Ex 4.
10
Solution:
(i)
𝑖𝑎 = 𝑖1 − 𝑖4
1
2
3
ii.
(ii)
4
5
6
Ex 4.11
Ans: Vmean = 167.9
7
Ex 4.12
Solution
8
9
2.8 Single-Phase HW Controlled Rectifier
Figure 2.8
Small α Large α
10
Operation with FWD
1 π 𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑑 = න 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ 𝑑θ = 1 + cos α
2π α 2π α
1Τ2 1 Τ2
1 π 2 𝑉𝑚 1 1
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = න 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 θ 𝑑θ = π − α + sin 2α
2π α 2 π 2
Operation without FWD 𝑖𝑙 = 𝑖 𝑇
1 β 𝑉𝑚 𝑣𝑇
𝑉𝑑 = න 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ 𝑑θ = −𝑐𝑜𝑠β + cos α
2π α 2π 𝑉𝑚
1 Τ2 1 Τ2
1 β 2 𝑉𝑚 1 1
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = න 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 θ 𝑑θ = β − α − (sin 2β − sin 2α)
2π α 2 π 2
−𝑉𝑚
d. Without FWD 11
Load Current (without FWD)
With no FWD, 𝑖𝑙 = 0 except the interval α < wt < β.
For the conduction period, 𝑖𝑙 determined as follows.
The general solution of 𝑖𝑙 𝑡 for the conduction period
is:
𝑖𝑙 𝑡 = 𝑖𝑠 𝑡 + (𝐼𝑜 −𝐼𝑠𝑜 )𝑒 − 𝑡−𝑡0 /τ
At ω𝑡𝑜 =α, 𝑖𝑙 = 0,
𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑚
𝑖𝑠 𝑡 = sin(ωt-φ), 𝐼𝑜 = 0, 𝐼𝑠𝑜 = − sin(α − φ)
𝑧 𝑧
𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑚 α
−(𝑡−ω)/τ
𝑖𝑙 = sin(ωt−φ) + sin(α−φ) ∗ 𝑒
𝑧 𝑧
𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑚 −
ω𝑡−α
𝑖𝑙 = sin(ωt−φ) + sin(α−φ) ∗ 𝑒 ωτ
𝑧 𝑧
𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑡 Fig. 2.9
12
The conduction will continue until the current reaches zero value (when attempts to reverse) at ω𝑡 = β (whereby 𝑖𝑙 = 0). Thus,
"β" can be determined from solving the following equation
0= sin(β−φ) + sin(φ−α) ∗ 𝑒 −(β−α)/ωτ
The conduction angle is γ = β - α, and its variation with “α” is shown for different load impedance angles. Apart from the
theoretical case of a pure high inductive load (i.e., with zero resistance circuit) operating at α = 0, the current iℓ is iscontinuous.
Then α < φ continuous load current
α = φ verge of continuous load current
and α > φ discontinuous load current
ϒ=
Fig. 2.10
13
Rectifier operation with RL load and emf load
Singe phase full wave cct
Discontinuous
current
𝐴2
𝑽𝒅
Continuous
current
If the thyristor firing delay angle occurs after the sine supply has fallen
below the emf level E, then no load current flows since the bridge thyristors
will always be reverse-biased. Thus the zero current firing angle 𝛼° , for 𝛼°
>π/2 is given
𝐸
𝑉𝑚 Sin α° = 𝐸 ≫≫ α° = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 rad 4.29 14
𝑉𝑚
The current extinction angle β is load-dependent, being
Load current can flow with a firing angle defined by
a function of a, Z and E.
The mean load current can be obtained from equation
0 ≤ α ≤ α° (rad) **** as below
𝒅𝒊𝒍
The load circuit current can be evaluated by solving 𝒊𝒍 = (𝑽𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕 − 𝑳 − 𝑬)/𝑹 α≤ ωt ≤β
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒊𝒍
𝑽𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕 = 𝑳 + 𝑹𝒊𝒍 + 𝑬 **** 1 β 𝒅𝒊𝒍
𝒅𝒕 𝐼= න (𝑽𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕 − 𝑳 − 𝑬)𝒅ω𝒕
(a) Discontinuous load current π𝑅 α 𝒅𝒕
1 β
For discontinuous load current conduction, the current 𝐼= න (𝑽𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕 − 𝑬)𝒅ω𝒕
π𝑅 α
extinction angle β, shown on the last figure , is solved by β 𝒅𝒊
Since the inductor average voltage α 𝑳 𝒅𝒕𝒍 𝑑ω𝑡
iterative techniques. The mean output voltage can be is equal to zero
obtained based on om equation, which is valid for E = 0 as
Therefore
follows 𝑽𝒎 𝑬
𝑰= 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 − 𝜷 − 𝜶 4.31
1 β (π−(β−α) 𝑉𝑚 (π−(β−α)
𝝅𝑹 π𝑹
𝑉𝑑 = α 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ 𝑑θ − 𝐸 = (cos (α) − cos(β)) − 𝐸
π π π π
𝑽𝒎 𝑬
𝑽𝒎 𝑬 𝑰= 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 − 𝜷−𝜶 4.32
𝑽𝒅 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 + 𝝅 − 𝜷 + 𝜶 4.30 𝝅𝑹 𝑽𝒎
𝝅 𝑽𝒎
𝟎 < 𝜷 − 𝜶 < 𝝅 (𝒓𝒂𝒅) 15
𝟎<𝜷−𝜶<𝝅 (𝒓𝒂𝒅)
(b) Continuous load current If the polarity of E is reversed, waveforms as in the following
figures result. The emf supply can provide a forward bias
For continuous load current conditions, where β-α=π, the
mean output voltage is given by across the bridge thyristors even after the supply polarity has
gone negative. The zero current angle α° now satisfies π< α°
𝟏 𝝅+𝜶 𝟐𝑽
𝑽𝒅 = 𝑽𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒅𝜽 = 𝝅𝒎cos𝜶
𝝅 𝜶 < 3π/2, as given by equation (**). Thus load and supply
The average output voltage is dependent only on the current can flow, even for α > π.
phase delay angle α. The mean load current can be
obtained from equation **** as below The load current is from the emf source, and the average load
voltage is negative. Thus power is being put into the ac
𝒅𝒊𝒍
𝒊𝒍 = (𝑽𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕 − 𝑳 − 𝑬)/𝑹 α≤ ωt ≤ π + α supply from the emf source in the load, which is a process
𝒅𝒕
1 π+α 𝒅𝒊𝒍 called power inversion
𝐼= න (𝑽𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕 − 𝑳 − 𝑬)𝒅ω𝒕
π𝑅 α 𝒅𝒕
1 π+α
𝐼= න (𝑽𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕 − 𝑬)𝒅ω𝒕
π𝑅 α
𝟐𝑽𝒎 𝑬 𝑽𝒎 𝟐 𝑬
𝑰= 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶 − = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 − 4.33
𝝅𝑹 𝑹 𝑹 𝝅 𝑽𝒎
16
𝑽𝒅
If the polarity of E is reversed, waveforms as in the following
figures result. The emf supply can provide a forward bias
across the bridge thyristors even after the supply polarity has
gone negative. The zero current angle α° now satisfies π< α°
< 3π/2, as given by equation (**). Thus load and supply
current can flow, even for α > π.
The load current is from the emf source, and the average load
voltage is negative. Thus power is being put into the ac
supply from the emf source in the load, which is a process
called power inversion
17
Ex 4.10
18
α=0
110 2
100
77.78
40 140
19
α=0
110 2
100
77.78
40 140
21
22
DC drives based rectifier circuits
Schematic diagram of speed-controlled d.c. motor drive. Block diagram of the d.c. drive.
In this lecture we shall consider mainly the DC motors spead control using armature voltage control by AC-to-
DC converters . These converters are shown in the following figures
23
Types of DC drives
24
Hint:
25
(a) For fully- controlled bridge with continuous current operating mode:
26
27
figure
28
29
30
