number Integer Answer Type : 15. The number 2.5252........ isa fraction, when reduced to lowest terms the sum of the numerator and denominator is. & a 16. x=025,y =036,a-0.216 and b= 0.343 then Subjective Type : 17. Simplify 0,885 —0. 18. If J§ = 2.23607; find J45, J80 ,./125 . Correct to two places of decimals. P 19. Look at several examples of rational numbers in the form qe) , where p and qare integers with no common factors other than 1 and having terminating decimal representation (expansions). Can you guess what property q must satisfy? 1 1 20. Obtain (i) one, (ji) three rational numbers between and ‘www mercuryeducation.comI1T JEE- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION, MATHEMATICS VOL-1-CLASS9 Uae iT eS When you have completed this lecture you should be able to : * Know about the Exponents, concept of Laws of Indices. Understand the Fundamental theorem of arithmetic ¢ Understand the Number of factors some of factors Ex: Ex: Ex: ‘www mercuryeducation.com Exponents In general if ‘x’ is any number and ‘n’ is any natural number, then we have x* = X * * X sue n times. The number ‘x’ is called the base and ‘n’ is called the exponent (or) the index of the ‘exponential expression, x°. In exponential form, we write 2 * 2 *2.as 2° read as 2 raised to the power 3. We have, bast Laws of Indice: 2 and exponent = 3 ‘Multiplication or the product rule for common base when the numbers have the same base and ‘a’ is a non-zero rational number and m and n are positive integers. (3x = BxX3K3K3)xBx3) (ay @ (ey = Ox x = 6D = 6HI1T JEE- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION, (iy (') ) (eyP seer ee Ex: (axb)™ = a™* b™ or, (ab)" = a™ x b™ @ @xsp =P%5 14) 0 (5 (iii) (ab) = atbt (iv) (6a 6 x (a2) =6 x ab = 216a* (v) Ga*b4) Bx ax (by =Sxahx bl? = 27a’ b? Division Rule for Common Base amea™ = ann or nate or Sat a sat=1 > 6 6x6x6%6 98 bxGx6 (men) : 6x6x6 e 1 Oe = 6 | 6x6x6x6 CDG = 6x6x6x6 fm =n) Ex _ 2 © 3125 38 “343 2 2 “100 ‘www mercuryeducation.com MATHEMATICS VOL-1-CLASS9 {> m)I1T JEE- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION, MATHEMATICS VOL-1-CLASS9 Ex: (a) @ 26x? 125y" 1 =3r @ isanon zero rational number) 1 1 Ort = = We = Rational Exponents of a Real Number Ifa isa positive real number and ‘n’ is a positive integer, then the principal n'* root of a is the unique positive real number x such that x' The principal n* root of a positive real number a is denoted by a!/* or fa For rational powers Consider the following examples : Beee 2 vamxa"=al Bx Bt = et = 36 Can we determine the value of ‘n’ such that it satisfies 2° x 2° = 2? We know that 2" x 2" = 2" = 22 Itis given that 2" x 2° = 2. Hence 2% = 2! => 2n= (ince bases are equal, powers can be equated). From the above example, we can conclude that Ifa’ is any rational number and ‘n’ is any positive integer | Presa? Rational greater than ‘I’ then at ya Exponents The two types of Rational Exponents are Positive Rational Exponent: We know that 2°= 8, We can express the above relation as 8” = 2. We know that 3¢ = 81 can also be expressed as 814 = 3, In general, if x and y are nonzero rational numbers and m is a positive integer such that x" = y, then we can write y/* = x Note: y" can also be written as YY, read as m' root of y. Let us now define x" for a positive rational exponent m. ercuryeducation.comI1T JEE- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION, MATHEMATICS VOL-I-CLASS9 if x is a positive rational number and m= js a rational % q lexponent, then we define x”* as the qth root of x? =wys Equivalent forms of x’* : wy (o" (w)* = xP , read as the q'* root of x’. x4 (x*) (J, read as the p® power of the qth root of x (ii) Negative Rational Exponent : = ay" Recall that if mis a positive integer and x is a nonzero rational number, then X" =—5=[<] P ie, x is the reciprocal of x" or the m" power of the reciprocal of x. Likewise, if | is @ v %_ 1 ys positive rational number and x > 0 is a rational number, then X “" =z (4) » ie, x4 “, % x/ is the reciprocal of x/* or the number obtained by raising the reciprocal of x to the P exponent r 1% _(s\% ros ‘Thus, if x = — (r,s > 0), then [~ =}, since the reciprocal of ~ is 8 s r ser Let us recall that gz — gf which is read as n' root of ‘a’ . Let us now get acquainted with some terminology of fa. 7 Racal Si Index. “ AN Radicand (mere eatin com Joo_£—>I1T JEE- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION, MATHEMATICS VOL-1-CLASS9 In ya nis called the index of the radical, the symbol ‘ J’ is called the radical or radical sign and the expression ‘a’ under the radical is called the radicand, Scientific Notation : Scientific notation is the way that scientists easily handle very large numbers or very small numbes. For example, instead of writing 0.0000000056, we write 5,6x107. So, how does thsi work ? We can think of 5,610 as the product of two numbers : 5.6 (the digit term) and 19~* (the exponential term) Here are some examples of scientific notation. 10000= 130° 2B = 24307 «10° 1000 = 1:10" 7354= 7.354 10" woo bao" 82 = HRD 10 30-1108 {59=89% 107 (not umully done) T a f=01-100 (032=32>10" (not wally done) a Z ; prom=bar 0053~ 53107 1 ° ao yp 70d = P10 0.0078 =78 «19° T 5 agp 000.0 0.00084 = 4.410 ‘As you can see, the exponent of 10 is the number of places the decimal point must be shifted to give the number in long form. A positive exponent shows that the decimal point is shifted that number of places to the right. A negative exponent shows that the decimal point is shifted that number of places to the left. In scientific notation, the digit term indicates the number of significant figures in the number. ‘The exponential term only places the decimal point, As an example, 46600000 = 4.6610" This number only has 3 significant figures. The zeros are not significant; they are only holding a place. As another example. 0,00053 = 5.3107 (Ww: mereryeducation som Joo.I1T JEE- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION, MATHEMATICS VOL-1-CLASS9 Ex: Ex: Ex: Ex: Ex: Ex: This number has 2 significant figures. The zeros are oly places holders, How to do calculations: Onyour scientific calculator. Make sure that the number in scientific notation is put into your calculator correctly. Read the directions for your particular calculator. For inexpensive scientific calculators. 1. Punch the number (the digit number) into your calculator. 2, Push the EE or EXP button. Do NOT use the x (times) button !! 3. Enter the exponent number. Use the +/- button to change its sign. 4, Voila ! Treat this numer normally in all subsequent calculations. To check yourself, multiply 6,0x 10° times 4,0 10° on your calculator. Your answer should be 2.410" On your cheap non-scientific calculators. ‘You will need to be familiar with exponents since your calculator cannot toake care of them for you. For an introduction to rules concerning exponents, see the section on Manipulation of Exponents. Addition and Subtractios All numbers are converted to the same power of 10, and the digit terms are added or subtrated. (4.215x107) + (3.2104) = (4.215x107) + (0.032x107) = 4.247 x 492 (8.97%10*) - (2.62x10°) = (8.97%10*) - (0.262x10*) = 8.71 x 10! Multiplication : The digit terms are multipled in the normal way and the exponents are added. The end resultis changed so that there is only one non zero digit to the left of the decimal (3.4x10*)(4.2«10*) = (3.4)(4.2)x10) 14.9510 = 14x10" (to 2 significant figures) (6.73x10°)(2.91%10*) = (6.73)(2.91)x10'*) = 19.5810" = 1.96 x10" (to 3 significant figures) Division ‘The digit terms are divided in the normal way and the exponents are subtracted. The quotient is changed (if necessary) so that there is only one nonzero digit to the left of the decimal. (64%10") (64), 962) ‘a’ and ‘a are reciprocals of each other as a x a” ad Therefore a and a" are reciprocals of each other as 2° *=> > Ifa’ is any non-zero rational number, then a’ =1 Sa eee aa () Conceptual Practice Sheet Single Response Type: 1, If 2**7x5**=1250 then the value of x A)2 Ba os D) 16 2. The value of ajo BI ©) xeon D)x 4. 1 8822", then x = Ajl B)2 93 D)4 5. The reciprocal of (2018)* x(2018) is A)2 Ba 1 D) 2018I1T JEE- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION, MATHEMATICS VOL-1-CLASS9 6 x= Ay B) Q3 D)2 8. The simplified form of {{28a"b°e™ is A) 2ab’eV2a"b'e —_-B) 2ab’eVab ec ©) 2ab*cabe ——D) 2ab*c*/Zabe™ 1,000,000 C) at the 9. The highest temperature produced in a laboratory was 920,000,000 F ‘Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor in Princeton, NJ, USA. A) 9.2 * 10? F,5.11 x 10°C B) 9.2 x 10° F,5.11 x 10°C ©)9.2 * 10° F,5.11 x 10°C D) 9.2 x 10° F,5.11 x 10°C ab xifab? x4fa%b* si ab xila*b* xVa"b* 10. Simplified form of cor is A) fab? B) fab ©) a5" D) fa” @ IIT - JEE Mains Practice Sheet } Single Response Type: LEVEL -I 1. Express the 3125 in exponential notation? A) 5x3 B) 5! x2 os D) 5 2 =81* then the value of ‘n’ is? 16 B)12 oF D) 48 3 S, then n= B)2 o3 b)4 (3) (2° (3 4. The value of \a} ls) 3) is awk py 22 o D4 ) 512 3 a ‘www mercuryeducation.comI1T JEE- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION, MATHEMATICS VOL-1-CLASS9 5. If (4) x(-4)" =(-4)?*, then the value of a is, Aya B)S c6 D)7 LeveL it 6. If * = 2401, then 74 = A) 343 B) 49 C7 D)1 7. Which expression is equivalent to the expression (25 + 3 x 2° + 2)? A)? B) Ss? co 28 D) 4° 8, What will be the value of z satisfying the equation 7° x 9" x 4°= 14" x 67 A)4 B)5 C6 D)7 , (2yr] 9. The value of | (3) is A) a B) a ©) 2 D)2 ) 81 uJ 81 ) 27 i 10, o3 D4 Levet im 11. The number 9.387 2 * 10” can be written in standard form as A) 0.000 000 938 72 B) 0.009 387 2 ©) 9,387,200 D) 93,872,000 rosy. is 12 +5? 1), 12. What is the value of the expression ( NF) ls) 1 1 A) 25 B)S OF ya 13, 3+ 343% 344 347 aw B) 123 o-n7 p)i21 u. 2B tial form? 4. Fi55 18 exponential form: (} (2) (2) MG » (5) ols) 15. Write the number (7.87 * 10*)* in scientific notation. A) 4.29 « 10" B) 4.2% 10° ©) 4.209 x 10° D) 4.209 x 102 ‘www mercuryeducation.comI1T JEE- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION, LEVEL - IV 16. If 4*=1024, then x= A) 10 B)S OF 17. How can the number 10800 be expressed in the form of exponents? AD XFS B) 2 x 3x5 CExaxs 18, (2x2!)+(2*«24) = 1 1 NF B) 2 O53 19. 3 2 AZ BS Qi 20. If 5*=125, 6"=36 and 7*=7, then (xyz)"*= A) 6 Be or LEVEL - V 21, If 343*? = 49°! then the value of ‘x’? 39 A) 20 ys 99 22. 9 23, then the value of x? is ? a az B)-2 o-8 23. The value of [ (2) 3) @) -G) n 3! ) as 138 24. 260 2a ) 76 76 ‘www mercuryeducation.com MATHEMATICS VOL-1-CLASS9 D) 2! x 3x D9 D) 39 D) Cannot be determined 27 ) 76I1T JEE- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION, MATHEMATICS VOL-1-CLASS9 iy 1) (o1y [i 1°] a [bers] by] | 5} | isequal ) | sequal to x’ (x) . |=] oF D) (xy)? \y) ® IIT - JEE Advanced Practice Sheet Assertion and Reasoning Type: « 1. Assertion : The value of {(5°)’ x5*} +5’ Reason : (a) =a™"* A) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion. B) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion. ©) If assertion is true but reason is false. D) If assertion is false but reason is true. 2. Statement I : The value of (1! +2? +3") Statement I: a® * a = a“, A) Both statements are true and Statement II is correct explanation of statement I B) Both statements are true and statement II is not correct explanation of statement I C) Statement I is true and statement II is false 1D) Statement I is false and statement II is true. Linked Comprehensive Type: L 3 B)2 oo D)3 4. then n= BS o4 D)3 5, 1250 then n = Bs os D) 10 ‘www mercuryeducation.comINT JEE - OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS VOL-1-CLASS9 II Forall non-zero rational numbers x, y and all positive integers m and n 1 if men (ay ’ (x m>n (=| -S iti) |~ (5) GF) 6 p) 2 s 7 22 po ) 16 ) 16 8 ws » 2 2 p+ 5 5 5 15 9. A) Bx a B) 4a? ©) ay D) 4a 10. °° is less than D) 100 nu Ayo B)1 ©)-20 D)-1 12. The simplified value of (2° +5 is less than Ayo B)-ll ©) -10 D) 10 ‘www mercuryeducation.comUT JE - OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION Match the following/ Matrix Matching: 13. Column! 2) (a) x (8) = (3) 14. 15, (47x37) +67 ( orxa(3 16. If 3x2 Subjective Type : (2) ey" x54)! eer 17. Simplify (i) 18. 19. MATHEMATICS VOL-1-CLASS9 Column I pt qs jl 4 |] (3) and express the result as a power of 2. 20. Following are the distances between Sun and Saturn - 1433500000000 m Saturn and Uranus = 143900000000 m Sun and Earth - 149600000000 m. Which of the three distances is the least? ‘www mercuryeducation.comIWT JEE- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION, MATHEMATICS VOL-1-CLASS9 TTS ay ee ead When you have completed this lecture you should be able to : ¢ Get an idea about surd and types of surds. Know that Comparison of surds. * Know about the Laws of a radicals. Definition of a Surd : If nis a positive integer and a rational number a( > 0) is not nth power of any rational number then qa is called a surd of nth order. By a surd Yq it is understand that (1) ais a positive rational number (2) 9a is an irrational number Note : 1) A surd of second order is called a quadratic surd. ex: (5, V7 2) A surd of third order is called a cubic surd. ex: Y2, 4 3) A surd of fourth order is called a biquadratic surd ex : 45, 47 Types of Surds Surds are classified into different types based on various criteria. The brief classification is shown below. ‘Types of Surds Type Type ll ‘Typelll ‘Typelv (Based on order of | | (Based on no. of (Based on (Based on asurd) terms ina surd) | | rational factor) irrational h. Quadraticsurd | |1. Monomialsurd | | 1. Pure Surd pasion) l2. Cubic surd 2. Compound surd| | 2. Mixed surd 1. Like surds I3. Bi-quadratic surd| |3. Binomial surd 2, Unlike surds ld. n®* ordered surd] Surds based on order i) Quadratic Surd : A surd of order 2 is called a Quadratic surd Bx V7,V13,Vi4. (We mereuryeducation som JOo—_£_—£_ a>I1T JEE- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION, MATHEMATICS VOL-1-CLASS9 ii) Ex iii) Ex Ex: Ex Ex Cubic surd : A surd of order 3 is called a Cubic surd V4,47 AT. Bi-quadratic surd : A surd of order 4 is called a Bi-quadratic surd 6,415,435. n* order surd : If the order of the surd is n (where n > 1) then the surd is called n** order surd. YTB is 3° order surd. 4(30 is 5* order surd, 9 is 7* order surd. Surds based on number of terms Monomial Surd : A surd which consists of a single term is called a simple or monomial surd. V7, VT, YI00.. Compound Surd : An expression consisting of the sum or difference of two or more simple surds or the sum or the difference of a rational and a surd is called a compound surd. NB + V2, 2-VB ren te Binomial Surd : The compound surd consisting of only two terms are called binomial surds. V7 +V8,4V2-2NTI.........ete. are monomial or simple surds. Mixed surd : If ‘a’ is a non-zero rational number and yp is a monomial surd, then a/b, aWB are called mixed surds. 2N3,4V9,3-V2,7+ 45 ete. Trinomial surd : A compound surd consisting of three terms is called a trinomial surd. 6-3+5,5+ 10 +920, V3 + V2—V7, ete. Surds based on irrational factor Like Surds : Two or more surds having the same irrational factor are known as like or similar surds 5,845,245 are like surds Unlike Surds Two or more surds having different irrational factor are known as unlike or dissimilar surds V2,V5,47 are unlike surds. Note:(i) The product of two similar quadratic surds is a rational number. (We: merryedueation som JooI1T JEE- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION, MATHEMATICS VOL-1-CLASS9 Ex: Ex: 6 YE x 4N2 = (6x4)(V2 x2) =24x2=48ER (ii) The quotient of two similar surds is a rational number. 74 -248-ZeR aa® =a In general Yx is written as Jx Every surd is an irrational number, but every irrational number need not be a surd. 05454454, is not a surd 2 is a surd and also irrational, but is only irrational and not a surd. Entire surd or pure surd: A surd, expressed in the form ab, where a =1, is called an entire surd or a pure surd. Simplest form of a surd: A surd, expressed in the form a/b , where ‘b’ is the least positive rational number. 1) The entire form of 270 - J10x4 - J40 2) The simplest form of J32 = 2x16 = 42 Comparision of surds : Comparision of surds is possible only when they are of the same order. The radicals are then to be compared. ‘Thus Y2 and JB canbe $/2=2" and YB~=8" since $ > 2 therefore 4/8 > 42 In order to compare the surds of different order and different base we first reduce them to the same order. Laws of a Radicals: (wy Example: (¥3)' Ya xb =Yab Example: 9/3 x42 = Y3x2= 6 & & Example: g ee cy WG ae Example: 96 = '¥6 Wey Aaa ae Example: [735 -29759 - Jo - 5-3 Here‘m’ and ‘n’ are two natural numbers, then for any positive rational number ‘a’ (jw: mereryeducation som JooIIT JEE- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION, MATHEMATICS VOL-1-CLASS9 Ex. Ex, Ex: Sok: Uses of laws of radicals: By using the laws of radicals we can 4) Convert a pure surd in to a mixed surd, ii) Convert a mixed surd in to pure surd. iii) Simplify the given surds iv) Reduce two given surds to the same form or order v) Compare the given two surds. Addition and Subtraction of Surds We have studied addition and subtraction of rational numbers. Now we shall perform these operations on surds. We can add and subtract similar surds in the same way as we added and subtracted like terms of an algebraic expression. Ex: 5V3+7y3 =(5+7)V3 = 12V73 and 8V5-3V5 = (8-3) V5 =5V5, Thus for adding or sutracting the surds, we change them to similar surds before performing addition or subtraction. 50 + 72 = V5x5x2 + VOx6x2 =5V2 +62 =11V2 VBS + YT62 = \2KIKIKG + YBRBKSXE = WE + 3V6 =(2+3)VE= 5YE 9 JIB = J7RTRE—J3RSRD = 7NZ-3VE = (7 -3)VE= 47 Multipliation of Surds In multiplying surds, simplification must first take place as much as possible. Then the whole numbers will be taken with whole numbers and surds will be taken with surds. 1) Va xb = Vab 2) avb xevd =acvbd 3) VaxVa=a 4) Vax =Vab (1) Simplying the following (a) J50 x72 V50 x 72 = V25%2 x V36%2 = 52 x62 =30V2x2 =30VE =30x2=60 (©) 3V52 «SVB x3VTS 332 x 5B x 318 =3VI16x2 x 5VEx2 x 392 =3x4y2 x 5x2V2 x 3x3V2 = 122 x 10V2 x 92 =(12%10x9)J2x2x2 (Wer: mereuryeducation som JooIIT JE - OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS VOL-1-CLASS 9 = (12x 10x 9) VB = 1080 x 22 = 2160/2 Division of Surds If the denominator of a fraction is a surd, it is usually best to rationalize the denomiantor. To rationalize the denominator means to make the denominator into a rational number, usually a whole number. To do this, you have a multiply the numerator and the denominator of the fraction by a surd that makes the denominator rational which will not in any way effect the original numbers. 2vid Ex: Simplify wh 2NTE _ 22 x7 a2 ANZ Expanding brackets s, v7 Sol: + ‘The same rules for expnading brackets and binomial products that you use in algebra also apply to surds, Simplifying surds by removing grouping symbols uses these general rules, Ja (vB + se) = Vab + vee Proof: Va (VB + VE) = va xB 1 Vax VE = Jab + ae Binomial Product : (vi =SB)( Je VB) = sa + ad + Be + VB VBXVd a+Vad + be +b Proof: (Va +VB)(VE +8) = Vax ve + Saad + WBE Perfect Squares (Va+vb) -a+2Vab+b Proof:(Va + Vb) =(Ja'+-Vb)( Va + VB) = Ja + Jab + Jab + JOP =a+2Vab+b (Va-VBy =a-2Vab +b Proof: (ab) = (Va -VB)(Va-Vb) — Ja? —Jab + Jab + VF =a-2Vab+b Difference of two squares : (Va + vb)(Va-vb)=a-b ‘www mercuryeducation.comI1T JEE- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION, MATHEMATICS VOL-1-CLASS9 Proot: (Va +Vb)(Va -Vb) =a? — ab + Jab -VoF =a-b @ Solved Examples Ex: Ex: Ex: Sol. Ex: Sol. Ex: Express as a pure surd 1. sye=V(5)%6 — (v5=V5*) = /25%6 = VI50 2. 2x JF = YBxDKD x YA = Y2xQKQx4 = 932 Express as a mixed surd in its simplest form 1. J80=Vi6x5 -VI6x 5-4/5 2. PFB=YBRG = YB «4S = (8)" <9 = (2°) x99 = 2.98 Which is greater ? ¥3 or V5 Y=(3)" I =(5)"4 L.CM of 3 and 4 is 12 (5)'% = 5% =(5*) 5)’ = 125 > ST Hence 5 > 3 Arrange in ascending order of magnitude and hence write them in descending order of magnitude also ¥2,4/3,44 ¥2=(2); B=( L.C.M of 3 and 4 is 12 256 256) Ascending order : 2,43, J/4 Descending order : 3/4, 43,2 Simplify by combining similar surds. a) sy3-+10V3 ‘www mercuryeducation.comI1T JEE- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION, MATHEMATICS VOL-1-CLASS9 Ex: Sol: Ex: Sol: Ex: Sol: Sol: Ex: Sol: Ex: Sol: Ex: Sol: Ex: ‘www mercuryeducation.com Let JF bea = SV3+10V3-Sa+10a-15a-15V3_—_ (“V3 =a) b) 25+ V125 = 2V5 + V25x5 = 2V5 + 5V5 = 7V5 Simplify 8/3 — 4/75 +3300 8V3 - 43x25 + 33x10 = 8V3 - 43x57 + 3V3x107 = 8Y3 -(4x5) V3 +(3x10) V3 =8/3- 20/3 + 30/3 =(8-20+30)¥3 = 18V3 2N2 x-5V7 2N2 x57 = 1014 Simplify 4/2 5/18 42 x5VI8 = 20/36 =20x6 = 120 avi Simplify a 3VI0_3xV5xv3_ VE v2 152 Simplify (E) mPeywv3 | (gy 10 _31 W3) (ay 3 3 simplify V2(V5-+2) JB[A5 + VB) = VEN + VE xsZ = VIVE =v +2 Simplify 3v7 (2v3 -3V2) 37 (23 -3V2) = 3N7 x2V3-3V7 x3V2 6/71 -9VTE (J2+3V5)(V3-V2)I1T JEE- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION, MATHEMATICS VOL-1-CLASS9 Sol: Ex: Sol: Vv VV V VV Vv ‘www mercuryeducation.com (S34 308) (3 VB) = VB x3 VB xB +35 VB -3VB VE 6-24 3 TB VTE (5 +2s8)(W8 28) (JB + 2N8)(VB = 208) = Bx VB VB 1205 + 2S VB 2TH NF 5-275 4 20TB 4 5-12 =7 Another way to do this question is by using the difference of two squares. (v5 +2N3) (v5 -2v3)=(v5) -(208)° =5-4%3 ame [inportant Points — In nis a positive integer and a rational number a (a > 0) is not the nth power of any rational number, then Ya is called a surd of n" order. A surd which consists of a single term is called a simple or monomial surd, If ‘a’ is a rational number and fp is a surd then a+ Vb,a—yb are called mixed surds. ‘A surd which is the sum or difference of two or more surds is called a compound surd. A compound surd consisting of two surds is called a binomial surd. If Ya and Yb are two radicals of same order ‘n’ then Ya xb = Yab If Ya and gp are two radicals of same order ‘n’ then If ‘mW’ and ‘n’ are two natural numbers, then for any positive rational number ‘a’ we have If m,n are two natural numbers and ‘a’ is any positive rational number thenI1T JEE- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION, MATHEMATICS VOL-1-CLASS9 @ Conceptual Practice Sheet ! Single Response Type: 1. If two surds are different multiples of the same simple surd, then the surd is A) Compound surd B) Dissimilar surd _C) Similar surd 2. The order of the surd 97 is A2 B)3 os 3. Express a mixed surd in the simplest form for 4@1 A) 3 BB ° BF 4, Express 4/567 as a mixed surd in the simplest form. Aaa B37 © 8 Express as a pure surd in the simplified form for Ne ATE B) Via 9 Vis 6. 83-475 is A)4y3 B) 4/75, ©) 123 7. (BG —VITS + JB is equal to B)O oS a7 8. A) WE B) vq Ow 9. The value of (28 +3V7 = 4 28 8 Or O83 10, The value of (VE) (vE+95R) is A) els A) xii V125x7 2B) fe V125xT OO) xe IDET www.mercuryedi D) Complex surd D) Va D) Division not possible D)NoneI1T JEE- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION, MATHEMATICS VOL-1-CLASS9 ® IIT - JEE Mains Practice Sheet Single Response ‘Type: LEVEL -1 1. Express 34/7 as a pure surd. AD Rw ° va D) yea 2. Express 4/320 as a mixed surd in the simplest form. A)sq2 B)se5 © 2 D) 292 3. Write the index of {12345 A)2 B)4 C6 Ds 4. Express a mixed surd in the simplest form for 3/128 Ae Bava ©) 29 D) 39 5. Divide :15913 by 69/5 re 2V5 6. Multiply ¥32 and sy A) A) 292 B) 2092 ©) 2492 D) 2692 7. Divide 133 by YS AS B)9 o3 D)2 8. Multiply :s¥@ and 1140 A) 300970 B) 100910 ©) 220910 D) 500¥5 9. Multiply :1795 and 543 A) 8518675, B) 8516785 ©) 85/6857 D) s5'¥16875 10. If Ja is an irrational number, then Yq is number. A) An irrational —_B) a rational C) Can't say D) None of these LEVEL - IIT 11. If two surds are like surds, then their quotient will be A)a like surd B) a rational number C) sometimes a surd D) None of these ‘www mercuryeducation.comWT JEE- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION, MATHEMATICS VOL-1-CLASS9 12. 13. 14, 16. 17. 18, 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. Which of the following is not a surd? A) 35 B) V36 ©) 37 3VI23, 5123, 7VT23 are A) Similar surds __B) Dissimilar surds _C) Pure surds Simplify YT35 = A) 3N5 B) 53 ©) 395 Smallest of J6, 2, ¥3, #5 is A) Ve B) V2 Ow LEVEL - IV Greatest among 43, 470, 25 is. ae 8) 80 Om Which one of the following surd is greatest. AW B) V2 Ow The Pure surd of 3x,/2y is A) focy B) fisy ©) iy Greatest among 22 +21, 23+ 20, /24+V19 A) 22421 B) 23 + 20 ©) 24+ 19 If Ya+¥b4¥Ye =O then (a+b+c)= A) abe B) Babe ©) 27abe LEVEL - V AR = RANE find X sone A) 241 B) 34.2v2 ©) 2-1 Arrange the following in descending order 1) ¥23 +20 M) V25+y18 MM) J24+ 19 A) LILUL B) LLU Om x= WTi-VID. y= JAB -W7F then A)x>y B)x=y Ox= A) 294 B) /296 ©) \394 D) yaaa Multi Correct Choice Type: Which of the following is true? A) 2N5,3V5,5V5 are similar surd B) Every surd is an irrational ©) at¥b is mixed surd D) The product of two similar quadratic surds is a Rational number The order of the surd {725 after simplified is A) It is a rational number B)2 o3 D) itis nota surd If 2x4 =a and Y3x=4 = b where x A) BAS B) BS b) -(42-85) A) 25 B) 50 ©) ¥2500 D) J25INT JEE - OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS VOL-1-CLASS9 Match the following/ Matrix Matching: 13. Column! Column I 80 ate ps b) 36" q) 12 ©) RF nu a) 1024 s)2 j6 u4 14. Column-I Column-Il a) ¥50+/72 p) 276 b) 45V6-3V216 = @) 22v3 ©) 8V45-8V20+V245-3VI25 = 1a d) 43 +627 = s)0 ) via Integer Answer Type: 15. The value of 4[3"x3°x3* = 16. The order of the surd 4/2012 = 2009 + x, then x Subjective Type: 17. Express each of the following as a pure surd. 3 @ 35 (iy 3 18. Find the value of x? 4 4x44 when x=2+ 3 19. Express J5 , 4/3 and 4 as surds of the same order. 20. Rewrite JJ, JB and 4/17 is ascending order of magnitude.I1T JEE- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION, MATHEMATICS VOL-1-CLASS9 x ‘www mercuryeducation.com OLYMPIAD CORNER Single Response Typ: If 5-1 - (25)*-1 = 2500, then the value of x is Ay2 B)5 3 D)1 yea A)1 B)4 Qs Do Catbte D)@-b+oP then the value of (6 * 15 * 3) is A)6 B)3 o4 D) Cant be determined Which one of the following statements is NOT correct? A) If ‘a’ is a rational number and ’b’ is irrational, then a + b is irrational B) The product of a non-zero rational number with an irrational number is always irrational ©) Addition of any two irrational numbers can be rational D) Division of any two integers is an integer x18 Rational number —— lies between consecutive integers 5 A) -2and 3 B) 3 and 4 ©) -4 and 5 D) Sand -6 ‘The ascending order of the surds 92,43,Y is _ A) EB AB B) EAB AG © BBG D) BAB Pi 1 C) ener D)1 4I1T JEE- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION, MATHEMATICS VOL-1-CLASS9 999813 x999815 +1 10. On simplifying —(ogggiay__’ we Bet A)l B)2 o3 D4 11. If (V2)'+(V8)'=(VIBP, then the value of x is Aji B)2 D)o 12, fab + be + ca = 0, then the value of Aja B)a+b+ yo 13. The value of x, if 5.3* A)3 B)4 Q2 D)s 14. = z B)-202 1-2 Ds a2 15. 3, then a? += equals 10v3 ay B) a8 Qo D) 7 16. If a°bc’ = 5° and ab? = 5%, then abe equals A)S B) 5 os D) 5 17. Ikat= = band c= a* =d, then x4 A) xy =z By Oxty=q+ D)x-y=q-z 18, If 25*-7 = 5%-7 - 100, then the value of x is A)3 B)2 o4 D)1 19, IEA +44 + 44 4 4H = 4s, then x is ASS B) 44 ©) 176 D)i1 20. Which of the following numbers has the terminal decimal representation? at ni oi pz Y7 3 5 3POLYNOMIALS Chapter Out Line Introduction Polynomials in one variable Polynomials and Types of Polynomials Special Names of polynomials Degree of polynomial ‘Types of polynomials Division of a polynomial Zeroes of a polynomial Remainder theorem Factor theorem Horner's method of synthetic division Algebraic identity, LCM and HCE of polynomialIIT JEE - OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS - VOL-Il- CLASS 9 POLYNOMIALS ee eS When you have completed this lecture you should be able to : * Know about the Polynomials. * Understand the Polynomials of various degrees © Understand the number of terms in a Polynomial. Polynomials: We have studied about polynomials, their degrees and also about zeroes of a polynomial. We shall quickly recall about all these before proceeding further. ‘An algebraic expression in which each term is of the form kx*, where n is a whole number and k is a constant, is called a polynomial in x. A polynomial in x may have one or more terms, involving x. Following are some polynomials 1 X-7, 4 x-1, 8-2 + 5x3 4 x-7,84x-1, +3 The general form of a polynomial in x is PO) = ay aX + ARE teat axe where ay a, ay a... a, are real numbers, called coefficients of the polynomial and n is any non-negative integer. Note: Analgebraic expression in which the variable occurs in the denominator or the exponents of the variable are not whole numbers, is not a polynomial. Following are not polynomials sug x41" 1 , 24 x 42x-1 The greatest exponent of the variable in the terms of the polynomial is called the degree of the polynomial. If, p(x) =a, + a,x + ax? + ......, a,x" (a, #0), then degree of p(x) is n. A polynomial of degree 0 is called a constant polynomial. Following are some constant polynomials. P(x) = 3; ply) = -5, pit) = 1 However, p(x) = 0 is called a zero polynomial and its degree is not defined. Standard form of a polynomial: A polynomial written either in the descending powers in x or ascending powers in x is called the standard form of a polynomial. Examples : x? —3x? + 2x +1 is a polynomial in the standard form as the powers are in descending order. 1 + 2x - 3x? + x’ is a polynomial in the standard form as the powers are in ascending order. (jeramercunyeducation.som JooIIT JEE - OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS - VOL-Il- CLASS 9 @ (iv) (wv) Polynomials of various degrees: Constant Polynomial : A polynomial of degree 0 is called a zero degree polynomial or constant polynomial, Example : f(x) = 12 = 12x" Linear polynomial : A polynomial of degree 1 is called a linear polynomial, Example : 4y - 12, x +3 Quadratic Polynomial : A polynomial of degree 2 is called a quadratic polynomial. Example : x? ~ 2x + 5/3y" +5y-8 3 Cubic Polynomial : A polynomial of degree 3 is called a cubic polynomial. Example : Sy? ~ Sy? + 3y +1, dx? + Sx? + 7x = 2 Biquadratic Polynomial : A polynomial of degree 4 is called a biquadratic polynomial Example : x‘ - 3x? + 2x? - 5x +3, y* 2y? + 5y -8 Number of terms in a Polynomial Monomials : Polynomials having only one term are called monomials. For example : 3, 2x, ~ 8x?, 5x2, 9y5, - 15u‘ and 12f” are monomials. Binomials : Polynomials having exactly two terms are called binomials For example : 2x + 1, J2x? +2, 2y’ +5y*,3t” -1 are binomials. inomials : Polynomials having exactly three terms are called trinomials. For example : 2x? ~ x +5, 3y’ - 4y* +1, + 70 440° are trinomials. Zeros of a Polynomial Let us consider the polynomial p(x) = x? - 2x? - 2x - 3. If we replace x by 1 everywhere in the above expression, we get p(l) = ((1)' - 20)? - 20) -3=1-2-2-3=-6 Here, we can say that the value of the polynomial p(x) at x = 1 is -6. Similarly, we can find that POO) = (0) - 2007 - 2(0) - 3 p@) = Q)'- 22) -2Q)-3=8-8-4-3=-7 If p(c) = 0, then we say c is zero of polynomial p(x). In general, we say that a zero of a polynomial p(x) is a number c such that p(¢) = 0. ame [inportant Points — A symbol has any real value is called variable. A polynomial written either in the descending powers in x or ascending powers in x is called the standard form of a polynomial, A polynomial having one term is called a monomial. A polynomial having two terms is called a binomial. A polynomial having three terms is called a trinomial, (Farman yo 3>ITT JEE - OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS - VOL- II - CLASS 9 The highest exponent in various terms of one variable is called its degree. A polynomial of degree 1 is called a linear polynomial. A polynomial of degree 2 is called a quadratic polynomial. A polynomial of degree 3 is called a cubic polynomial, A polynomial of degree 4 is called a biquadratic polynomial VVVVVY A biquadratie polynomial is also known as a quartic polynomial. L | Gebubiuiss PRACTICE SHEET 4 ® Conceptual Practice Sheet Single Response ‘Type: Ina polynomial 3x +5 where x = a + 2, then its value when a = 8 is A) 35 B) 40 ©) 60 D) 65 5 2. If the zero of the polynomial in ‘x’ is -7, then the polynomial is A) Sx +4 B) 4x +5 O4x-5 D)5x-4 3. ‘The degree of the polynomial 5x? + 4x? + 7x is Al B)2 93 D)4 4. The number of terms of the polynomial 3x? - 5x + 7 is A)3 B)2 o1 D)4 5. The zero of the polynomial P(x) = 2x + 5 is A) 2 B) = oF D) 2 6. ‘The zero of the polynomial P(x) = 3x is Aji B)0 92 D)3 7. Ifx=2,y =-1, then the value of x? + 4xy + dy? is Ayo Bl oa D2 8. Which of the following polynomials does not has a degree 3 ? A) 2x Sx? + ax +b =0 B) 6x = 11x? + kx = 20 OQax+8=4 b) (=x 9. Which of the following is/are not false? A) Highest power of the variable in a polynomial is the degree of polynomial. B) Degree of zero polynomial is always defined ©) A polynomial of degree one is called a constant polynomial D) A polynomial of degree two is called a constant polynomial. (jerramersyeducation.som JooITT JEE - OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS - VOL- II - CLASS 9 10. Which of the following is/are a polynomial? Ax ® IIT - JEE Mains Practice Sheet Single Response Type: Ax? +5yx+1 B) x3 + 5x? +2 C)xt+4 D)x LEVEL -1 1. Degree of a polynomial 2x? —5Vx +3x—4 is A)3 By 1 D) None of these 2. Which of the following number is a multiple of the zero of the polynomial x* - x? - x- 2? A) 125 B) 27 ©) 16 D) None of these 3. The degree of the polynomial 4 - x? is Ayo B)1 Qa D)2 4. The number of terms of the polynomial 7 is, Al B)2 Q3 D)5 5. Which of the following is/are not zeroes of the polynomial x(x + 7) AT B)7 oo D) None of these LEVEL - II 6. If'-a’ is a zero of the polynomial x" + a", then n is A) even B) odd C)AorB D) can't say 7. Write the simplified form of 2x? + 2 ~ 5x + 7x? - 20x +5 + 18x ~ 6x? in ascending, order. A)7~7x 43x B)-7x+74+38 0 C)Sx°-7K +7 D) 7+3x2= 7x 8. — Which of the following expressions are polynomials? 3 Ayat8 OQxetxtl D) None 9. The value of the polynomial 5x - 4x? +3 at x = -1 is Aja B) 6 os D)o 10. (2)° is A) a polynomial B) not a polynomial ©) constant polynomial D) polynomial of degree zero LEVEL - 11 11. Degree of the polynomial x’ ayizt + Sxytz - y+ xy5 +172 is A)s Bs o6 D)7 12. Find the values of the following monomial ee when x = - 1.5 A) 1.6758 B) - 1.6875 ©) - 1.5867 D) - 1.6247IIT JEE - OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS - VOL-Il- CLASS 9 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24, Find the value of the expression P(x)=3x+1, x 3 Ajl B)o Q2 D)3 Which of the following expressions are polynomials? 2,1 Qa aed B) y?-5y +7 ©) 57 +NBz+1—_D) None The degree of a polynomial A is 7 and that of polynomial AB is 56, then find the degree of polynomial B. A) 49 B) 42 © 50 D) 48 LEVEL - IV IE P(x) = (x -1)(% * 1) then the value of P(0), P(1) and PQ) are respectively A)3,1,0 B) -1, 0,3 O30 D) None Which one of the following algebraic expressions is a polynomial in variable x ? ayes B) vx+ * ° eee D) None of these A ouonsnene polynomial has no zero, A) cubic B) constant © quadratic D) linear Are 3 and 3 zeroes of the polynomial x + 3? A) only ‘-3" isa zero. B) only 3isa zero C) no, none is zero) yes, both are zeroes Which of the following is a biquadratic polynomial? A) 40 + 30 5x +3 B) hx -2 ©) key! + xy! + yt Bay + y? +7 D) 4x! + 5x -2 LEVEL-V What is the product of the two values of x which satisfy Jx4Jx =x? A)4 B)0 o2 Dd) Let f(x) = x2 + x - 6. For what values of “t” does f(t - 5) = 0? A) Band2 B)-2and 3 os D)2and7 Which of the following polynomials below is identical to the polynomial (x? - 1)(x? - 4)? Ayxt+d Bye -5x +4 ©) (@- 08 + 4) D) (x8 + x -2)(¢- x -2) Let f(x) denote a polynomial of degree 3. Suppose f(x + 2) - f(x) = x2 + 4x + 4 and f(1) = 9. Find the value of £(3). A) 18 B)19 ©) 23 D) 13 If f(x) = x* - 10x* - 10x" - 10° - 10x? - 10x + 10, the value of f(11) is Al B) 10 qu D) 21 www.mercuryeducation.comIIT JEE - OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS - VOL-Il- CLASS 9 ® IIT - JEE Advanced Practice Sheet Assertion and Reasoning Type: 1, Assertion: The degree of the polynomial (x -2) (x ~ 3) (x + 4) is 4. Reason : The number of zeroes of a polynomial is the degree of that polynomial, A) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion. B) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion. ©) If assertion is true but reason is false. D) If assertion is false but reason is true 2. Statement - 1: The degree of a non-zero constant polynomial is also non-zero. Statement - 2 : Every real number is a zero of the zero polynomial. A) Statement 1 is true and Statement 2 is false B) Statement 1 is false and statement 2 is true ©) Both statements 1 and 2 are true D) Both statements 1 and 2 are false Linked Comprehensive Type: 1 The number for which the value of polynomial is zero, then the value of variable is called zero of the polynomial. 3. ‘The zero of the polynomial at pt ot pa 3 3 a ) a 2 4. is.a zero of the polynomial P (x), then P (x) is. A)2-5x B)5-2x ©) 2+ 5x D)5 + 2x 5. Zeros of the polynomial P (x ) = x -Sx+ 6 A)2and3 B) 2 and -3 ©) -2 and 3 D)-1and 5 Multi Response Type: 6. IFA =x? 42x +1 B= x? -x +4 then additive inverse of 2A + Bis A) 3x? -3x-6 B) -3(x +x +2) ©) 38 42x +6 D) 3x2 + 6x +4 Match the following/ Matrix Matching: 7. Column -1 Column - I a) The value of the polynomial 4x° -3x”- 6x + 2atx=1is —p) 2x + 13, b) linear polynomial is Example for 4g) x!+ 200+ 3x +7 ©) biquadratic polynomial is Example for 7 d) The standard form of polynomial x ~7 + 8x?+ 9x'+ xtis 8) x4+ 9x84 8x24 x 7. 3 (jerramereuyeducation.som JooIIT JEE - OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS - VOL-Il- CLASS 9 8. 10. 1 12 13. 14, Column - I (Polynomial) Column - II (Degree) a) 2-y8- y' + 2yt p)2 b)2 Ql ©) Sx-v7 d)4-< Column -1 a) The zeroes of the polynomial x? + x - 2 are b) The zeroes of the polynomial 2x? - 3x - 2 are ©) The zeroes of the polynomial 3x? + 11x - 4 d) The zeroes of the polynomial 4x? - 4x +1 are 5)1,2 Column - 1 (Zeroes) Column - II (Polynomial) a) 5,8 p) x? +3x - 40 b) 8,5 qe -3x-40 985 1) xt + 13x + 40 a) 8,5 s) 8-13 +40 Integer Type : Zero of the zero polynomial is If p(x)=x? -2v2% +1, then p(2V2) is equal to Subjective Type : Find the rational zeroes of the polynomial 2x° + 3x° - 11x - 6, Write the degree of each of the following polynomials (5842+ 7x i) 4-y? ii) 5-7 (v3 =26 13x 9 Find the value of the expression S>-> when x= 75 ? Te ps) = r ~4x +3, then the value of P(2)—P(-1)+ p www.mercuryeducation.comIIT JEE - OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS - VOL-Il- CLASS 9 POLYNOMIALS eS ¢ Know about the Remainder theorem, Factor theorem. When you have completed this lecture you should be able to : Q * Know about the Horner’s Method. We know that, when a natural number n is divided by a natural number m less than or equal ton, the remainder is either 0 or a natural number r < m. Ex : 23 when divided by 5 gives the quotient 4 and the remainder 3. Here, we can express 23 as 23 = (5 x 4) + 3ie,, Dividend = (Divisor x Quotient) + Remainder Now, we extend the above phenomenon for the division of a polynomial p(x) by a non-zero polynomial g(x) such that degree of g(x) = p(a)=0+r > Hence the remainder is p(a) when p(x) is divided by (x - a) Remark : If a polynomial p(x) is divided by g(x) then we get remainder as follows. S.No. | Divisor Remainder =r 1. [taj =x. Pt-a) 2 | (ax—b)=a{x-2 plb/a) 3 | (ax +b)-a x+2) (-2) 4. (b Observation : Numbers are divided into two types. They are zero and non zero. As Remainder (in this case) is a number it can be either zero or non-zero. A special case arises when remainder ‘R’ is zero. That is “If remainder is zero then the divisor is a factor”. Hence assigning the above observation to polynomials, the first degree divisor (x - a) is a factor of the polynomial f(x) when f(a) is zero. This leads to factor theorem. Factorization of polynomials Factor Theorem A result which follows from the statement of the Remainder Theorem is that if the remainder f(a) obtained on dividing f(x) by x - a is zero, then x - a divides f(x) exactly, Statement of Factor Theorem If F(X) be any polynomial of degree >1 and a is any real number, then (i) x - a is a factor of f(x), if f(a) = 0, and (ii) f(@) = 0, if x - ais a factor of f(x) www.mercuryeducation.comIIT JEE - OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS - VOL-Il- CLASS 9 Ex: Sol. Ex: Sol. Ex: Sol. vVvVY Proof: (i) Let q(x) be the quotient when f(x) is divided by (x - a) By Remainder Theorem, f(x) when divided by (x - a) gives remainder equal to f(a) f(x) = (= a) q(x)* fa) = fl) = &-a) a) => (K-a) is a factor of f(x) (ii) Since (x - a) is a factor of f(x), f(x) when divided by (x - a) gives remainder zero. But, by Remainder Theorem, f(x) when divided by (x - a), gives the remainder equal to f(a). fla) = 0 Examine whether y + 3 is a factor of the polynomial 2y? + 3y?-7y +6. p(y) = 2y* + 3y? ~ 7y +6 is the given polynomial and -3 is the zero of the linear polynomial y+3, Now, p(-3) 2(-3) + 3(-3) = 7(-3) +6 54427 +21+6=0 Hence, by the factor theorem, (y + 3) is a factor of 2y* + 3y?~ 7y + 6. nxt. Show that (x ~ 1) (x - 2) is a factor of the polynomial x° - Given polynomial p(x) = x° - x? - 4x +4 Now, zeroes of the polynomial (x - 1) (x - 2) are 1 and 2. p(l) = (1) - (2-4) +4=1-1-4+4 =0 and pQ)= Q)°- (27 -4@) +4=8-4-844=0 So, 1 and 2 are zeroes of polynomial p(x). Therefore, (x - 1) and (x ~ 2) is a factor of p(x). x= 1,x +1 and x ~ 5 are three factors of x'~ 7x! + 9x2+ 7x ~ 10, then find fourth factor ? Let x +a is a fourth factor of given expression. (e+ alle ~ ING + 1x ~ 5) | x!- 7+ E+ Ix — 10 Substitute x = 2 ( Any value other than 1, -1, 5) => (2 + a)(1)(3)(-3) = 0 > 24+a=0 >a=-2 , X~2is the fourth factor. ame [important Points — Dividend = (Divisor x Quotient) + Remainder. The degree of remainder r(x) is always less than the degree of the divisor g(x) Ifa polynomial p(x) is divided by x ~ a, the remainder is p (a) If {(x) is a polynomial and f(a) = 0, then (x ~ a) is a factor of f(x). Sum of coefficients of the given polynomial f(x) is zero when (x-1) is a factor. when (x + 1) is a factor then sum of coefficients of even powers of ‘x’ is equal to sum of coefficients of odd powers of ‘x’ www.mercuryeducation.comIIT JEE - OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS - VOL-Il- CLASS 9 L | Gautier PRACTICE SHEET () Conceptual Practice Sheet A Single Response Typ: 1. If the polynomial »° - ax? - 13x + b is divisible by (x - 1) and (x -3) , then a, b= Aja =-3,b=15 Bja=3,b=-15 C)a=-3,b=-15 Dja=3,b =15 2. The remainder when x° - ax? + 6x - a is divided by x - ais, A) 3a B) 4a ©) 5a D) 6a 3. The remainder, when polynomial x° - ax? + 6x - a is divided by (x - 1) is A)7-2a B)7 Q7-a D)7=2a 4, If (x10 + 2x” + K) is exactly divisible by (x + 1), then find the value of ‘K’ A)1 B)2 2 D3 (3 P(x) is a polynomial satisfying P| +> ]=P(*)- for all real values of “x” If p(6) = 2010, what is the value of p(8) ? 1 2009 1 20094 ~) 2008 20104 A) 2010 3) 2009 oF D) 3 6. By factor theorem, the factors of x! + 3x? - x - 3 are A) = 3)( + 1)(& +3) BY(x ~ N(x + Y(K +3) CH - NK + 1K +3) D(x -2(K + N(x +3) 7. Ifatb+c=Othena’+b+e= A) 3abe B) 9a*b?c? C) a®b?c? D) abe 8. x-a isa factor of the polynomial p(x), if p(a) = A)2 B)-a Qo D)xta 9. One of the dimensions of the cuboid whose volume is 16x? - 26x + 10 is A)2 B) (8x - 5) ©) (&«-1) D) All of these 10. Find the value of a for which (x + a) is a factor of the polynomial f(x) = x° + ax? - 2x +a +6. A) 3 B)4 C2 D) None of these lIT - JEE Mains Practice Sheet A Single Response Type: LEVEL -1 L If x? + 3x? + 3x + 1 is divided by x + 7, find the remainder. A) -n°+3n74+3n 41 B) x°+3n?-3a+1 C) ne+3n2?-3n 41 D)-n3+3n?-3n 41 www.mercuryeducation.comIIT JEE - OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS - VOL-Il- CLASS 9 2 10. 1 12, 4. ‘The remainder when x° + 3x2 + 3x + 1 is divided by x +1 is Aja B)1 oo D2 If the polynomials (2x? + ax? + 3x - 5) and (x° + x? - 2x + a) leave the same remainder when divided by (x - 2), find the value of a. 6 A)s B)4 3 DF Which of the following polynomials has (x + 1) as a factor (OH EXtL — fit oH 4K 4D fill) xt + Sx HB + HT (iv) @- x? - (2+ J2)x + JO A) 8) (iit) ) Gi) and (iv) D) ( and (ii) ‘The zeroes of the polynomial p(x) = 2x? + 5x -3 are asa Ba3 oFs D) 1 LEVEL - I If f(x) = x8 + ax? + bx +30 is divisible by x ~ 5, and when it is divided by x + 6, the remainder is -396, then the values of a and b are A)a6b=-1 B)a=-6b=1 Oa The quotient of 5x? + 3x + 1 when it is divided by 2x is, 51 53 By Sxt+y )Bxts D) None A) 202 202 z If (x - 2)? is a factor of x’ - x? - 8x + 12 then other factor is A)x3 B)x-4 ©) x41 D) x43 (a- by + (a +b) + 3a- byfa +b) + 3a + bya-b)= A) 82° B) Ga)’ ©) 162° D)(@+byP If one factor of 5 + 8x - 4x’ is (2x + 1), then the seond factor is A) 6 + 2x) B) (x -5) ©) 6-20) D) -6 + 2x) LEVEL - 111 The polynomial P(x) = kx? + 9x? + 4x 8, when divided by x +3, leaves a remainder ~ 20. Find the value of k. A)2 B)3 oe D)s5 For what value of k is the polynomial (2x! + 3x’ + 2kx? + 3x + 6) exactly divisible by (x + 2)? Aja B)3 oa D)2 When p(x) = 4x? - 12x’ + 11x -5 is divided by (2x - 1), the remainder is Ayo BS 2 D)2 If x? + px + q and x? + qx + p have a common factor then A)p+q-1=0 B)p+q+1=0 ©)2p+q+1=0 D)pt+2q+1=0 www.mercuryeducation.comIIT JEE - OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS - VOL-Il- CLASS 9 15. 16. 17. 19, 20. 21 22. 24, If 4x2 - 1 is a factor of 4x‘- 12x? + ax? + 3x- b then (a, b) = A) (2) B) 3,1) (<7 1) ° I> 3) D)a-4b+1=0 Va,be rational LEVEL - IV ‘The remainder when 6x° - 5x? + 2x - 4 is divided by 2x * 1 is Ayo Bs o-« D)7 Let A and B are the remainders when the polynomial y* + 2y? - Say -7 and y? + ay?- 12y +6 are divided by y + 1 and y - 2 respectively. If 2A + B = 6, find the value of a. Aja Bl Q2 D)2 If (x-1), (x +1) and (x- 2) are factors of x‘ + (p-3)x*- (3p - 5)x? + (2p - 9)x + 6 then the value ofp Al B)2 Q3 D)4 If three of the roots of x‘ + ax? + bx + = are 1, 2 and 3 then the value of a+ c= A) 61 B) -61 ©) 36 D) 25 If (x2 + x + 1) divides x! - 5x? - bx - 5 exactly find then the other factor. A) Hx 45 Bye -x-5 Cex $5 D)xe+x-5 LEVEL -V If (x - 2) is a common factor of x° - 4x? + ax + b and x‘ ax? + bx + 8, then the values of a and bare respectively A)3 and 5 B) 2and 4 ©) 4and0 D)Oand4 By remainder theorem, the remainder when p(x) is divided by g(x) is p(x) = x? - 6x? + 2x -4, 3 wy=1-3x B(x) 2 wt y 8 6 Bs » ) 136 ) a7 ) 7 ) 736 What must be subtracted from x° - 6x? - 15x + 80, so that the result is exactly divisible by x? + x-12? A) +3 B) 80 -x ©) 4x-4 D) 4x +4 If one factor of (x + 1)’ + (2x +k)’ is (x + 2) then the value of k is o4 D)s x? +3x + b have a common factor and (a—b)’ =4(3a—5b) then Q2 D) 3IIT JEE - OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS - VOL-Il- CLASS 9 ® IIT - JEE Advanced Practice Sheet UL Assertion and Reasoning Type: Statement 1: A real number ‘a’ is a zero of a polynomial p(x) if pla) = 0. Statement 2 : (x - a) is a factor of the polynomial p(x) if p(a) = 0. A) Statement 1 is true and Statement 2 is false B) Statement 1 is false and statement 2 is true C) Both statements 1 and 2 are true D) Both statements 1 and 2 are false Assertion: By factor theorem, the factors of x! + 4x! + 3x2 ~ 4x ~4 are (x +1), (x ~1), (x +2), (+2). Reason : If f(x) is a polynomial of degree greater than or equal to one and ‘a’ be a real number then , x ~ a is a factor of f(x) if f(a) = 0. A) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion. B) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion. ©) If assertion is true but reason is false. D) If assertion is false but reason is true. Linked Comprehensive Type: Let p(x) by any polynomial of degree greater than or equal to 1 and ‘a’ be any real number, then i) (Xa) isa factor of p(x) if, i) pl O;and ii) p(a)=0 if (xa) isa factor of p(x). ‘The polynomials ax’ + 3x? - 3 and 2x? - 5x +a when divided by (x ~ 4) leave the remainder R, and R, respectively. Based on the above data answer the following questions: IfR, = R, then a= A)a=0 B)1 Qa D)2 If R, + R= 0, thena= ay 8 5) 88 oS D) none 65 65 153 If 2R, - 127 127 18 18 ) Ta Bs 7 D) -to7 If f(x) is a polynomial and f(a) = 0 then (x ~ a) is a factor of f(x). Based on the above data answer the following questions. By factor theorem, the factors of x! + 2x? ~ 7x? ~ 8x + 12 are A) (X= 1), & #2), & 2), &-3) B) (x +1), (& +2), (& 2), (x +3) ©) (= 1), (& +2), (#2), #3) D) None of these (jerramersuyeducation.som Joo a>IIT JEE - OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS - VOL-Il- CLASS 9 7. 10. un 12. 14, By factor theorem, the factors of x* + 3x? - 7x? - 27x - 18 are A) (x +1), (+2), (& +3), (& = 3) B) (x= 1), (x +2), (x = 3), (& +3) ©) (#1), = 2), & +3), 66 +2) D) (+1), (&=1), (+2, & +3) By factor theorem, the factors of x‘ + 2x? - 13x? - 14x + 24 are A) (&-1), #2) 3) #4) B)(x+1), &-2, &-3.& #4) ©) (=, (+2), 43), 6-4) D) (&=2), (&-2), & 3), & +4) Multi Response Type: Which of the following statements are true ? A) Every polynomial has a finite number of factors. B) For all values of 'm’, (a” - b™) is divisible by (a - b). ©) If the sum of the coefficients of 'x' in a polynomial is zero, (x - 1) is a factor of that polynomial, D) A linear polynomial f(x)=ax+b, a #Ohas a unique root given by x = = By factor theorem, one of the factors of x‘ + 5x* + 5x? - 5x - 6 is A@ +1) B) (x -1) Cw +2) D)((«-3) Which among the options is not a factors of X* +3 1 1 A)3x +1 B)&x+1 Qx-5 b) x-3 Which of the following polynomials has not a(x +1) as a factor? Ayete txt Beet (2-VB)x-v2 Ox +3438 tx 41 Match the following/ Matrix Matching: Column-I Column-II a) If 3x + 2y = 12, xy = 6, then 9x? + 4y* = p) 604 b) Ifx + y = 12, xy = 27, then x? + y? = gi a+b +c=9,ab+betca= 0 thenat + b+ c= 1) 756 d) Ifa~b=4, ab= 45, then a? - b= 5) 72 Column - 1 Column -2 a) If (x +a) is a factor of xt ~ ax? + 3x ~ a, then the value of a is p) 3/2 b) The value of |, if Ix! + mx! + 2x? + 4 is exactly divisible by x* - x - 2 is gu 6) The value of m, if Ixt + mx’ + 2x? + 4 is exactly divisible by x? - x - 2is 46 d) If x* - 6x? + ax + bis exactly divisible by x’ - 3x + 2, then the values of ‘a’ iss) 2 7/2 www.mercuryeducation.comIIT JEE - OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS - VOL-Il- CLASS 9 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Integer Type : If x! + 2x! + k is divisible by x + 1, then the value of ’k’ is If x2 - x - 42 = (x + k)(& +6), then the value of k is Subjective Type : Check whether the polynomial f(x) po + dx? — x ~ 1 is a multiple of 2x +1 If (x ~a) and (x - 2) are two factors of x’ - ax’ + 14x + b, the values of a and b are If 4x? - 1 is a factor of 12x* + px? + qx ~ 1, then find the values of p and q ? If (x +1) and (x + 2) are factors of x° + 6x2 + 11x +6 then third factor is POLYNOMIALS esse When you have completed this lecture you should be able to : Qe ¢ Study about the Algebraic Identities ¢ Know about Synthetic division method Know about LCM and HCF of Polynomials @ (a) (ii) (iy) ) (wi) (wii * ( (ix) ii 6 (xii) 6 6 ALGEBRAIC IDENTITIES: Identity : An identity is a statement that two expressions are equal for all values of the letters involved. Ex : 5x = 2x + 3x is an identity Since the expression 5x and 2x + 3x are equal for all values of x. The sides of this identity are 5x and 2x + 3x, 5x being the left hand side and 2x + 3x, the right hand side (a+ bP =a + 2ab +b (a- bj = a?-2ab +b at- b= (a+b) (@-b) (x +a) &+b)= x + (a+ b)x tab (a+ b+ of= att b+ c+ 2ab + 2be + 2ca (a= b- c= at + bt +c ~ 2ab + 2be ~ ca vows aeheawen (a+ bP =a? + Bab(a +b) +b? (@-by Bath + Sab? - (a- by’ = a? - Sabla - b) - a8 +b? = (a+b) (a - ab +b?) a - b= (a-b) (a + ab +b’) ) a +b? +c Bab= (a+ b+) (a? +b? + cab - be ca) ) Ifa +b +c=0, then a? + b* + c= Babe. www.mercuryeducation.com