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CLINICAL ENZYMOLOGY: LIVER
INTRODUCTION: ENDOCRINOLOGY
ENZYMES
Saint Louis University
School of Nursing, Allied Health and Biological Sciences
DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE
Jordan Dave P. Acosta, RMT
AY
AY 2021-2022
2023-2024
OBJECTIVES
• 1. Fundamental concepts of Endocrinology
• 2. General functions of hormones
• 3. Types of hormonal actions
• 4. Factors affecting hormonal actions
• 5. Classification of Hormones
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• ________________ that produce
and secrete __________
• Perform regulatory functions
with the nervous system
• Use of hormone molecules
• ENDOCRINE GLANDS: group of
_______________
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• HORMONES: chemical signals produced by
specialized cells
• Regulated by:
• 1. _________________________________
• 2. _________________________________
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POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM
• _______ in the product
• _______ in the activity
of the system
• _______ in hormone
production rate
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NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM
• _______ in the product
• _______ in the activity
of the system
• _______ hormone
production rate
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FUNCTIONS OF HORMONES
• 1. Stress response
• 2. Maintenance of Homeostasis and integrated
metabolism
• 3. Growth and development
• 4. Control of reproduction and cyclic events
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FUNCTIONS OF HORMONES
• 1. STRESS RESPONSE: EMOTIONAL and PHYSICAL STRESS
• Increased heart rate
• Elevation of blood pressure
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FUNCTIONS OF HORMONES
• 2. HOMEOSTASIS MAINTENANCE:
• Hormones regulate energy use and
nutrient metabolism
• Hormones modulate energy storage
• Hormones regulate physical and
behavioral responses to stress
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FUNCTIONS OF HORMONES
• 3. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT:
GH Androgen
Insulin-like growth factor -1 Estrogen
Thyroxine Cortisol
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TYPES OF HORMONE
INTERACTIONS
• 1. Synergistic
• 2. Antagonistic
• 3. Permissive
• 4. Potentiation reaction
• 5. Stimulatory reaction
• 6. Inhibitory reaction
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SYNERGISTIC
• ________________ hormones involved
• Production of the same effects in a target cell
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ANTAGONISTIC
• Two hormones that have an ______________
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Other Hormone Interactions
Permissive
Potentiation reaction
Stimulatory reaction Inhibitory reaction
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TYPES OF HORMONE ACTIONS
• 1. EDOCRINE
• 2. PARACRINE
• 3. AUTOCRINE
• 4. JUXTACRINE
• 5. EXOCRINE
• 6. NEUROENDOCRINE
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TYPES OF HORMONAL ACTIONS
• I. ENDOCRINE:
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TYPES OF HORMONAL ACTIONS
• II. PARACRINE:
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TYPES OF HORMONAL
ACTIONS
• III. AUTOCRINE:
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TYPES OF HORMONAL
ACTIONS
• IV. JUXTACRINE:
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TYPES OF HORMONAL
ACTIONS
• V. EXOCRINE:
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TYPES OF HORMONAL
ACTIONS
• VI. NEUROCRINE:
• Hormone secreted in neurons acts on the ____________
• Act as a ______________
• VII. NEUROENDOCRINE:
• Hormone secreted in neurons interacts on the __________
• Acts as a hormone that travels _______________
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FACTORS AFFECTING
HORMONAL ACTIONS
• 1. Stimulatory and Inhibitory agents
• 2. Circular Rhythms
• 3. Stress
• 4. Feedback mechanisms
• 5. Change in metabolic product
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CLASSIFICATION OF HORMONES
• I. ACCORDING TO GENERAL FUNCTION
• II. ACCORDING TO CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
• III. ACCORDING TO TISSUE ORIGIN
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I. According to General Function
• A. Tropic hormones
• Target other _________________
• B. Non-tropic hormones
• Target ______________________
• C. Sex hormones
• Target ________________
• D. Anabolic hormones
• Stimulate anabolism in target cells
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II. According to Chemical
Composition
• A. STEROIDS:
• HALF-LIFE: ______________
Aldosterone
Progesterone
Estradiol
Testosterone
Estrone
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II. According to Chemical
Composition
• B. NON-STEROIDS:
• Synthesized primarily from _____________
• 1. ___________________________________
• 2. ___________________________________
• 3. ___________________________________
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II. According to Chemical
Composition: NON-STEROIDS
• A. PROTEINS AND POLYPEPTIDES:
ACTH GH Angiotensin
Calcitonin Cholecystokinin
Gastrin Glucagon Insulin
Oxytocin PTH
Prolactin Somatostatin
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II. According to Chemical
Composition: NON-STEROIDS
• B. GLYCOPROTEIN:
FSH
HCG
TSH
Erythropoietin
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II. According to Chemical
Composition: NON-STEROIDS
• C. AMINO ACID DERIVATIVES (AMINES):
EPINEPHRINE
NOREPINEPHRINE
TRIIODOTHYRONINE
THYROXINE
SEROTONIN
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Structural Classes of Hormones
Steroid Hormones Protein Hormones Amine Hormones
Site of __________________ ________________ ________________
Production __________________ ________________ ________________
__________________ ________________
Chemical __________________ ________________ ________________
component
Production and Synthesized as Synthesized then Synthesized then
Storage needed, not stored stored in cell as stored in cell as
secretory granules secretory granules
Soluble in __________________ ________________ ________________
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III. According to Tissue Origin
• A. HYPOTHALAMUS:
• 1. TRH (Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone)
• 2. CRH (Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone)
• 3. GnRH (Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone)
• 4. GHIH/Somatostatin
• 5. PRH (Prolactin Releasing Hormone)
• 6. PIF (Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone)
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III. According to Tissue Origin
• B. ANTERIOR PITUITARY:
• 1. TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)
• 2. FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)
• 3. LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
• 4. PRL (Prolactin)
• 5. GH (Growth Hormone)
• 6. ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)
• 7. Beta-endorphin
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III. According to Tissue Origin
• C. POSTERIOR PITUITARY:
• 1. Vasopressin (ADH)
• 2. Oxytocin
• D. ADRENAL MEDULLA:
• 1. Norepinephrine
• 2. Epinephrine
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III. According to Tissue Origin
• E. ADRENAL CORTEX:
• 1. Aldosterone
• 2. Androstenedione
• 3. Cortisol
• 4. Dehydroepiandrostenedione sulfate (DHEAS)
and DHEA
• 5. 17-hydroxyprogesterone
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III. According to Tissue Origin
• F. THYROID GLAND:
• 1. Thyroxine
• 2. Triiodothyronine
• G. PARATHYROID GLAND:
• 1. PTH or parathyrin
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III. According to Tissue Origin
• H. OTHERS:
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