2018-2019

Technial Information

Technical Guidance // Spare Parts // Index

 Technical Guidance
Content A ~ P

References
N1 ~ N24

Basics of Turning .................................................. N 2

Tool Failures and Remedies .............................. N 3 - 4
Chip Control........................................................ N 5

Basics of Milling .................................................... N 6 - 8

Tool Failures and Remedies............................... N 9

Basics of Endmilling ............................................. N10-11

Tool Failures and Remedies............................... N12

Basics of Drilling ................................................... N13-15

Tool Failures and Remedies............................... N16

SUMIBORON for
Hardened Steel Machining ................................ N17
Cast Iron Machining ........................................... N18

Hard-to cut Materials Machining ........................ N19

Tool Failure and Remedies ............................... N20

References
Steel and Non-Ferrous Metal Symbols Chart .... N21
Hardness Scale Comparison Chart .................... N22
Finished Surface Roughness ............................ N23

N1
 Technical Guidance
Basics of Turning
Calculating Power Requirement Cutting Force Cutting Speed and Cutting Force
Rake angle: -10°

Pc : Net power requirement (KW)

vc : Cutting speed (m/min)
doc . f . vc . Kc Rake angle: 0°
Pc = f : Feed rate (mm/rev)
60 103 ap : Depth of cut (mm)
: Cutting speed (m/min)
F1 : Principal force
Pc (0,70 5)
H=
0,75 Kc : N/mm2)
F2 : Feed force Rake Angle and Cutting Force
F3 : Back force
H : Required horsepower (HP)
Calculating cutting force
P: Cutting force (N)
c) P= Kc . q Kc : )
2

General steel : 2.500 3.000 N/mm2 kc x doc x f q : Chip area (mm2)

Cast iron : 1.500 N/mm2 =
1000 doc: Depth of cut (mm)
Aluminum : 800 N/mm2 f : Feed rate (mm/rev)
Rake angle (degree)

Calculating Cutting Speed (For carbon steel)

Calculating rotational speed from cutting speed
Traverse
n : Spindle speed (min - 1) rupture
1000 . vc vc : Cutting speed (m/min)
strength
n= .D D : Diameter of workpiece (mm)
3,14

(Eg.) vc =150m/min, D=100mm

1000 x 150
n= = 478 (min -1)
3,14 x 100

n : Spindle speed (min - 1)

Calculating cutting speed from rotational speed vc : Cutting speed (m/min)
. D.n f : Feed rate (mm/rev)
vc = Refer to the above table doc : Depth of cut (mm)
1.000
Dm : Diameter of workpiece (mm)

Feed rate (mm/rev)

Roughness Nose Radius and Cutting Force

Theoretical Surface Finish Ways to Improve Surface Finish
Rz : Use an insert with a larger nose radius. Principal force
f2
Rz = f : Feed rate (mm/rev)
8x r Optimize the cutting speed and feed Feed force
r : Nose radius (mm)
rate so that built-up edge does not
occur.
Back force
Select an appropriate insert grade.
Nose radius (mm)
Use wiper insert.
Actual surface roughness Large nose radius increases back force.

Steel : Work : 42CrMo4 (Hs38)

Inserts : TNGA2204
Cast iron : Holder : PTGNR2525-43
Condition : v c =100m/min
d oc =4mm
f =0,45mm/rev

N2
 Technical Guidance
Tool FailuresandTool Life
Forms of Tool Failures
Cat. No. Name of Failure Cause of Failure

Resulting Flank Wear Due to the scratching effect of hard grains contained in the work
from material.
Mechanical 6 Chipping Fine breakages caused by high cutting loads or chattering.
causes 7 Fracture Due to the impact of an excessive mechanical force acting on the
cutting edge.

Resulting 8 Crater Wear

from temperatures.
Chemical 9 PlasticDeformation Cutting edge is depressed due to softening at high temperatures.
reactions 10 Thermal Crack Fatigue from rapid, repeated heating and cooling cycles during
machining.
11 Built-up Edge Work material is pressure welded on the top face of the cutting edge.

Tool Wear
Forms of Tool Wear
Flank wear Crater wear
Bad chip control
Cutting edge fracture

Burrs occur
Creater wear KT
Initial wear
Sudden
VN1 increase
in wear

VN2 Steady wear

Flank wear VB
Cutting Time T (min) Cutting Time T (min)
Edge wear VC
Higher cutting force
Wear is rapid initially, then it proceeds
Poor machining accuracy more gradually in proportion with Crater wear is more progressive with
Burrs occur cutting time until a certain limit, beyond no sudden breakdown pattern.
which it increases rapidly again.

Tool Life (V-T)

plot the tool life along the X-axis and the cutting speed along the Y-axis on a double
logarithm graph.

Flank wear Crater wear

Tool wear

Cutting Time T (min) Cutting Time T (min)

Tool life

Tool life (min) Tool life (min)

N3
 Technical Guidance
Tool FailureandRemedies
Trouble Shooting Guide for Turning
Damage Cause Countermeasures

- Grade lacks wear resistance. - Select a wear resistant grade.

P30 P20 P10
K20 K10 K01

- Use an insert with a larger rake angle.

- Cutting speed ist too fast. - Decrease the cutting speed.
- Feed rate ist far too slow. - Increase feed rates.

Excessive crater wear - Grade lacks crater wear - Select a more crater-resistant grade.
resistance.

- Rake angle is too small. - Use an insert with a larger rake angle.
- Select an appropriate chipbreaker.

- Cutting speed is too fast. - Decrease the cutting speed.

- Feed rate and depth of cut are - Decrease the D.O.C. and feed rate.
too large.

Cutting edge chipping - Grade lacks toughness. - Change to tougher grades.

P10 P20 P30
- Insert falls off due to chip build-up. K01 K10 K20
- Cutting edge lacks toughness.
- Increase amount of honing on cutting edge.
- Reduce rake angle.
- Feed rate and depth of cut are - Reduce feed rates and depth of cut.
too large.

Cutting edge fracture

Tool Edge Failure

- Grades lacks toughness. - Change to tougher grades.

P10 P20 P30
- Cutting edge lacks toughness. K01 K10 K20
- Holder lacks toughness. - Select a chipbreaker with a strong cutting edge.
- Select a holder with a larger approach angle.
- Feed rarte is too fast. - Select a holder with a larger shank size.
- Depth of cut is too large. - Decrease the D.O.C. and feed rate.

Build-up edge - Inappropriate grade selection. - Select a grade

Coated carbide or cermet grades.

- Dull cutting edge. - Select a grade with a smooth coating.

- Use an insert with a larger rake angle.
- Reduce amount of honing.
- Cutting speed is too slow. - Increase cutting speeds.
- Feed rate ist too slow. - Increase feed rates.

Plastic deformation
- Grade lacks thermal resistance. - Select a more crater-wear-resistant grade.
- Use an insert with a larger rake angle.
- Cutting speed is too fast. - Decrease the cutting speed.
- Feed rate is too fast. - Reduce feed rates and depth of cut.
- Depth of cut is too large.

Notch wear
- Grade lacks wear resistance. - Select a wear resistant grade.
P30 P20 P10
K20 K10 K01

- Rake angle is too small. - Use an insert with a larger rake angle.
- Cutting speed is too fast. - Alter depth of cutto shift the notch location.

N4
 Technical Guidance
Chip Control
Type of Chip Generation Type of Chip Control
a b c d Feed rate A B C D E

Large feed rate

Shape
Condition

Continuous chips Chip is sheared Chips appear to Chips crack before Small feed rate
with good surface and separated by be torn from the reaching the cutting
the shear angle. surface. point. NC lathe
(For automation)
Steel, Stainless steel Steel, Cast iron (Very low General lathe
Steel, Stainless steel Cast iron, Carbon
(Low speed) speed, verysmall feedrate) (For safety)
Good : C type, D type

{
Easy Work deformation
A type : Twines around the tool or workpiece, damages the machined surface
Large Rake angle Small and affects safety.
Small D.O.C. Large Poor B type : Bulky, causes problems in the automatic chip conveyor and chipping
occurs easily.
Fast Cutting speed Slow
E type : Causes spraying of chips, poor machined surface due to chattering,
chipping, large cutting force and high temperatures.

Factor of Improvement Chip Control

Increase feed rate
Depth of cut (mm)

4,0

2,0

0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5

When feedrate increase, chips become
thick and chip control improves. Feed rate (mm/rev)

Decrease side cutting edge

Side cutting edge angle

45°

15°
Even if feed rate is the same, smaller
side cutting edge angle makes chips
thick and chip control improves. 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35
Feed rate (mm/rev)

Decrease nose radius

1,6
Nose radius (mm)

0,8
Even if depth of cut is the same, smaller nose radius
makes chip thick and chip control improves.

* Cutting resistance increases in proportion with

the width of the contact surface. Therefore, with 0,4
a larger nose radius, cutting resistance and
back force increases, chattering may also occur.
However, with the same feedrate, a smaller nose 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35
Depth of cut (mm)

N5
 Technical Guidance
Basics of Milling
Parts of a Milling Cutter External diameter of cutter body
External diameter of boss
Hole diameter
Width of key way

Cutter Body
Depth of
key way

Axial rake angle

Back
locating Approach
face Setting ring angle

Front relief True rake

angle angle Inclination
Screw A angle
Insert
Chip pocket
Relief
Diameter of cutter angle

Locator
Clamp Section A

Setting ring

Major cutting edge

clearance
angle
Inward dish Chamfered corner
(if trail angle)
Radial rake angle

Power Requirement
Calculating cutting force
doc . woc . v f . Kc Work- ––– ––– –– – – ––– ––– – – ––
Pc = (kW)
60 106 piece Alloy Carbon Cast Aluminum
No. steel steel iron alloy
1.800 800 200 –
1.400 600 160 –
Pc : Net power requirement (kW) 1.000 400 120 –
Horsepower H : Horsepower requirement (HP) Values in the table show the following properties:
Pc - Tensile strength (N/mm2) for alloy steel
H= Q : Chip removal amount (cm3/min)
0,75 and carbon steel
woc : Cutting width (mm) - Hardness (HB) for cast iron
vf : Feed speed (mm/min)
doc : Depth of cut (mm)
Chip removal amount :
doc woc vf
Q= (cm3/min) Kc : 2)
1.000
Eg. rough value

( Cast iron : 1.500 )

Feed rate (mm/tooth)

Calculating cutting speed

D n
vc =
1.000
vc : Cutting speed (m/min)
3,14 vf
D : Cutter diameter (mm)
Calculating feed rate
n : Rotation speed (rpm)
vf = ft z n vf : Feed speed (mm/min)
f t : Feed rate (mm/tooth)
vf
ft = z : Number of teeth
z n

ft vf

N6
 Technical Guidance
Basics of Milling
Functions of the Various Cutting Angles
Description Code Functions
Axial rake angle y
Controls chip removal direction, Rake angles can vary from positive to negative (large to small)
Radial rake angle effects adhesion of the chips and with typical combinations of positive and negative, positive and
x
thrust force etc.
Approach angle Controls chip thickness and chip The effect of the small approach angle is to reduce the chip
removal direction thickness and cutting force.

True rake angle Controls cutting performance and - With a positive (large) angle, cutting ability and adhesion
(Effective rake angle) ability to retain a cutting edge resistance are improved but the strength of the cutting edge
is weakened.
- With negative (small) angle, the strength of the cutting edge
is improved but chips will tend to adhere more easily.
Inclination angle Controls chip removal direction - With a positive (large) angle, the chip removal is satisfactory
with less cutting resistance but the strengh of the corner is
weaker.
f
angle
Clearance angle Controls edge strength, tool life
and chattering, etc

True Rake Angle Chart Inclination Angle Chart

True rake angle Inclination Angel

Radial rake angle

Radial rake angle

Axial rake angle

Axial rake angle

Approach angle Approach angle

Example in using the above chart: Example in using the above chart :
Solution: Solution:
y: Axial rake angle = +10° y: Axial rake angle = -10°
True rake angle Inclination angle
x: Radial rake angle = -30° x: Radial rake angle = +10°
: Approach angle = 30° = - 8o : Approach angle = 65° = - 15°
Formula : tan = tan x . + tan y . cos Formula : tan = tan y . - tan x . cos

Rake Angle Combination

Negative - Positive Type Double Positive Type Double Negative Type
The effects of the various
Radial Radial Radial
rake angle rake angle rake angle
relation to chip formation (Negative) (Positive) (Negative)
and chip removal.

Axial Axial Axial

Chip removal direction rake angle Approach rake angle Approach rake angle Approach
(Positive) angle (Positive) angle (Negative) angle

Rotation 60°) 75°) 75°)

Excellent chip removal and good Double-sided inserts can be use and
Advantage Good cutting action
cutting action higher cutting edge strength
Lower cutting edge strength and
Disadvantage Only single-sided inserts can be use Dull cutting action
only single-sided inserts can be use
For Steel, Cast iron, Stainless steel, For general milling of steel For light milling of cast iron and
Application
Alloy steel For low rigidly work piece steel
Typical cutter WGX, WGC, UFO DPG DNX, DGC, DNF

Chips (Eg.)
Workpiece: 37Cr4
v c = 130 m/min
f t = 0.23 mm/tooth
doc = 3 mm

N7
 Technical Guidance
Basics of Milling
Relation Between Engage Angle and Tool Life
Workpiece feed direction
Large diameter Small diameter

øD

Engage angle (Small) (Large)

E Insert
Rotation

Engage angle denotes the angle by

which the full length of the cutting
edge comes in contact with the
workpiece, with reference to the feed
direction. The larger E is, the shorter
the tool life.

Relation to tool life

To change the value of E:
C50 GG25
1) Increase the cutter size
2) Shift the position of the cutter

Engagement angle Engagement angle

Relation between the number of simultaneously engaged cutting edges and cutting force:

Time Time Time Time Time

0 or 1 edge in Only 1 edge in 1 or 2 edges in 2 edges in contact 2 to 3 edges in

contact contact at any time. contact at any time. contact

To Improve Surface Roughness

When all the cutting edges

Feed per Feed per
- Workpiece: 34CrMo4
one tooth one tooth - Cutter: DPG 5160 R
intentionally elevated to play the role (Single tooth)
of a wiper insert.
- vc = 154 m/min
- Insert equipped with straight f t = 0,234 mm/tooth
Feed per Feed per doc = 2 mm
one tooth one tooth
(Face angle: Approx 15’ - 1°)
- Insert equipped with curved - Face angle
: 28’
(Eg. curvature R500) : 6’

h : Projected value of wiper insert

Effects of having wiper insert (example)
Integral wiper insert system Steels : 0,05 mm
Al : 0,03 mm - Workpiece: GG25
A system to protrude one or two
- Cutter: DPG 4100 R
inserts (wiper insert) with a smooth - Insert: SPKN 1203
curved edge just a little beyond the - Axial run-out: 0,015 mm
other teeth to wipe the milled surface. - Radial run-out: 0,04 mm
Feed per one revolution
f : Feed rate per revolution
- (Applies to WGC, RF types etc.) - vc = 105 m/min
- f t = 0,29 mm/tooth
(1,45 mm/rev)
: Only normal teeth
: with 1 wiper insert
Hc : Surface roughness with only normal teeth
Hw : Surface roughness with wiper insert

N8
 Technical Guidance
Tool FailureandRemedies
Trouble Shooting Guide for Milling
Trouble Basic Remedies Remedy Examples
Excessive Flank Wear - Select a more wear resistant grade.
Tool Material Carbide - Recommended insert grades
Steel Cast Iron Non-Ferrous Alloy
P30
K20
P20
K10 { Coated
Cermet
Finishing T250A (Cermet)
ACK200(CoatedCarbide)
DA1000 (SUMIDIA)
BN700(SUMIBORON)
Cutting - Reduce cutting speeds. Roughing ACP100(CoatedCarbide) ACK200(CoatedCarbide) DL1000(CoatedCarbide)
Conditions - Increase feedrate.

Excessive Crater Wear - Recommended insert grades

Tool Material - Select a crater resistant grade.
Steel Cast Iron Non-Ferrous Alloy

Cutting - Reduce cutting speeds. Finishing T250A (Cermet) ACK200(CoatedCarbide) DA1000 (SUMIDIA)
Conditions - Reduce depth-of-cut and feed rate. Roughing ACP100(CoatedCarbide) ACK200(CoatedCarbide) DL1000(CoatedCarbide)

Cutting Edge Chipping - Recommended insert grades

Tool Material - Select tougher grade.
P10 P20 P30 Steel Cast Iron
K01 K10 K20
Cutting Finishing ACP200 (Coated Carbide) ACK200 (Coated Carbide)
Conditions - Reduce feed rates.
Roughing ACP300 (Coated Carbide) ACK300 (Coated Carbide)
Tool Design - Select a negative-positive cutter
- Recommended cutter: WaveMill WGX type
- Reinforce the cutting edge (Honing). - Cutting conditions:
- Select a strong edge insert (G H). Refer to recommended conditions listed in the general catalogue

Partial Fracture of - Recommended insert grades

Tool Material - If it is due to excessive low speeds or
Cutting Edges very low feed rates, select an adhesion Steel Cast Iron
resistant grade. ACP300 ACK300
- If it is due to thermal cracking, select a Roughing
(Coated Carbide) (Coated Carbide)
thermal impact resistant grade.
Cutting - Select appropriate conditions with - Recommended cutter: WaveMill WGX type
Conditions regards to the particular application.
- Insert thickness: 3,18 4,76mm
Tool Design - Select a negative-positive (or negative)
- Insert type: Standard Strong edge type
angle.
- Reinforce the cutting edge (Honing). - Cutting conditions:
- Select a strong edge insert (G H). Refer to recommended conditions listed in the general catalogue
- Increase insert size -
(Thickness in particular).

Unsatisfactory - Recommended insert grades

Tool Material - Select an adhesion resistant grade.
Machined Surface Carbide Cermet Steel Cast Iron Non-Ferrous Alloy
Finish Cutting
Conditions - Increase cutting speeds. Cutter WGX type* DGC type* FF type*
ACP200 ACK200 H1 (Carbide)
Insert (Coated Carbide) (Coated Carbide) DL1000(CoatedCarbide)
Tool Design - Improve axial run-out of cutting edges.
(Use a cutter with less run-out) WGC type FMU type RF type
(Attach correct inserts) Cutter
T250A BN700 DA1000
Insert (Cermet) (SUMIBORON) (SUMIDIA)
- Use wiper inserts.
- Use special purpose cutters designed for

Chattering Cutting - Reduce feed rates. - Recommended cutters:

Conditions
Tool Design - Select a high rake cutter with sharp For steel: WaveMill WGX type
cutting edges For cast iron: DNX type
Others - Use an irregular pitched cutter. For Non-ferrous alloy: High speed cutter for aluminium
- Improve workpiece and cutter clamp RF type
rigidity.
Tool Design - Select cutter with good chip removal
Unsatisfactory Chip features.
Control - Reduce number of teeth. - Recommended cutter: WaveMill WGX type
- Enlarge chip pocket.

Edge Chipping on Tool Design - Select a large approach angle.

- Select a sharp cutting edge insert
Workpiece Cutting (G L). - Recommended cutter: WaveMill WGX type
Conditions - Reduce feed rates.
Tool Design - Select a cutter with sharp cutting edges.
Burr on Workpiece - Recommended cutter: WaveMill WGX type + FG breaker
Cutting
- Increase feed rates. DGC type + FG breaker
Conditions

N9
 Technical Guidance
Basics of Endmilling

Parts of an Endmill

Body Neck Shank

Land width
Cutter sweep Neck
diameter Relief width Radial relief
Margin width Radial primary
Diameter Shank relief angle
diameter Margin
Radial secondary
relief angle
Neck length
Length of cut Shank length Center hole

Overall length

Center cut Rake angle

Rake face Helix angle
land width
Flute Heel Corner Radial cutting edge
Land End cutting edge
End gash
Rounded
bottom
Center hole
Web thickness Axial primary relief angle
Flute depth
Chip pocket
Axial secondary
relief angle
Ball radius
Concavity angle of
end cutting edge

Calculating Cutting vc : Cutting speed (m/min)

Cutting speed Side milling
Conditions 3,14
.D.n 1.000 . vc
vc = n= .D D : Endmill diameter (mm)
1.000
n : Rotational speed (min -1)
vf : Feed speed (mm/min)
Feed rate fr : Feed rate per revolution (mm/rev)
ft : Feed rate per tooth (mm/tooth)
vf = f n doc
z : Number of teeth
vf D
vf = ft z n ft = z n Woc

Slotting
Depth of cut (D.O.C)
doc : Axial D.O.C. (depth)
woc : Radial D.O.C. (width)

R
doc doc
(Ball Endmill) Notch width (D1)
D1= 2 2 R doc —doc2 D1 D
Pf

øD
Cutting speed and feedrate are calculated using R
the same formula as square endmill. doc
D1
Woc

N10
 Technical Guidance
Basics of Endmilling

Up-cut and Dowm-cut

Side milling Slotting
ft ft ft

Up-cut
Work- Work- Down-cut
piece piece Work-
Feed Feed Feed piece
(a) Up-cut (b) Down-cut

Work- Work-
piece piece

Feed Feed

(a) Up-cut (b) Down-cut

Wear amount Surface roughness Condition

Workpiece: C50
Endmill: GSX21000C-2D
Feed dir. Vertical dir.
(ø10mm, 2 teeth)
0,08
-- -- 5 --
Cutting conditions:
0,06 vc = 88 m/min
Up-cut 4 -- Down-cut
-- -- Down-cut (n = 2.800 min-1)
0,04 3 -- v f = 530mm/min
Up-cut
-- -- f t = 0,1 mm/tooth
Down-cut 2 -- Up-cut
0,02 -- doc = 15 mm
-- woc = 0,5 mm
l l l l l 1 --
0 50 100 150 200 250 Side milling
Cutting length (m) 0 Dry, Air

Relation Between Cutting Side milling Slotting

Work material: Work material:

Pre-hardened steel Pre-hardened steel
Endmill (40HRC) (40HRC)
Cutting data: vc = 25m/min Cutting data:
doc = 12 mm vc = 25m/min
Up- Down-
Woc = 0,8 mm doc = 8 mm cut cut
Woc = 8 mm side side

Feed rate Feed rate Feed rate Feed rate

Cat. Number Helix 0,16 mm/rev 0,11 mm/rev 0,05 mm/rev 0,03 mm/rev
No. of teeth angle Style Style Style Style
Up-cut Down-cut Up-cut Down-cut Up-cut Down-cut Up-cut Down-cut

SSM
2 30°
2080

SSM
Cutting surface 4 30°
4080
Reference surface

N11
 Technical Guidance
Tool FailureandRemedies

Trouble Shooting Guide for Endmilling

Failure Cause Remedies

Excessive Wear Cutting

Conditions - Cutting speed is too fast - Decrease cutting speed and feed rate.
- Feed rate is too fast

Tool Shape
Tool Material - Select a substrate with more wear resistance
- Use a coated tool

Chipping Cutting
Conditions - Feed rate ist too fast - Decrease cutting speed.
- Cutting depth is too deep - Reduce depth of cut
- Tool overhang ist too long - Adjust tool overhang for correct length
Machine - Work clamps are weak
Area - Make sure the tool is seated in the chuck properly

Tool Fracture Cutting

Conditions - Feed rate ist too fast - Decrease cutting speed.
- Cutting depth is too deep - Reduce depth of cut
- Tool overhang ist too long - Reduce tool overhang as much as possible
- Cutting edge is too long - Select a tool with a shorter cutting edge

Cutting
Conditions - Feed rate is too fast - Decrease cutting speed.
- Cutting depth is too deep - Reduce depth of cut
- Tool overhang is too long - Adjust tool overhang for correct length
- Cutting on the down-cut - Change directions to up-cut
Tool Shape - Helix angle is large - Use a tool with a smaller helix angle

Unsatisfactory Cutting
Machined Surface Conditions - Feed rate is too fast - Decrease cutting speed.
Finish
- Packing of chips - Use air blow
- Use an insert with a larger relief pocket.

Chattering Cutting
Conditions - Cutting speed is too fast - Decrease cutting speed.
- Cutting on the up-cut - Change directions to down-cut
- Tool overhang is too long - Adjust tool overhang for correct length
Tool Shape - Rake angle is large - Use a tool with an appropriate rake angle
Machine Area - Work clamps are weak
- Make sure the tool is seated in the chuck properly

Packing of Chip Cutting

Conditions - Feed rate is too fast - Decrease cutting speed.
- Cutting depth is too deep - Reduce depth of cut
Tool Shape - Too many teeth - Reduce number of teeth
- Packing of chips - Use air blow

N12
 Technical Guidance
Basics of Drilling
Parts of a Drill
Hight of point
Leading edge
Margin width Back taper

Margin Lead
Neck Tang
Flank
Body clearance Taper shank
Flute

Cutting edge Heel Helix angle

Point Body clearance
Cutting Outer corner Neck
edge angle
Rake face Flute length length Shank length
Overall length
Chisel edge
Straight shank
Tang thickness
Chisel edge corner
Depth of
Body clearance

Tang length

Chisel edge length Relief angle

Diameter of
Body clearance
B

A
Web thinning Web Cutter sweep
A : B or A/B = Flute width ratio

Point Angle and Force Min. Requirement Relief Angle Width of Edge Threatment and
Cutting Force

Point angle (small) Point angle (large)

When point angle is large, thrust becomes Feed rate (mm/rev)

* Large relief angle is needed at the center of the drill.
large but torque becomes small.

Web Thickness and Thrust

Point Angle and Burr Effects of thinning

Feed rate (mm/rev)

Drill: KDS 215 MAK

Work material: C50 (230HB)
Thickness Cutting conditions:
Feed rate (mm/rev) vc = 50 m/min, Water soluble
Work : SS41 Web thinning decreases the thrust concentrated
Cutting speed : 50m/min at chisel edge, makes the drill edge sharp and
When point angle is large, burr height becomes improves chip control. Tool life is also longer.
low.

Decrease Chisel Width by Thinning

Typical types of thinning

S type N type X type

S type : Standard type used generaly.

N type : Suitable for thin web drills.
X type : For hard-to-cut material or deep hole
drilling. N13
 Technical Guidance
Basics of Drilling
Reference of Power Requirement and Thrust

Work material:
C48 (220HB)
Diameter (mm) Diameter (mm)

Cutting Condition Selection

Control cutting force for The following table shows the relation between edge treatment width and cutting force. If a problem caused by
low rigid machine cutting force occurs, reduce either the feedrate or the edge treatment width.
Drill : ø10
Edge treatment width Work material:
Condition
0,15mm 0,05mm C50 (230HB)
vc (m/min) f (mm/rev) Torque (N m) Thrust (N) Torque (N m) Thrust (N)
40 0,38 12,8 2.820 12,0 2.520
50 0,30 10,8 2.520 9,4 1.920
60 0,25 9,2 2.320 7,6 1.640
60 0,15 6,4 1.640 5,2 1.100

High speed machining When there is surplus capacity with enough machine power and rigidity drilling at normal recommended
recommendation cutting conditions, we recommend higher drilling speeds.

Wear example

Flank
face
Margin

Rake
face

Vc=60m/min Vc=120m/min
Work material: C50 (230HB)
Cutting data: f = 0,3 mm/rev
doc = 50mm
Tool life: 600 holes (Cutting length : 30m)

Explanation of Margins (Difference between single and double margins)

Single Margin (2 guides: circled parts) D Double Margin (4 guides: circled parts)

Shape used on most drills 4-point guiding reduces hole bending

and undulation for improved stability and
accuracy during deep hole drilling.

N14
 Technical Guidance
Basics of Drilling

Run-out Accuracy Run-out of the lip height B and thinning point A are
important. MDS 140 MK
50C
vc = 50m/min
f = 0,3mm/rev

: The run-out accuracy of thinning point

: The difference of lip height

Peripheral Run-out Drill run-out when mounted on Peripheral

Accuracy the machine spindle must be run-out
Hole expansion Horizontal cuttingforce
when Tool Rotates within 0,03mm. If the run-out is (mm)
large, the drilled hole will also be
large causing an increase in the
horizontal cutting force, which
may result in drill breakage if the
machine or work clamping is not
rigid. Drill: MDS120MK
Work material: C50 (230HB)
Cutting data: vc=50 m/min, f=0,3 mm/rev, doc =38mm
Water soluble
Run-out: within 0,03mm

Peripheral Run-out When use on a lathe, run-out at point A must be within

Chuck
Run-out: within 0,03mm
Accuracy 0,03mm, this value must be similar when taken at
when Workpiece Rotates position B.

Workpiece with slanted or uneven surface (Entrance) (Exit)

Surface
If the surface of the hole entrance or exit is slanted or

these points.

How to Use Long Drill When using a long drill (e.g. XHGS type and
Hole bend

Problem XHT type), DAK type or SMDH-D type drills at

high rotational speeds, the run-out of the drill
tip may cause a position shift at the entry point
making the drill hole bent and resulting in drill Position shift
breakage.

Remedies Method 1.
No rotation
Step Step Step
1 2 3

Pilot hole 3 mm
(1D, Same dia.) Drilling at recommended
Short drill condition

Method 2. Low rotational speed minimizes centrifugal forces and prevents drill bending.
3 mm
Step Step
1 2

Drilling at recommended
(f =0,1 2 mm/rev) condition

N15
 Technical Guidance
Tool FailureandRemedies
Trouble Shooting Guide for Drilling
Failure Basic Remedies Remedies Examples
Excessive Wear on Cutting - Use higher cutting speeds.
Cutting Edge Conditions - Increase feed rates. - Refer to recommended cutting conditions listed in
the general catalogue.
Cutting Fluid - Reduce pressure if useing internal coolant.
- Below 1,5MPa.

Chisel Point Chipping Tool Design - Increase size of chisel width.

- Increase amount of honing on cutting edge.
Cutting - Reduce depth-of cut.
Conditions - Reduce feed rate at entry point.
Others - Improve workpiece clamping rigidity.

Chipping on Tool Design - Increase amount of honing on cutting edge.

Peripheral Cutting
Edge Cutting - Reduce cutting speeds. - Refer to recommended cutting conditions listed in
Conditions - Increase feed rates. the general catalogue.
Cutting Fluid
Others - Improve workpiece clamp rigidity.

Margin Wear Tool Design - Increase amount of back taper.

- Reduce margin width.
Cutting - Reduce cutting speeds. - Refer to recommended cutting conditions listed in
Conditions - Increase feed rates. the general catalogue.

Cutting Fluid
Others - Schedule for earlier regrind.

Drill Breakage Tool Design - Increase amount of back taper.

- Reduce margin width.
Cutting - Reduce cutting speeds. - Refer to recommended cutting conditions listed in
Conditions the general catalogue.
Cutting Fluid
Others - Improve workpiece clamp rigidity.

Oversized Holes Tool Design

- Reduce drill point angle.
Cutting - Reduce feed rate at entry phase.
Conditions - Reduce cutting speeds. - Refer to recommended cutting conditions listed in
the general catalogue.
Cutting Fluid - Improve workpiece clamp rigidity.
Others - Improve drill clamp precision. - Drill run-out below 0,02mm
- Improve drill clamp rigidity.
Poor Surface Finish Tool Design - Increase amount of back taper.

Cutting - Increase cutting speeds. - Refer to recommended cutting conditions listed in

Conditions the general catalogue.
Cutting Fluid

Holes are Not Straight Tool Design - Reduce amount of edge honing.
Cutting
Conditions - Reduce feedrates. - Refer to recommended cutting conditions listed in
the general catalogue.
Others - Improve workpiece clamp rigidity.
- Improve drill clamp precision. - Drill run-out below 0,02mm
- Improve drill clamp ridigity.

Packing of Chips Cutting - Increase cutting speeds. - Refer to recommended cutting conditions listed in
Conditions - Increase feed rates. the general catalogue.
Cutting Fluid - Reduce pressure if using internal coolant. - Below 1,5MPa.

Long Stringy Chips Tool Design - Reduce amount of edge honing.

Cutting - Refer to recommended cutting conditions listed in
Conditions - Increase feed rates. the general catalogue.
Cutting Fluid - Reduce pressure if using internal coolant. - Below 1,5MPa.

N16
SUMIBORON Technical Guidance
HardenedSteel Machining
Application Map of the Various Tool Materials Work Materials and Cutting Speed Recommendations

Heavy

Coated carbide
Cermet SUMIBORON

Light

Ceramic Hardened steel Bearing steel Die steel

Notch wear Wear is quite large. Large wear

Workpiece hardness (HRC) occurs easily

Relation Workpiece Hardness and Cutting Forces

Continuous cutting Interrupted cutting
Dry Work material: X155CrVMo12-1
Cutting data: vc = 100 m/min F1 Principal force
Non water soluble
Water emulsion doc= 0,2 mm F2 Feed force
Water soluble f = 0,1 mm/rev F3 Back force

In continuous cutting of bearing steel, there is

not much difference in dry or wet cut. Work material: C105W1
Dry Wet Cutting data: vc = 120 m/min
doc= 0,2 mm
Cutting time (min) f = 0,1 mm/rev

Workpiece hardness (HRC)

Insert: TPGN160304 coolant on tool life is minimal. However for
Cutting data: vc = 100 m/min interrupted cutting, coolant will shorten the
doc = 0,15 mm tool life because of thermal cracking. Back force increases substantially for harder work materials.
f = 0,1 mm/rev

Relation between Flank Wear and Cutting Force Workpiece Hardness on Cutting Force and Accuracy
Back force (N)
Cutting data: vc = 120 m/min
Hard Soft Hard doc = 0,5 mm
34CrMo4 Cutting data: vc = 80 m/min
HRC65 doc = 0,15 mm zone zone zone f = 0,3 mm/rev
f = 0,1 mm/rev dry
C55 Shore hardness (HS)
HRC24

Principal force (N)

Back force (N)
For hardened steel machining, External dimension at the soft
back force increases substantially zone is smaller due to lower
Feed force (N) cutting forces.
Dimension (mm)

Flank wear width VB (mm)

Relation Cutting Speed and Surface Roughness Improvement of Surface Roughness by Altering the Feedrate
Work material: Constant Feedrate Variable Feedrate
25CrMo4 Previous edge position

Holder: MTXNR2525
Insert: TNMA160408NU

Cutting data:
vc= 120, 150,
180 m/min Stationary notch location Shifting notch location
doc = 0,15 mm
f = 0,045 mm/rev
Wet
Machining output (pcs.)
At high cutting speeds, surface roughness is more stable.

and notch wear decreases.

N17
 Technical Guidance SUMIBORON
Cast Iron Machining
Advantages of Using SUMIBORON for Cast Iron Machining
Higher accuracy Longer tool life at higher cutting speeds
GG: Grey cast iron GGG: Ductile cast iron

Ceramic
Coated carbide
Cermet BNS800 BNX10
BNS800 BN7000
BN7000 BNC500
BNC500 Ceramic
Coated carbide BNC500
Cermet

Ceramic BN7000
Coated carbide
Cermet

Good Surface roughness Ra ( m) Tool life ratio Tool life ratio

Turning
Cast iron structure and wear shape examples
GG GGG Work material: GG25
DRY
Insert: SNGN120408(BN500)
Cutting data: vc = 450 m/min
Structure doc = 0,25 mm
f = 0,15 mm/rev
Continuous cutting
WET

Matrix Pearlite Pearlite + Ferrite cutting speed Vc (m/min)

Cutting length (km)

WET DRY Machine: N/C lathe

Wet
(Water Work material: GG25 (HB200)
soluble) Holder: MTJNP2525
Insert: TNMA160408(BN500)
Cutting data: vc
Dry doc = 0,1 mm
f = 0,1 mm/rev
Crater wear For machining cast iron with SUMIBORON, cutting speeds (Vc)
WET
should be 200m/min and above. WET cutting is recommended.
(v c 200 m/min)

Milling
SUMIBORON BN Finish Mill EASY
- High speed machining Vc = 2000m/min
- Surface Roughness Rz=3,2 (Ra=1,0)
- Running cost is reduced because of economical insert
- Easy insert setting with the aid of a setting gauge
- Safe, anti-centrifugal force construction for high speed
conditions

Ceramic Cutting data:

Vc=400m/min doc = 0,5 mm, ft = 0,15 mm/tooth
Vc=600m/min
Dry

Vc=600m/min Vc=1000m/min

Typical thermal crack

Vc=1500m/min

Wet

Number of pass Cutting speed (m/min)

Dry cutting is recommended for high speed milling of cast iron

Work material: GG25
Tool material: BN700
with SUMIBORON.
Cutting data: doc = 0,5 mm, f t = 0,1 mm/tooth, DRY

N18
 SUMIBORON Technical Guidance
MachiningHard-to-cutMaterials
Powder Metal
1. Flank wear 2. Surface roughness 3. Height of burr

BN700
H1 (Carbide) BN700
T110A(Cermet) H1 (Carbide) BN700
T110A(Cermet) H1 (Carbide)
T110A(Cermet)

Cutting length (km) Cutting speed (m/min) Cutting speed (m/min)

Work material: SMF4040 equivalent For general power metal components, carbide and cermet grades can perform up to Vc=100m/min. However, around
Vc=120m/min, wear becomes rapid and surface roughness deteriorates with increased burrs.
holes. (after 40 passes) SUMIBORON on the other hand, exhibits stability and superior wear resistance, burr prevention and surface roughness
Insert: TNGA160404 Cutting data: f=0.1mm/rev, d=0.1mm, Wet especially at high speeds.

Heat Resistive Alloy

Ni based alloy
Typical tool damage of CBN tool when cutting Inconel 718
Cutting data: f = 0,06mm/rev, doc = 0,3mm, WET Cutting data: f = 0,12mm/rev, doc = 0,3mm, WET

Vc = 300m/min Vc = 500m/min
Notch wear
BN700
BNX20
Flank wear Flank wear Whisker reinforced
ceramic

f = 0,12mm/rev f = 0,06mm/rev BN700

BNX20
Whisker reinforced Coated carbide (K series)
ceramic
Notch wear Flank wear

Cutting length (m) Cutting length (m)

BNX20 BN700

Tool life criteria Tool life criteria

Notch wear = 0,25mm Notch wear = 0,25mm

0,5mm BNX20 is recommended for high speed and low feedrate condition. BN700 is recommended for cutting at high feedrates.
Cutting data: doc = 0,3mm, WET BN700 is recommended for cutting speeds below 240m/min (Over f=0,1mm/rev)

Ti based alloy

BN700 K10 BN700 K10 DA150

Breakage Breakage Breakage
BN700

DA150 DA150

Cutting time (min) Cutting time (min) Cutting time (min)

Work Material: Ti-6Al-4V Work Material: Ti-6Al-4V Work Material: Ti-6Al-4V

Insert: DNM120404NF Insert: DNM120404NF Insert: DNMA150412
Cuttingdata: vc =100m/min, doc=0,1mm, f =0,05mm/rev, WET Cutting data: vc=100m/min, doc=0,1mm, f =0,05mm/rev, WET Cutting data: Vc = 120m/min, doc = 0,3mm, f =0,25mm/rev, WET
SUMIDIA positive type inserts are extremely good for Ti alloy, SUMIDIA positive type inserts are extremely good for Ti alloy,
due to high cutting edge strength and high wear resistance. due to high cutting edge strength and high wear resistance. (For large depth of cut and high feedrates)

Hard facing alloys

Work material: Colmonoy No.6
BNS800 (Vc=300m/min)
Work material: Stellite SF-20 BNS800 (Vc=300m/min)
Whisker reinforced ceramic (Vc=50m/min) Competitor’s solid CBN

Insert: SNGN090308 large wear at Vc=50m/min Insert: SNGN090308

Cutting data: Cutting data: Chipping
vc = 50, 300 m/min vc = 50 m/min
f = 0,1 mm/rev
f = 0,1 mm/rev doc= 0,2 mm
doc = 0,2 mm Small wear at V=300m/min Dry
Wet
No chipping
Cutting length (km)

Cutting length (km)

Chipping
BNS800 Whisker reinforced ceramic BNS800 Competitor‘s solid CBN
(Vc=300m/min, After 2km Cutting) (Vc=50m/min, After 10m Cutting) (After 2km of cutting) (After 2km of cutting)

N19
 Technical Guidance SUMIBORON
Tool FailureandRemedies
Damage Remedies

Tool material Select a more wear resistant grade.

Tool design Reduce the cutting force.
Reduce the NL width and angle.
Positive inserts preferred
Cutting condition Check the cutting speed.
Reduce the cutting speed to less than 200m/min.
Higher feed rate reduces the overall tool-to-work contact time.

Large crater wear

Tool material Crater wear resistant grades are recommended.

Tool design Determine the cutting edge geometry after inspecting the used inserts
closely.
Breakage at bottom of crater Sharpen the cutting edge to prevent crater wear.
Strengthen the cutting edge to prevent crater breakage.

Cutting condition Check the cutting speed.

Reduce the cutting speed to less than 200m/min.
Higher feed rates are recommended.

Flaking Tool material

wear.
Select a more wear resistant grade.
Cutting Edge Failure

Tool design
Reduce the NL angle and width
Positive inserts preferred
Cutting condition

Chipping at notch position

Cutting condition

For other cases, use remedies similar to that for normal wear.

Chipping at notch position

Tool material Caused by impact shocks to the cutting edge.
Chattering may also be a contributing factor.
Select a tougher grade.
Tool design Strengthen the cutting edge.
Large NL angle, Honing.
Cutting condition Higher feed rates are recommended to lessen the number of impacts.

Chipping at nose position

Tool material Caused by impact shocks to the cutting edge.
Chattering may also be a contributing factor.
Select a tougher grade.
Tool design Strengthen the cutting edge.
Large NL angle, Honing.
Cutting condition Higher feedrates are recommended to lessen the number of impacts.

Thermal crack Cutting condition Thermal shocks generate vertical crack lines across the cutting edge.
Completely dry condition is recommended.
If dry condition machining is already observed, then reduction of cutting
temperatures and cutting force is necessary.
Decrease cutting speed, feedrate, depth of cut.
Tool design Sharpen cutting edge.
Tool material Select more thermal conductivity grade.

N20
 References
Steel and Non-Ferrous Metal Symbols Chart
Carbon Steels High Speed Steels Austenitic Stainless Steels
JIS AISI DIN JIS AISI DIN JIS AISI DIN
S10C 1010 C10 SKH2 T1 — SUS201 201 —
S15C 1015 C15 SKH3 T4 S18-1-2-5 SUS202 202 —
S20C 1020 C22 SKH10 T15 S12-1-4-5 SUS301 301 X12CrNi17 7
S25C 1025 C25 SKH51 M2 S6-5-2 SUS302 302 —
S30C 1030 C30 SKH52 M3–1 — SUS302B 302B —
S35C 1035 C35 SKH53 M3–2 S6-5-3 SUS303 303 X10CrNiS18 9
S40C 1040 C40 SKH54 M4 — SUS303Se 303Se —
S45C 1045 C45 SKH56 M36 — SUS304 304 X5CrNiS18 10
S50C 1049 C50 SUS304L 304L X2CrNi19 11
Alloy Tool Steels
S55C 1055 C55 SUS304NI 304N —
SKS11 F2 —
SUS305 305 X5CrNi18 12
Ni-Cr-Mo Steels SKS51 L6 —
SUS308 308 —
SNCM220 8620 21NiCrMo2 SKS43 W2-9 1/2 —
SUS309S 309S —
SNCM240 8640 — SKD1 D3 X210Cr12
SUS310S 310S —
SNCM415 — — SKD11 D2 X155CrVMo12-1
SUS316 316 X5CrMo17 12 2
SNCM420 4320 — SKD61 — X40CrVMo5-1
SUS316L 316L X2CrNiMo17 13 2
SNCM439 4340 40NiCrMo6
Grey Cast Iron SUS316N 316N —
SNCM447 — 34NiCrMo6
FC100 No 20B GG-10 SUS317 317 —
Cr Steels FC150 No 25B GG-15 SUS317L 317L X2CrNiMo18 16 4
SCr415 — 15CrMo5 FC200 No 30B GG-20 SUS321 321 X6CrNiTi18 10
SCr420 5120 20Cr4 FC250 No 35B GG-25 SUS347 347 X6CrNiNb18 10
SCr430 5130 34Cr4 FC300 No 45B GG-30 SUS384 384 —
SCr435 5132 37Cr4 FC350 No 50B GG-35
Heat Resisting Steels
SCr440 5140 41Cr4
Nodular Cast Iron SUH31 — —
SCr445 5147 —
FCD400 60-40-18 GGG-40 SUH35 — —
Cr-Mo Steels FCD450 — GGG-40.3 SUH36 — X53CrMnNi21 9
SCM415 — FCD500 80-55-06 GGG-50 SUH37 — —
15CrMo5
SCM420 — FCD600 — GGG-60 SUH38 — —
20CrMo5
SCM430 4131 FCD700 100-70-03 GGG-70 SUH309 309 —
25CrMo4
SCM435 4137 34CrMo4 SUH310 310 CrNi2520
SCM440 4140 42CrMo4 SUH330 N08330 —
SCM445 4145 —
Ferritic Heat Resisting Steels
Mn Steels and Mn-Cr Steels for Ferritic Stainless Steels SUH21 — CrAl1205
Structural Use SUS405 405 X10CrAl13 SUH409 409 X6CrTi12
SMn420 1522 — SUS429 429 — SUH446 446 —
SMn433 1534 — SUS430 430 X6Cr17
SMn438 1541 — Martensitic Heat Resisting Steels
SUS430F 430F X7CrMo18
SUH1 — X45CrSi9 3
SMn443 1541 — SUS434 434 X6CrMo17 1
SUH3 — —
SMnC420 — —
SMnC443 — — Martensitic Stainless Steels SUH4 — —
SUS403 403 — SUH11 — —
Cr-Mo Steels SUS410 410 X10Cr13 SUH600 — —
SK1 — — SUS416 416 —
SK2 W1-11 1/2 — SUS420JI 420 X20Cr13
SK3 W1-10 C105W1 SUS420F 420F —
SK4 W1-9 — SUS431 431 X20CrNi17 2
SK5 W1-8 C80W1 SUS440A 440A —
SK6 — C80W1 SUS440B 440B —
SK7 — C70W2 SUS440C 440C —

N21
 References
Hardness Scale Comparision Chart
Approx. metric value and Brinell hardness of steel

Brinell Rockwell Hardness Vickers Shore Brinell Rockwell Hardness Vickers Shore
Traverse Traverse
Hardness Hardness Hardness Hardness Hardness Hardness
Rupture Rupture
10mm Ball Diamond, 100kgf Diamond, Diamond, 50kgf 10mm Ball Diamond, 100kgf Diamond, Diamond, 50kgf
3.000kgf brale 60kgf 1/10 Strength Strength
brale 150kgf brale 100kgf 3.000kgf brale 60kgf 1/10 brale 150kgf brale 100kgf
(HB) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
(HRA) (HRB) (HRC) (HRD) (HV) (HS) (HB) (HRA) (HRB) (HRC) (HRD) (HV) (HS)
— 85,6 — 68,0 76,9 940 97 — 321 67,5 (108,0) 34,3 50,1 339 47 1060

— 85,3 — 67,5 76,5 920 96 — 311 66,9 (107,5) 33,1 50,0 328 46 1025

— 85,0 — 67,0 76,1 900 95 — 302 66,3 (107,0) 32,1 49,3 319 45 1005

767 84,7 — 66,4 75,7 880 93 — 293 65,7 (106,0) 30,9 48,3 309 43 970

757 84,4 — 65,9 75,3 860 92 — 285 65,3 (105,5) 29,9 47,6 301 — 950

745 84,1 — 65,3 74,8 840 91 — 277 64,6 (104,5) 28,8 46,7 292 41 925

733 83,8 — 64,7 74,3 820 90 — 269 64,1 (104,0) 27,6 45,9 284 40 895

722 83,4 — 64,0 73,8 800 88 — 262 63,6 (103,0) 26,6 45,0 276 39 875

712 — — — — — — — 255 63,0 (102,0) 25,4 44,2 269 38 850

710 83,0 — 63,3 73,3 780 87 — 248 62,6 (101,0) 24,2 43,2 261 37 825

698 82,6 — 62,5 72,6 760 86 — 241 61,8 100,0 22,8 42,0 253 36 800

684 82,2 — 61,8 72,1 740 — — 235 61,4 99,0 21,7 41,4 247 35 785

682 82,2 — 61,7 72,0 737 84 — 229 60,8 98,2 20,5 40,5 241 34 765

670 81,8 — 61,0 71,5 720 83 — 223 — 97,3 (18,8) — 234 — —

656 81,3 — 60,1 70,8 700 — — 217 — 96,4 (17,5) — 228 33 725

653 81,2 — 60,0 70,7 697 81 — 212 — 95,5 (16,0) — 222 — 705

647 81,1 — 59,7 70,5 690 — — 207 — 94,6 (15,2) — 218 32 690

638 80,8 — 59,2 70,1 680 80 — 201 — 93,8 (13,8) — 212 31 675

630 80,6 — 58,8 69,8 670 — — 197 — 92,8 (12,7) — 207 30 655

627 80,5 — 58,7 69,8 667 79 — 192 — 91,9 (11,5) — 202 29 640

601 79,8 — 57,3 68,7 640 77 — 187 — 90,7 (10,0) — 196 — 620

578 79,1 — 56,0 67,7 615 75 — 183 — 90,0 (9,0) — 192 28 615

555 78,4 — 54,7 66,7 591 73 2055 179 — 89,0 (8,0) — 188 27 600

534 77,8 — 53,5 65,8 569 71 1985 174 — 87,8 (6,4) — 182 — 585

514 76,9 — 52,1 64,7 547 70 1890 170 — 86,8 (5,4) — 178 26 570

495 76,3 — 51,0 63,8 528 68 1820 167 — 86,0 (4,4) — 175 — 560

477 75,6 — 49,6 62,7 508 66 1730 163 — 85,0 (3,3) — 171 25 545

461 74,9 — 48,5 61,7 491 65 1670 156 — 82,9 (0,9) — 163 — 525

444 74,2 — 47,1 60,8 472 63 1585 149 — 80,8 — — 156 23 505

429 73,4 — 45,7 59,7 455 61 1510 143 — 78,7 — — 150 22 490

415 72,8 — 44,5 58,8 440 59 1460 137 — 76,4 — — 143 21 460

401 72,0 — 43,1 57,8 425 58 1390 131 — 74,0 — — 137 — 450

388 71,4 — 41,8 56,8 410 56 1330 126 — 72,0 — — 132 20 435

375 70,6 — 40,4 55,7 396 54 1270 121 — 69,8 — — 127 19 415

363 70,0 — 39,1 54,6 383 52 1220 116 — 67,6 — — 122 18 400

352 69,3 (110,0) 37,9 53,8 372 51 1180 111 — 65,7 — — 117 15 385

341 68,7 (109,0) 36,6 52,8 360 50 1130 1) Figures within the ( ) are not commonly used
2) Rockwell A, C and D scales utilises a diamond brale
331 68,1 (108,5) 35,5 51,9 350 48 1095
3) 1 N/mm2 = 1 MPa

N22