-> I was born in 1992.

-> Some verbs cannot be used in the Continuous.

-> Helen was surprised by all the messages of sympathy she received.
-> This work can't possibly be completed overnight.
-> All application must be given in before the end of the week.
-> Vaccination had been pioneered two hundred years earlier.

-> The window has been broken again.

-> The window was broken by a slate that fell off the
roof.
The agent is unknown or obvious
The agent is 'people or things in general'
The agent is a long phrase
Avoiding references to ourselves and making a statement
impersonal (to avoid personal involvement/ responsibility) By + agent is only necessary when the speaker wishes to
Avoiding 'you' in orders and rules An agent is a 'doer' say (or the hearer has to know) who or what is responsible
In factual writing when focus is on events, achievements, for the event in question.
rather than agents

Is often used instead of

BE in colloquial English. BY + AGENT BY + agent -> He was killed by a falling stone. (accidental)
USES OF THE PASSIVE WITH + instruments/ materials -> He was killed with a knife. (deliberate)
We use get when: P.p as adj + other prep -> My car is covered in dirt.
-> I got dressed as quickly as I could.
Do sth ourselves
-> I wasn't surprised she got elected after
An achievement based on a previous effort and in
all the efforts she made.
difficulty
-> We got delayed because of the
Sth (often unfavourable) happens beyond our Passive form = existing state/ situation
holiday traffic.
-> Get washed!; Oh, get lost, will you!
control GET + P.P. NO action occuring -> The door is locked.
Command, insults NO agent -> I'm interested in art.
P.P = adj
STATIVE PASSIVE
-> I've got so many books to return . The subject is the agent, the sentence is active -> an active
-> So many books have to be returned. infinitive Words: broken, interested, shut, -> I was worried about you all night. (adj: a state)
-> There are many rooms to paint/ to be painted . The subject is not the agent -> passive infinitive worried can be used either as ADJ -> I was worried by mosquitoes all night. (passive:
-> There's nothing to do in the evening. (= we're bored) Active and Passive infinitive with the same meaning with
ACTIVE OR PASSIVE? dynamic verb)
or as P.P. in passive constructions.
I'm sory, there's nothing to be done. (= there's no there USES OF THE
action anyone can take) Sth/anything/nothing + to do
PASSIVE
Verbs with Two Objects (a (1) My mom gave me some money.
INFINITIVE & -ING FORM person & a thing) in the -> I was given some money.
active usually have two (2) My mom gave some money to me.
-> I love being given flowers. After verbs normally followed by -ing forms PASSIVE passive forms. -> Some money was given to me.
-> Being paid monthly, I find annual bills hard to pay.
As participles, usually with the meaning of because VERBS
-> Being proved wrong is never a comfortable
As the subject of a sentence
experience.

NO intransitive verbs in passive

THE PASSIVE and THE Verbs with Limited Uses in Passive Some verbs (explain, suggest) can't change IO into the
WITH VERBS OF 'SAYING' &
'BELIEVING' CAUSATIVE subject
Some verb phrases with two objects cannot be passive
Some verbs are followed by two nouns, but the second
is not an object.
IT (+ passive + that-clause)
-> It is said that there is plenty of oil off our coast.

THERE (+ passive + to be + complement)

THE CAUSATIVE
-> The Tasmanian tiger was died out early this country.
-> There is said to be plenty of oil off our -> He was explained the procedure.
coast. -> Let me wish you luck.
WATCH OUT!
-> They declared him President.

STRUCTURES USES

GET/HAVE sb/sth V-ing: make sb/sth start doing sth

Active: We arrange for sb to do sth for us

+) GET sb to-Inf Unfortunate experiences
Don't worry. We'll soon have your car running +) HAVE sb Inf
like new. Passive:
+) GET sth p.p.
-> She goes to hospital and has her blood pressure
+) HAVE sth p.p.
taken.
-> He got his leg broken playing football.