I

Charles H. Paraquin
 Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2010

http://www.archive.org/details/worldsbestopticaOOpara
 The
WORLD'S^
OBEST ^
PTICAU
iLLUSIOrVS
 The
WORLD'S
BEST
PTICAL
LLUSIOIVS

Charles H. Paraquin

j H Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. New York

Translated by Paul Kuttner

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Paraquin, Karl Heinz.

World's best optical illusions.

Translation of: Schummelbilder

First paperback ed. published under title: Optical
illusion puzzles.
Includes index.
Summary: A collection of over 100 optical illusion
puzzles, with explanations of the reasons for their
effects.
1. Optical illusions — Juvenile literature.
2. Puzzles — Juvenile literature. [1. Optical illusions.
2. Puzzles] I. Title.
QP495.P3713 1987 152.1'48 87-13885

ISBN 0-8069-6644-0 (pbk.)

Published in 1987 by Sterling Publishing Co., Inc.

387 Park Avenue South, New York, N.Y. 10016
First paperback edition published in 1984 by
Sterling Publishing Co., Inc., under the title

"Optical Illusion Puzzles"

First published in hardcover under the title

"Eye Teasers" copyright © 1977 by

Sterling Publishing Co., Inc.
Original edition published in West Germany
under the title, "Schummelbilder,"
© 1975 by Otto Maier Verlag Ravensburg
Distributed in Canada by Oak Tree Press Ltd.
% Canadian Manda Group, PO. Box 920, Station U
Toronto, Ontario, Canada M8Z 5P9
Distributed in Great Britain and Europe by Cassell PLC
VilliersHouse, 41/47 Strand, London WC2N 5JE, England
Distributed in Australia by Capricorn Ltd.
PO. Box 665, Lane Cove, NSW 2066
Manufactured in the United States of America
All rights reserved
 Optical illusions are pictures that play tricks on
your eyes and baffle your perception. They are not the
result of faulty vision or psychic suggestion. Depending
on light, viewing angle, or the way the picture is drawn,
we may see things that aren't there — and often don't
see what's right under our nose. Why does it happen ?

Sometimes the answer lies in the way our eyes work.

When we use both eyes, we see an object from two
slightly set-apart angles. Each one registers a different
view. If we use only one eye, look what happens:

Close your Keep your right eye focussed on

left eye.
the dog and move the book back and forth in front of you.
At one point, the cat disappears completely. You have
just found your blind spot. Everyone has one. It is the
spot where the optic nerve cord leaves your eye, and
there are no nerve cells to register an image. If you use
both eyes as you look at the dog, you won't have a blind
spot. The image from your left eye will make up for the
blank in your right.

5
 The shortcomings of our vision explain some types
of optical Illusions, but not all of them. Our eyes gather
impressions, but It is the brain that interprets them. And
the brain is always trying to make sense out of what it

sees. So in spite of the fact that we know how per-

spective works, we go movies and
to the theatre or the
imagine that we're in a different world, tricked by a
stage set and special effects. We watch magic acts and
believe what reflecting mirrors show us. Illusion is

everywhere — in art and architecture, in fashion and

and on television, even in the
advertising, in the street
supermarket. If our eyes see something that the brain
can't figure out, our minds "correct" the picture auto-
matically.

Here is another illusion:

The box in the first picture contains an ordinary circle.

The second box contains a field of slanted lines. Put them
together and look what happens. The circle appears to
become an oval and the box seems to be completely
lop-sided. Test them with a ruler and compass. You'll see
that they are exactly the same as they were before.
The human eye isn't as perfect as a camera lens, but
that doesn't mean it is defective — just the opposite. Its

adaptability is its strongpoint. In the semi-dark, for

instance, our eyes function amazingly well. After about
half an hour, our vision completely adjusts to the dark
and its 50,000 times! In the dark,
sensitivity increases
we can see a burning candle from nearly 20 miles (32
kilometers) away!
Birds of prey (eaglesand hawks) have much better
vision than humans do in daylight. They see farther, but
they suffer from night-blindness. Some other animals
(owls, hedgehogs, cats) see well at night, but do not
have very keen eyesight. So as human beings, we are
lucky. We can see reasonably well during both day and
night.

Humans are not the only ones who are trickedby

optical illusions, either. Laboratory tests performed on
fish and birds lead to the startling conclusion that these
animals are fooled just about as often as we are, and
sometimes in the same way!

5 Deception ? Illusion ? Or just a careless artist ?

 Scientists have studied optical illusions for centuries,
but they still don't agree about how or why all of them
work. You'll see many different types of illusions in this
book —geometric tricks, physiological tricks and psycho-
logical —and
illusions you'll learn how many of them
operate. But by no means are these all the optical
illusions that are possible. The number of tricks you can
play on your eyes is almost inexhaustible. These illusions
are simply meant amuse you, inspire you to explore
to
this delightful scientific hobby yourself and perhaps even
invent some new illusions of your own.
One suggestion: as you turn to each picture, look at it

first with your naked eye. Don't check it out with a ruler
or tracing paper until afterwards —when you can't
believe your eyes!

8
6 A practical-looking construction. Can you build it?
 7 Twin brothers: one of them has a bigger
appetite. Which one?
10
 9 Is this letter "E" toppling forward or sinking
down ? Look at it steadily for half a minute.

10 Is the outside circle of "a" smaller than the

inside circle of "b"?
12
11 Which of these movie-goers is the tallest?
13
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1 2 In this crowd of dots, there are five
in the shape of a cross. Can you
pick them out?

14
 1 3 How much longer is line "a" than line "b" ?

B B

1 4 Are the two sides labeled "AA" each the same

size as "BB" ?

15
The ancient Greeks cheated.

That beautiful temple architecture, which seems so flaw-

less and symmetrical looks that way only with the help of
some shrewd tricks.

The Greeks made the and the base (the horizontal

roof
lines) look straight by curving them upwards in the middle
with edges turned towards the ground. If they had
actually left the horizontal lines straight, the line would
seem to sag in the middle.

The tampered with the columns (the vertical

architects
lines), too. Because vertical lines seem thinner in the

middle than at the ends, they built the columns with a

little bulge in the center.
That's not all. The columns also lean together at the
top — few degrees; otherwise they would seem
just a to
spread out as they went up.
you take the trouble to measure the temples'
If

colonnades and arcades, you'll see that the distance

between the columns varies. This was no accident. Bright
colors, placed in front of darker ones, seem wider than
they do against a light background. Therefore, the
columns in front of the shadowy areas would seem much
wider. The architects took this into account. The ancient
Greeks knew all about optical illusions and used them
to give the illusion of symmetry and perfection.

16
1 5 What is the matter with these columns ?

17
 16 Are the thin lines parallel to each other? Or
crooked ?

18
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17 Are the vertical lines straight?

19
 It depends on how you look at It.

These drawings seem to change, depending on where

you place your attention. Because of the way the artist
drew them, or the way the light seems to hit them, you
can see them in two different ways. But you can only see
one picture at a time! Which way is right? Both ways
are. When people look at them, they see what they
expect to see, what their experience tells them is most
likely. Different people could see them either way, to
start with. Take a look . . . take two looks.

18 A normal staircase? Try walking on it upside

down
20
19 Which side of this cube is in front and which
is in back? Look at it steadily.

20 Are these 5 rooftops of connected houses?

Or is this a 10-part folding screen ?

21
21 Is the left side of this picture high or the right side ?

22
22 Are there 7 cubes here? Or 8 ?

23
 23 Are you looking inside a tube? Or at the top
of a beach ball ?

24
 24 Faces — or vases ?

25 Light — or fight?

25
 26 A strange room: are we inside it — or outside ?

26
27 Which detective has the largest mouth ?

27
Sometimes you can't see what's
there . - .

Look at the shapes at the bottom of this page. If anyone

told you that you wouldn't be able to find them even —
though you were looking right at them would you be- —
lieve it ?

The drawings show how difficult it can be

that follow
to see familiar shapes and figures when they are in
unfamiliar surroundings. Each shape is hidden once
(same size) in its corresponding diagram. For example,
shape number 28 is hidden in drawing 28. Can you find
it with your naked eye? Try this without using tracing

paper and pencil at first! —

28
28

29
29
30
 32

shape shape

32 33

/
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33 B
31
 34

shape shape

34 35

35
32
 36

shape shape

A
37

37
33
 39
34
35
 41 One window has vertical slats. The other has
Venetian blinds. Which window is higher

36
and which is wider?

37
 42 Is the rectangle an exact square — or are its
sides collapsing ?

43 Are the horizontal lines parallel to each other?

38
44 What is happening to the diamond shape?

45 What is the matter with this circle?

39
 46 Is this a perfect square ?

47 Isn't this circle flat at the top ?

40
48 & 49 How many squares are there in these
drawings ?

41
 50 Are the sides of this square bulging out?

51 Are the sides of this one caving in ?

42
52 Holding the page flat in front of you, move
the book in a circle clockwise. What happens
to the outside circles? What happens to the
cogwheel in the middle?

43
Sometimes you see what isn 't there
at all . . .

Seeing isn't everything. After the light impressions are

gathered and sent to the brain, our minds try to put them
together into something understandable. We want it to
make sense, to be familiar, to be safe, so we can go on
about our business. We do this automatically — even if

parts of a picture are notconnected even if parts of it —

are missing! —
until we perceive a harmonious, satisfying

"whole" that makes sense to us.

Once we find a familiar pattern, it's difficult to break
up the idea, to separate its parts. The new form can
become an optical illusion. We can't concentrate on
just part of it, because our imaginations keep putting
back what we try to block out of our minds!

53 Do these circles sit on level ground, or do they

arch upwards?

44
54 If parts of this picture are missing, our
imaginations draw them in.

45
 55 Moon tricks: which moon seems larger, the
46
one at the horizon or the one high in the sky ?

47
 E 1

56 What white shape seems to be placed in front

of the square ?

48
 57 Which circle is the largest

o e e

6 58 Which lines are the same length

49
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59 Which Easter egg fits into which egg cup?

50
60 Which of the circles are the same size?
Those in row "a" or those in row "b" ?

51
 61 Which inner circle is larger —the one on the
left?

52
Or the one on the right?

53
 62 Can you find the exact center of this circle ?

63 Is the dot midway between the point and the

base of this triangle? Or is it too high up?

54
64 Are the cross-bars exactly inthe middle of
the center line of these triangles?

65 Is "a" larger than "b"?

55
 66 Which circle has the greater diameter ?

56
67 Which is the longest object in this picture?

57
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68 Which grey area is brighter?

58
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59
Back and forth — up and down

Some scientists say it is "easier" to figure the distance

between two points which lie on a horizontal level than
those on vertical lines. We can guess the distance from
house to house, for example, or tree to tree far more —
accurately than the distance between a house and a
plane which just appeared on the horizon. Others say
we've had more experience with horizontal distances,
and there is less we have to take into account. Usually
we overestimate vertical distances, even if they are just
down on the paper in front of us. Try your eye on some
ups and downs.

69 How does height ("h") correspond in size with

width ("w") ?

60
70 Which islonger—the vertical or the horizontal
part of the "T" ?

61
 71 How does the height of this top hat ("A-B")
compare with the width of its brim ("C-D") ?

62
 72 Is this top hat taller than its brim?

73 Is the church tower longer than the base of

the church?

63
After-images

After you concentrate on a picture for a while, your eyes

get tired. The most tired parts are certain spots on the
"retina," the part of the eye which contains light-

sensitive cells. The brightest tones cause the greatest

stress to these which gradually become less
cells,

sensitive to light. When you look away from the picture

and focus on a sheet of blank, white paper, the nerve-ends
which are less tired will lightly reproduce the darker sec-
tions of the picture. Your eye transforms a negative into a
positive

74 What shows up on the intersecting white

lines, even though they are all white?

64
75 Concentrate for a while on the slanting lines.
Then shift to the vertical lines. What do you
see?

76 What do you see when you focus on the

black lines where they cross each other?

65
 77 Focus hard on this negative for 30 seconds.
Then quickly switch your eyes to the blank

space at the bottom. What do you see ?

66
78 Concentrate very hard on a point in the white
field of intersecting lines for about 30 sec-
onds. Then shift your attention quickly to
one of the black squares. What do you see
inside the black squares?

67
 79 Are "A" and "B" the same size?

80 Which figure has the longest sides?

68
81 The spoke-wheel phenomenon: If you rotate
this, or look steadily at it, what do you see ?

69
 82 & 83 What is the matter with these triangles ?

70
84 Will the single square at the top left fit into the
black space between the two squares at the
—
bottom and between the two on the right?

85 Here are three incomplete squares. You can

see three sides of the ones at the left and the
right, but only two sides of the one in the
middle. Which square is the smallest ?

71
 86 Are the white bars straight or do they bulge
and bend ?
72
87 Is "a-a" the same length as "b-b"?

88 Which glass has a wider base?

73
 89 Which line is longer— "AB" or "BC"?

B C

90 Is the diagonalline straight?

91 Which line is the continuation of "A"

— "B'
or C ?

74
92 Are these pointed arches continuous or
broken ?

93 Are the vertical lines straight? Do the cross-

bars go straight through them or is their
pattern uneven ?

75
 94 Turn this book in a clockwise. Then
circle
turn it in a circle counter-clockwise. Is there
a difference, besides just their direction ?

76
95 A is hidden among all these designs. It is
star
a 4-pointed star, about 1i inches (4 cm.)
long from tip to tip. Can you find it?

77
 a

96 Are the lined-in sections ("b") of the circle

larger than the open sections ("a") ?

97 Is the center line ("a") shorter than

78
I

eee
98 Which is longer, line "a" or line "b"?

the others ("b" to "f") ?

79
Little things mean a lot

The first thing we see in any picture is usually the most

obvious, most striking part. We often overlook smaller
things, even though they may hold the key to a more
important pattern.
If you concentrate on a design in some fabric or wall-
paper, you see the simple pattern in the foreground first.

You may think that because you've noticed the pattern,

you have seen and understood the design. Usually you
haven't.

Test yourself on this. from memory

Try to make a sketch
of what you remember of the design. Suddenly something
is wrong. You can't complete the drawing because your

mind simplified the design. It blocked out important

parts of the picture.

The designs in the next diagrams have been put

together from geometric forms. Can you tell which
simple shape forms the basis for each pattern ?
100
81
 101

82
102

83
 I

103

84
 ^^-—^-^^^^ [ II I

104

85
Find the hidden object . . .

You're looking at a drawing of a street scene. There are

shops, people walking, children playing. But is there
something else ? You look a little closer and sure enough,
certain parts of the drawing turn into birds —or foxes
or monsters!

These are "hidden object" pictures. You've probably

seen them many times. The objects aren't really hidden;
they're just camouflaged within other shapes. Once you
discover them, they're as hard to ignore as they were to
find.

These hidden object puzzles are optical illusions, too.

They depend on a trick. The artist blended the outlines
of the hidden objects with the outlines of other, more
conspicuous shapes. Of course, we focus on the more
obvious patterns in the foreground. In order to find the
hidden objects, you may have to turn the picture left,
right, upside down, or maybe you need to squint!

105 Where are the hidden fish in this meadow?

86
1 06 Can you find the owners of this house ?

87
 107 What happened to the three boys who were
gathering mushrooms?
88
Answers 1-14

1 See page 5.
2, 3 & 4 See page 6.
5 Illusion. This is an impossible creation.
6 Never. This is a trick drawing.
7 There's no way to tell. The twin with the horizontal
stripes seems to be fatter, but he really isn't. Our
eyes follow the lines in his suit, so the twin on the
right seems broader and shorter than his brother.
8 No, but it seems higher and wider in the back
because of the way it has been drawn. We expect
the back of it to be further away and to look smaller.
Since it is the same size, we automatically assume
it is bigger in the back.

9 Both are possible. It depends on how you look at it.

10 No, but it seems to be, because "b" is in a larger
area.
11 They are all the The man at the right
same height.
looks We expect
tallest. things to look smaller when
they are farther away. The man at the right is farthest
away and we would expect him to look the smallest.
Since he doesn't, we assume he's really larger than
the others.
1 2 The dot-shaped cross is just to the right of the center
of the diagram. It spells out "R-l-G-H-T." It may
take you a while to find it, because the other dots
distract your attention.
13 They are the same length. Our eyes follow the lines.
The "a" line seems to expand because of the
"wings" on the ends. Line "b" is cut off by its
arrowheads, so itlooks shorter.
14 Exactly. They seem longer in relation to their
surroundings.

89
Answers 15-31

15 Nothing, except that the stripes make them look as

if they are rocking back and forth. They are exactly

parallel to each other.

16 Exactly parallel. The thicker cross-hatch lines just
give the illusion that bending. Some
they are
scientists say this is because we cannot judge the
size of angles well. Others say the cross-lines
distract us.
17 Yes, they run parallel to each other.
18 Depending on how you focus on the letters, the
staircase can run up from A to B or you could be
standing beneath the upside-down version. To see
it upside down, focus on the A.

19 Either one, depending on where you place your

attention. When you look at the "A," the dotted
wall seems to be in front. When you look at the
"B," it seems to be in back.
20 It could be either one.
21 Depending on the way you look at it, either side.
22 Both. There are 8 cubes with black tops or 7
cubes with white bottoms.
23 Either.
24 It depends whether you place your attention on the
dark or light color. Either one can be the background.
25 Same.
26 Either one.
27 The four detectives have equally large mouths.

90
Answers 32-50
34

36
^ o
41 They are both the same height and width. The one
with the horizontal stripes looks wider because
your eyes follow the horizontal lines.
42 It is an exact square, but when it is broken by other
lines, our eyes are distracted and follow the new
lines instead of the original square.
43 Yes. The other lines distract from them and make
them seem to bend a little, but they are parallel.
44 Nothing; it is a perfect square, but the distracting
shape makes it seem warped.
45 Nothing. It is an exact circle.
46 Yes.
47 No, it is a perfect circle.
48 There is one exact square.
49 Same.
50 No. Our eyes cannot separate the figure from the
intercepting arcs. Nevertheless, it is a perfect square.

91
Answers 51-62
51 No, but the circle makes it look that way.
52 The circles spin to the right. Many people say the
cogwheel turns to the left; others say it stands still.
53 They all sit on level ground.
54 See page 45.
55 They are the same size. Scientists tell us even —
—
though we know better that we still see the sky
as a kind of flattened dome, and nearer to us than
the horizon When any object is close to the
I

horizon then, we assume it is farther away than

when it overhead. Therefore, while the moon is
is

always the same size, we trick ourselves into

thinking that it is larger when it is near the horizon.
56 A triangle with equal sides.
57 They are all the same size.
58 Line "a" equals "b" and "c" equals "d." Line "a"
seems longer than "b" because we unconsciously
add the circles on the end of line to its length. The
same is true of line "c" with its open square.
59 Each egg fits into all the egg cups.
60 In "a" —both are the same size, but the white one
seems larger. When bright light falls on the retina
of our eyes (where the nerve cells are), more nerve
fibres react than actually had the light hit them.
This causes a "spreading effect," and the light
object seems larger than it actually is. In "b," the
black circle is actually larger, although both seem to
be the same size.
61 The inner circles are the same size. The one on the
right looks smaller because we usually judge the
size of an object by contrasting it with the objects
around it.
62 Measure it. The curved lines force our eyes to move
to the left of the true center.

92
Answers 63-78
63 It is exactly in the center.
64 The cross-bars are exactly in the center of the
triangles.
65 No, they are both the same size. This is another
example of the difficulty of judging size when angles
are involved.
66 Both circles are the same size. The arrows pull our
eyes inwards in the top circle, and our eyes follow
the arrows outwards in the lower one.
67 All the objects are the same length.
68 Both grey areas have the same intensity. The white
lines, though, make the area on the left seem
brighter.
69 Height and width are the same.
70 The lines are the same length, but the vertical one
seems longer. Some scientists say that the hori-
zontal line looks shorter simply because it has been
broken into two parts.
71 They are the same.
72 Tricked you ? It's J inch (6.25 mm.) longer!
73 Height is the same as the width (with tower).
74 You see grey dots at the point where white meets
white. The white lines look brightest when they
contrast with the black areas. When white meets
white, therefore, they are less bright —
and the grey
dots appear.
75 Tfie vertical lines seem to lean to the right.
76 Same.
77 You see an outline in positive form of the negative
that is on the top.
78 Inside the black squares you see an even blacker
lattice design! This is the result of your eyes being
tired of seeing the white lines. They record the black
instead, when you look away.

93
Answers 79-92

79 "A" seems larger, but they are both the same size. Our
tendency is to compare the base of "B" with the
top arch of "A."
80 All the sides are the same length. The sides of "C"
look longer because of the area they enclose.
81 As you turn or as your eyes tire, the overlapping
images cause you to see "moire" (plane propeller)
designs within the circles.
82 Nothing, but your eyes follow the intersecting lines,
and that makes the sides look crooked.
83 Same.
84 Yes, the square fits perfectly into both spaces. The
square seems larger than the black space, because
of the "spreading effect" of light.
85 They are all the same size. The central one looks
taller and narrower because it is made of vertical
lines only.
86 They are perfectly straight.
87 Yes. "a" seems larger because it intersects a larger
area.
88 The glasses are equally wide at the base, but "a"
seems longer because the glass is wider.
89 "AB" and "BC" are the same length. "BC" seems
longer because it intersects a larger area.
90 Yes, but when you break a straight line with a solid
bar, the straight line seems displaced.
91 "B" is the continuation of "A." "C" looks as though
it connects with "A" because the solid bar "dis-
places" the line.
92 Continuous. It is the solid bar in front of them that
makes them look broken.
94
Answers 93-707

93 They are straight. Tilt the book all the way back
and you'll have proof! The cross-bar lines look
displaced, which adds to the confusion.
94 Clockwise, the distance between the lines seems to
constrict. Counter-clockwise, the distances between
the lines appear to expand.
95 The star is to the left in the middle of the picture.

96 The quarters are all the same size.

97 The center-lines in drawings "a" to "f" are the
all

same height. The only differences are the angles of

the lines leading away from them.
98 In each figure, "a" equals "b."
99 See page 80.

100
104

105 From the bottom to the top and left of the center.
106 There are two. One is on top, in the drapes; his wife
the leaves of the potted palm.
is in

107 They are in the trees.

95
 Index

After-images, 64-67, 93 Lattice design, 67, 93

Light "spreading effect," 51,71, 92, 94
Angles, 55, 90, 93, 95
Arcs, 68, 91, 94 Line illusions, 1 5, 27, 49, 57, 68, 73, 74,
Arches, 75 78-79, 89, 92, 94

Beach ball, 24 Missing parts, 44-45

Blind spot, 5 Moire design, 69, 94
Brightness, 51 , 58-59, 64, 92, 93 Moon illusions, 46-47, 92
Movie-goers, 1 3
Candle, 25
Camouflage, 86 Negative, 66, 93
Church, 63 Nerve cells, 5, 64, 92
Circles, 12, 39, 40, 43, 44, 49, 52-53,
56, 78, 91, 92, 94 Optic nerve cord, 5
Cogwheel, 43
Columns, 16-17 Parallel lines, 17-19, 72, 75, 95
Concentric circles, 76, 95 Propeller, 94
Cubes, 11, 21, 23, 89, 90
Retina, 64, 92
Detectives, 27, 90 Rooftops, 21
Diagonal lines, 74, 94 Room, 26
Diamond shape, 39
Displaced lines, 74-75, 94 Screen, 21
95
Spirals, 43, 69, 76,
Easter eggs, 50 -.
Spoke-wheel phenomenon, 69
Squares, 38, 40, 41, 42, 48, 71, 91, 94
Faces, 25 Staircase, 20, 90
Star, 77, 95
Geometric forms, hidden, 28-35, 80-85
Glasses, 73, 94 "T," 61
Greek architecture, 16-17 Top hats, 62, 63
Triangles, 48, 62-63, 70, 92, 93
Height 60-63, 93
illusions, 54, 55, Tube, 24
Hidden objects, 86-88, 95; shapes, Twins, 10, 89
28-35, 90-91 Two-way illusions, 12, 20-26
Horizon, 46
Horizontal lines, 10, 37, 38, 60-63, 91 Ups and downs, 60-63

Vases, 25
Imagination, 44-45 Vertical lines, 19, 36, 60-63, 65, 75, 94
Impossible drawings, 7, 9
intercepted lines, 74-75 Windows, 36-37

96
 — $4.95
.

Can. $6.95 l\

The puzzles in
this book are U U IL LLUU U lU
(tilt the book backwards and you can read that).

They are straight lines

and perfect circles

and other shapes and drawings that keep you

—
from seeing what's there or make you see
something that isn't there at all!

You can test yourself on moie than 100 of

these tricky teasers. Will you be fooled?
ExDer. \ YES!

"Guaranteed to tease and please everyone. .

It] can turn 'ho-hum' into 'I don't believe it!'

Rm book." Appraisal

Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. New York

Cassell PLC London, England

90000

ISBND-flDbT-bbMM-
9 780806"962580