Digital Filtering: Realization

Digital Filtering:

Matlab Implementation:
3-tap (2nd order) IIR filter

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 Transfer Function

Differential
Equation:

z- Transform:

Transfer
Function:
2
 Example: Transfer Function
Given:

z- Transform:

Rearrange:

Transfer Function:

Given:

Rearrange:

Differential
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Equation:
 Pole – Zero from Transfer Function

The system is stable.

The zeros do not affect

system stability.

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System Stability
Depends on poles’ location

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 Example: System Stability

Since the outermost pole is multiple

order (2nd order) at z = 1 and is on the
unit circle, the system is unstable.

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 Digital Filter: Frequency Response

Magnitude frequency response

Phase response
Putting

Example: Given Sampling rate = 8k Hz

Transfer function:

Frequency response: Complete Plot!

and
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Digital Filter: Frequency Response – contd.

Low Pass Filter (LPF) Band Pass Filter (BPF)

Matlab: Frequency Response

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 Impulse Response of FIR Filters

Frequency response of ideal LPF:

Impulse response of ideal LPF:

After truncating 2M+1 major components:

symmetric
Making causal,

Where, 9
 Ideal Low Pass Filter
Impulse
Response:

Example:
3-tap FIR LPF with cutoff freq. = 800 Hz and sampling rate = 8k Hz.

Using symmetry: 10
 Ideal Low Pass Filter – contd.

Delaying h(n) by
Filter
M = 1 sample,
coefficients

Transfer function

Differential Eq:

Frequency response

Magnitude: Complete Plot!

Phase:
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 Linear Phase
If filter has linear phase property, the output will
simply be a delayed version of input.

Let, 17-tap FIR filter with linear phase property.

8 samples delay

8 samples delay

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 Nonlinear Phase
Input:

Linear phase filter output:

90 d phase delay filter output:

Input:

Linear phase filter output:

90 d phase delay filter output:

Distorted!
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 Linear Phase: Zero Placement

• A single zero can be either at z = 1 or

z = -1. ( B or D)

• Real zeros not on the unit circle

always occur in pairs with r and r-1. (C)

• If the zero is complex, its conjugate is

also zero. (E) [on the unit circle]

• Complex zeros not on the unit circle

always occur in quadruples with r and
r-1. (A)

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Example: FIR Filtering With Window Method
Problem:

Solution:

M =2

Symmetry 15
 Example: Window Method – contd.

Hamming
window
function

Symmetry

Windowed
impulse
response

By delaying hw(n) by M = 2 samples,

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FIR Filter Length Estimation

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 Example: FIR Filter Length Estimation
Problem:
Design a BPF with

Use Hamming window

Solution:

Choose nearest higher odd N = 25

Cutoff frequencies:
Normalized

Now design the filter with hint from slide 15. 18

 Application: Noise Reduction

Input waveform:
sinusoid +
broadband
noise

Spectrum:
Want to remove this noise

Specification: LPF

Pass band frequency [0 – 800 Hz] Pass band ripple < 0.02 dB
Stop band frequency [1000 – 4000 Hz] Stop band attenuation = 50 dB

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 Application: Noise Reduction –contd.

133- tap FIR filter,

so a delay of 66

However, noise
Almost there is NO noise!
reduction in real
world scenario is
not so easy!

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 Frequency Sampling Design Method
Simple to design
Filter length = 2M + 1

Magnitude response in the range [ 0 ~ ]

Calculate FIR filter coefficients:

Use the symmetry:

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Example: Frequency Sampling Design Method
Problem:

Solution:

By symmetry:

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 Coefficient Quantization Effect
Filter coefficients are usually truncated or rounded off
for the application.
Transfer function with
infinite precision:

Transfer function with

quantized precision:

Error of the magnitude

frequency response:
K = tap

Example 25 – tap FIR filter; 7 bits used for fraction

Error is bounded by
< 25 / 256 = 0.0977
Let infinite precision coeff. = 0.00759455135346

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Quantized coeff. = 1 / 27 = 0.0078125
Complementary Example - I

z
z transform of a nu (n) 
za
1

1  az 1

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 Complementary Example - II

Given: Given:

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IIR Filter Design: Bilinear Transformation Method

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 Bilinear Transformation Method

For LPF and HPF:

Frequency
For BPF and BRF: Warping

From LPF to LPF:

From LPF to HPF: Prototype
Transformation
From LPF to BPF:

From LPF to BRF:

Obtained Transfer Function:

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 Example 1: Bilinear Transformation Method

Problem:

Solution:

First-order LP Chebyshev filter prototype:

Applying transformation
LPF to HPF:

Applying BLT:
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 Example 2: Bilinear Transformation Method

Problem:

Solution:

A first-order LPF prototype will produce second-order BPF

prototype. 29
 Example 2: Bilinear Transformation Method
Contd.
1st order LPF prototype:

Applying transformation
LPF to BPF:

Applying BLT:

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 Pole Zero Placement Method
Second-Order BPF Design

r: controls bandwidth
: controls central frequency
Location of poles & zeros:
controls magnitude
Location of pole:
determines stability
Number of zero:
determines phase linearity

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 Pole Zero Placement Method
Second-Order BRF Design

Example

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 Pole Zero Placement Method
First-Order LPF Design

Example
100 Hz <
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Pole Zero Placement Method
First-Order HPF Design

Practice examples.

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 Application: 60 – Hz Hum Eliminator

Hum noise: created by poor power supply or electromagnetic interference

and characterized by a frequency of 60 Hz and its harmonics.

Hum
eliminator

Frequency
response of
Hum
eliminator

Corrupted
by hum &
harmonics
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 ECG Pulse
QRS Complex

ECG + Hum  makes

difficult to analyze.

nth R (n+1)th R

ms

Heart beat /min = 60000 / T

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 Heart Beat Detection Using ECG Pulse
2 3
1

To filter muscle
1 noise  40 Hz

2
Practice
example

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