Hydro Meteorological

Phenomena and the

Hazards they Bring
༝ Coastal areas are transition places between land
and sea.
༝ Considered as low-lying.
༝ Coastal environment is very dynamic.
༝ It interacts with all natural systems and processes
that happen on land, in the marine environment and
in the atmosphere.
 What are hydro meteorological
hazards?
○ It is a process or phenomenon of atmospheric,
hydrological or oceanographic nature that may
cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts,
property damage, loss of livelihoods and services,
social and economic disruption, or environmental
damage. (United Nations International Strategy for
Disaster Reduction, UNISDR, 2009).

○ Throughout the history of the planet,

From the
prehistoric to
biblical floods
to the tragic
events of recent
times, humanity
has been
afflicted by
floods, storms
and droughts.
 Typhoon
An extremely large powerful, destructive
storm that occurs especially in the region
of Philippines and China Sea

Thunderstorm
A violent, short-lived weather
disturbance that is almost always
associated with lightning, thunder,
dense clouds, heavy rain or hail, and
strong, gusty winds.
 Flood
An overflow of water onto normally dry land.
The inundation of a normally dry area caused
by rising water in an existing waterway, such
as a river, stream, or drainage ditch.

Flash flood
A flood caused by heavy or excessive rainfall
in a short period of time, generally less than 6
hours. Flash floods are usually characterized
by raging torrents after heavy rains that rip
through river beds, urban streets, or mountain
canyons sweeping everything before them.
 El Niño
It refers to the large-scale ocean-atmosphere
climate interaction linked to a periodic warming in
sea surface temperatures across the central and
east-central Equatorial Pacific.

La Niña
It represents periods of below-average sea
surface temperatures across the east-central
Equatorial Pacific. Global climate La Niña
impacts tend to be opposite those of El Niño
impacts.
 Tornadoes
༝ A rapidly swirling condensation funnel whose
narrow ends comes in contact with the ground.
Usually, the violent swirling air column carries
debris and other objects that it can pick up from the
ground.
S D D H V N O I S R E M B U S
U W Q F J K T J K I I L D N E
R D D F S Q P F M P W I I I A
G N Q W D E O D N R E D G H W
E A A Q G R Y S B A R F H V A
R L D D J T E A C P T Q W Q T
D H H A Z A R D Z T Y S Q S E
M S G E K Y W M X U I D D F R
N R T D I U P R O T E C T R D
K A H H L I L N S P P G H C F
L M A N A G E M E N T H K D G
P W E K W O J C D U L L L H K
U S D L F P G A G J K J F V L
B A R R I E R V C O A S T A L
S N O I S R E M B U S
U I E
R D P A
G N R W
E A A A
L P T
H H A Z A R D E
S R
R P R O T E C T
A
M A N A G E M E N T

B A R R I E R C O A S T A L
Hazards Caused by
Coastal Processes
 Common Coastal Hazards
༝ Coastal erosion
༝ Submersion
༝ Storm surges
༝ Saltwater intrusion
 Coastal Erosion
○ The seawater through wave
actions, tidal currents, strong
winds or a combination of all of
these loosens the soil on the
shore, which eventually
destroys the integrity of land.
○ Structures that are built in
coastal areas are prone to
coastal erosion.
༝ Seawater that comes in contact with structures can abrade
and corrode their material composition. When structures
reach a critical point of instability, they may be easily torn down
by coastal winds or wave actions.
༝ Coastal erosion may be caused by abrasion, impact and
corrosion by wind and water, and other forces, natural or
unnatural.
 Submersion
༝ Submersion is when the sediment
is submerged under water and
eventually replaced back to its
original location.
༝ This often takes place during
violent storms, when sand is
dragged or pushed underwater,
and it tends to return back to the
visible place (via wave action) it
had previously been when the
seas have calmed down.
༝ At its most extreme, submersion
can temporarily submerse an
island, and create islands as well.
 Storm surges
༝ It is the abnormal rise in
seawater level during a storm,
measured as the height of the
water above the normal
predicted astronomical tide.
༝ The surge is caused primarily
by a storm’s winds pushing
water onshore.
༝ During high tide, surge height is
higher and can wipe out more
structures and objects on the
shore.
 Saltwater intrusion
༝ It is the movement of minerals and salts from
coastal seas to freshwater aquifers.
༝ This occurs because of the hydraulic connection
between groundwater and seawater.
 ༝ Excessive abstraction puts a strain in
the groundwater system, depleting the
aquifer with water and eventually
pressuring saltwater to enter the
groundwater system.
༝ In effect, not only is the groundwater
receiving more minerals and salt, users
may also be affected with water rich in
minerals.
*An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock, rock fractures or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, or silt).
Sample Hazard Maps
Sample Hazard
Maps
Coastal Hazard-prone Areas in the Philippines
 Typhoon Sendong
(2011)

Typhoon Pablo (2012)

 Typhoon Yolanda (2013)

Typhoon Hagupit (2014)

Bagyong Ambo (May 2020)
Affected most part of Visayas,
Philippines
 Coastal Processes
Management
༝ In coastal locations with human activities such as
infrastructure, properties or agriculture, coastline retreat
constitutes a particular challenge.
༝ Valuable coastal assets can be directly threatened, and
local solutions may just cause new challenges further
down the coast due to disruptions of the larger coastal
system.
Two types of coastal process managements

༝ Hard Engineering Technique

○ These are high technology, high cost, human made
solutions. They do little to work with nature and
sustainability is a key issue with them, despite their initial
signs of success.

༝ Soft Engineering Techniques

○ These are low tech, low cost solutions that work with
nature to reduce erosion. They’re no where near as
effective as hard engineering techniques but they’re far
more sustainable.
Hard Engineering Techniques

༝ Sea walls
༝ Gabions

༝ Coastal Vegetation
 Sea wall
༝ The purpose of a sea wall is to protect
areas of human habitation,
conservation and leisure activities
from the action of tides, waves, or
tsunamis.
Gabions
The purpose of a gabion revetment is
to provide short term (5-10 years)
protection from backshore erosion by
absorbing wave energy along the
dune face.
 Coastal Vegetation
༝ It is a wide range of productive and
diverse ecosystems is found
in coastal zones: coral reefs, lagoons,
sea grass beds, wetlands, sand dunes,
temperate and tropical forests,
mangrove forests, and other coastal
vegetation.
 Riprap
༝ Riprap are just rocks and stones that
have been put against the base of a
cliff. They’re similar to gabions in
their purpose but they aren’t bound
together in a mesh.

Breakwater
Breakwaters are offshore concrete walls
that break incoming waves out at sea so that
their erosive power is reduced to next to
none when they reach the coast.
Breakwaters are effective but they can be
easily destroyed during a storm and they
don’t look particularly nice.
 Tidal Barriers
༝ Big, retractable walls built
across estuaries that can
be used as a floodgate to Oosterschelde, Netherlands

prevent storm surges.

༝ They’re hugely effective
but they’re also hugely
expensive.
Soft Engineering Techniques

༝ Beach Nourishment
༝ Marshland Creation
༝ Beach Stabilization
 Beach Nourishment
༝ This is where sand and shingle are
added to a beach in order to make it
wider.
༝ This increases the distance a wave
has to travel to reach the cliffs and
so the wave will lose more energy
and have less erosive power when it
reaches the cliffs.
༝ The sand and shingle has to be
obtained from elsewhere and is
normally obtained from dredging.
Manila, Philippines
 Marshland Creation
༝ Marshland can be used to break up the waves and reduce
their speed, reducing the waves erosive power.
༝ The marshlands also limit the area which waves can reach
preventing flooding.
༝ The marshlands can be created by encouraging the growth of
marshland vegetation such as glassworts.

Louisiana Coastal
Wetlands Conservation
and Restoration Task
Force
 Beach Stabilization
༝ The goal of beach stabilization is
the same as beach nourishment’s
goal, to widen the beach and
dissipate as much wave energy as
possible before it reaches the
cliffs.
༝ Beach stabilization involves
planting plants and dead trees in
the sand to stabilize it and lower
the profile of the beach while Virginia Beach, Virginia

widening the beach too.

Post Test
Assignment Coastal Processes Management

COMPETENCIES/OBJECTIVES

༝ Identify methods of coastal management.

༝ Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the methods.

༝ Describe how coastal processes result in coastal erosion,

submersion, and saltwater intrusion (S11/12ES -Ih-38).
 Direction: Name 5 or more coastal management that are used by different
places in Davao City to manage coastal processes.
Name of Coastal Coastal Process Description Advantages Disadvantages
Management being Managed

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
Questions
1. What coastal managements does our city use in order to lessen the
hazardous effects of hydro meteorological calamities?

2. What places in your barangay needs coastal management? Why do

you say so?

3. How do coastal management projects help a place?

4. In what places here in Calinan or in your place were, coastal

managements are applied?

GENERALIZATION