SOLUTIONS

What is a solution?

• A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more

substances on a single physical state.
• In a solution, the solute is dispersed uniformly throughout
the solvent.
Parts of
solution
Types of solute Solvent Examples
binary
solutions Solid Copper dissolved in gold (alloys)
Solid
Solid
Solution Liquid Solid Mercury with sodium
(amalgam)
Solid Liquid Sodium chloride dissolved in
water
Liquid
Liquid Liquid Ethyl alcohol dissolved in water
Solution
Gas Liquid Carbon dioxide dissolved in water
( soda Water)
Liquid Gas Water vapour in air (Cloud)
Gases
Solution Gas Gas Mixture of Helium- Oxygen gases
Terms expressing concentration:

mass%

V%

m/v%
 Ppm

Mole fraction

Molarity

Molality

Normlaity
Types of solution based on
solubility
Solubility

Solid in liquid

Enthalpy of solution
Gas in liquid

Enthalpy change
Henry’s law
Solubility

Pressure ‘p’
Applications of Henry‘s law
The Bends
Liquid in liquid

Types
Vapor pressure
Raoult‘s law
Vapour pressure

Vapour pressure
X1 = 0 X1 = 0 X1 = 1
Mole fraction X1 = 1 X1
X2 = 1
X2 = 1 X1 X2 = 0 X2 = 0
X2
X2 (b)
(a)
Ideal and non ideal solutions
Examples

Examples: Examples: Examples:

dilute solutions: acetone ethanol acetone aniline;
benzene toluene: acetone - CS,; acetone chloroform:
n-hexane + n-ltplane. water + methanol, CH3OH CH3COOH
chlorobenzene water + ethanol; H2O + HNO3
bromobenzene; CCL4, + toluene; chloroform + diethyl ether
ethyl bromide + ethyl CCL4+ CHC3,; water - HCL,
iodide; acetone + benzene; acetic acid + pyndine:
n-butyl chloride + n- CCL4’ + CH3OH; chloroform-benzene.
butyl bromide. cyclohexane ethanol
Colligative properties
Relative lowering of vapour pressure
Elevation of boiling point
Graph
Formula for Kb
Depression in freezing point
Graph
Formula of Kf
Applications:
Osmotic pressure
Isotonic,Hypertonic and Hypotonic
Abnormal molar mass
Van‘t Hoff factor
i for dissociation

i for association

Degree of dissociation
Which of the following is dependent on temperature?
(a) Molarity
(b) Mole fraction
(c) Weight percentage
(d) Molality
What is the mole fraction of the solute in a 1.00 m aqueous
solution?
(a) 1.770
(b) 0.0354
(c) 0.0177
(d) 0.177
How many grams of concentrated nitric acid solution
should be used to prepare 250 mL of 2.0 M HNO3? The
concentrated acid is 70% HΝΟ3
(a)70.0 g conc. HNO3
(b) 54.0 g conc. HNO3
(c) 45.0 g conc. HNO3
(d) 90.0 g conc. HNO3
Which of the following compounds can be used
as antifreeze in automobile radiators?
(a) Methyl alcohol
(b) Glycol
(c) Nitrophenol
(d) Ethyl alcohol
Concentrated aqueous sulphuric acid is 98% H₂SO₄ by mass
and has a density of 1.80 g ml-1 . Volume of acid required to
make one litre of 0.1 M H2SO4 solution is
(a) 16.65 mL
(b) 22.20 ml.
(c) 5.55 ml.
(d) 11.10 ml.
The mole fraction of the solute in one molal aqueous
solution is
(a) 0.009
(b) 0.018
(c) 0.027
(d) 0.036
2.5 litre of 1 M NaOH solution is mixed with another 3 litre of 0.5 M
NaOH solution. Then find out molarity of resultant solution.
(a) 0.80 M
(b) 1.0 M
(c) 0.73 M
(d) 0.50 M
How many g of dibasic acid (mol. weight 200) should be
present in 100 mL of the aqueous solution to give strength
of 0.1 N?
(a) 10 g
(b) 2 g
(c) 1 g
(d) 20 g
What is the molarity of H₂SO₄ solution, that has a density 1.84
g/cc at 35°C and contains 98% by weight?
(a) 18.4 M
(b) 18 M
(c) 4.18 M
(d) 8.14 M
The concentration unit, independent of temperature, would be
(a) normality
(b) weight volume percent
(c) molality
(d) molarity.
How many grams of CH3OH should be added to water to prepare
150 mL solution of 2 M CH3OH?
(a) 9.6 x 103
(b) 2.4 x 103
(c) 9.6
(d) 2.4
In water saturated air, the mole fraction of water vapour is 0.02. If
the total pressure of the saturated air is 1.2 atm, the partial
pressure of dry air is
(a) 1.18 atm
(b) 1.76 atm
(c) 1.176 atm
(d) 0.98 atm.
PA and PB are the vapour pressures of pure liquid components, A
and B, respectively of an ideal binary solution. If xA represents the
mole fraction of component A, the total pressure of the solution
will be
(a) PA+XA(PB-РА)
(b) PA+XA(PA-PB)
(C) PB+ХА(РВ-РА)
(d) PB+XA (PA-PB)
The vapour pressure of two liquids P and Q are 80 and 60 torr,
respectively. The total vapour pressure of solution obtained by
mixing 3 mole of P and 2 mol of Q would be
(a) 72 torr
(b) 140 torr
(c) 68 torr
(d) 20 torr
The mixture which shows positive deviation from Raoult's
law is
(a) ethanol + acetone
(b) benzene + toluene
(c) acetone + chloroform
(d) chloroethane + bromoethane.
For an ideal solution, the correct option is
(a) ∆mix G = 0 at constant T and P
(b) ∆ mixS = 0 at constant T and P
(c) ∆ mix V≠0 at constant T and P
(d) ∆ mix H = 0 at constant T and P.
The mixture that forms maximum boiling azeotrope is
(a) heptane + octane
(b) water + nitric acid
(c) ethanol + water
(d) acetone + carbon disulphide.
Which of the following statements is correct regarding a solution
of two components A and B exhibiting positive deviation from
ideal behaviour?
(a) Intermolecular attractive forces between A-A and B-B are
stronger than those between A-B.
(b) ∆mix H = 0 at constant T and P.
(c) ∆mix V = 0 at constant T and P.
(d) Intermolecular attractive forces between A-A and B-B are
equal to those between A-B.
Which one of the following is incorrect for ideal solution?
(a) ΔΗmix = 0
(b) ΔU mix = 0
(c) ΔP = Pobs – P calculated by Raoult's law = 0
(d) ΔGmix = 0
Which condition is not satisfied by an ideal solution?
(a) Δmix V = 0
(b) ΔmixS = 0
(c) Obeyance to Raoult's Law
(d) ΔmixH = 0
A solution of acetone in ethanol
(a) obeys Raoult's law
(b) shows a negative deviation from Raoult's law
(c) shows a positive deviation from Raoult's law
(d) behaves like a near ideal solution.
Which of the following aqueous solution has minimum
freezing point?
(a) 0.01 m NaCl
(b) 0.005 m C2H5OH
C) 0.005 m MgI2
(d) 0.005 m MgSO4
At 25°C, the highest osmotic pressure is exhibited by 0.1 M
solution of
(a) glucose
(b) urea
(c) CaCl₂
(d) KCl.
Which of the following 0.10 m aqueous solution will have
the lowest freezing point?
(a) KI
(b) C12H22O11
(c) Al2(SO4)3
(d) C5H10O5
Which of the following salts has the same value of van't Hoff
factor (i) as that of K3[Fe(CN)6]?
(a) Na2SO4
(b) Al(NO3)3
(c) Al2(SO4)3
(d) NaCl
An aqueous solution is 1.00 molal in KI. Which change will
cause the vapour pressure of the solution to increase?
(a) Addition of NaCl
(b) Addition of Na2SO4
(c) Addition of 1.00 molal KI
(d) Addition of water
A 0.0020 m aqueous solution of an ionic compound [Co(NH3)5(NO₂)]
Cl freezes at -0.00732 °C. Number of moles of ions which 1 mol of
ionic compound produces on being dissolved in water will be
(Kf= -1.86 °C/m)
(a) 3
(b) 4
(c) 1
(d) 2
0.5 molal aqueous solution of a weak acid (HX) is 20% ionised. If Kf for
water is 1.86 K kg mol-¹, the lowering in freezing point of the solution is
(a) 0.56 K
(b) 1.12 K
(c) -0.56 K
(d) -1.12 K
The van't Hoff factor i for a compound which undergoes
dissociation in one solvent and association in other solvent is
respectively
(a) less than one and greater than one
(b) less than one and less than one
(c) greater than one and less than one
(d) greater than one and greater than one.
Of the following 0.10 m aqueous solutions, which one will exhibit
the largest freezing point depression?
(a) KCl
(b) C6H12O6
(c) Al2(SO4)3
(d) K2SO4
The van't Hoff factor (i) for a dilute aqueous solution of the strong
electrolyte barium hydroxide is
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 3
The relative lowering of the vapour pressure is equal to the ratio
between the number of
(a) solute molecules to the solvent molecules
(b) solute molecules to the total molecules in the solution
(c) solvent molecules to the total molecules in the solution
(d) solvent molecules to the total number of ions of the solute.
Which one is a colligative property?
(a) Boiling point
(b) Vapour pressure
(c) Osmotic pressure
(d) Freezing point
Blood cells retain their normal shape in solution which are
(a) hypotonic to blood
(b) isotonic to blood
(c) hypertonic to blood
(d) equinormal to blood.
The vapour pressure of CCl4 at 25°C is 143 mm Hg. If 0.5 g of a non-
volatile solute (mol. weight = 65) is dissolved in 100 g CCl4, the vapour
pressure of the solution will be
a) 199.34 mm Hg
(b) 143.99 mm Hg
c) 141.43 mm Hg
(d) 94.39 mm Hg.
The relationship between osmotic pressure at
273 K when 10 g glucose (p₁), 10 g urea (p2), and 10 g
sucrose (p3) are dissolved in 250 mL of water is
(a) P2 > P1 > P3
(b) P2 > P3 > P1
(c) P1 > P2 > P3
(d) P3 > P1 > P2
According to Raoult's law, the relative lowering
of vapour pressure for a solution is equal to
(a) mole fraction of solute
(b) mole fraction of solvent
(c) moles of solute
(d) moles of solvent.
The vapour pressure of a solvent decreased by 10 mm of mercury
when a non-volatile solute was added to the solvent. The mole
fraction of the solute in the solution is 0.2. What should be the mole
fraction of the solvent if the decrease in the vapour pressure is to be
20 mm of mercury?
(a) 0.4
(b) 0.6
(c) 0.8
(d) 0.2
A 5% solution of cane sugar (mol. wt. = 342) is isotonic with
1% solution of a substance X. The molecular weight of X is
(a) 68.4
(b) 171.2
(c) 34.2
(d) 136.8
If 0.15 g of a solute, dissolved in 15 g of solvent, is boiled at a
temperature higher by 0.216°C, than that of the pure solvent.
The molecular weight of the substance (Molal elevation constant
for the solvent is 2.16°C) is
(a) 10.1
(b) 100
(c) 1.01
(d) 1000
A solution contains non-volatile solute of molecular mass M2.
Which of the following can be used to calculate the molecular
mass of solute in terms of osmotic pressure?
𝑚2
(a) M2 = VRT
𝜋

𝑚2 𝑅𝑇
(b) M2 =
𝑉 𝜋

𝑚2
(c) M2 = 𝜋RT
𝑉

𝑚2 𝜋
(d) M2 =
𝑉 𝑅𝑇
(m2 mass of solute, V = volume of solution,
𝜋 = osmotic pressure)
1.00 g of a non-electrolyte solute (molar mass 250 g mol-¹) was
dissolved in 51.2 g of benzene. If the freezing point constant, K, of
benzene is 5.12 K kg mol-¹, the freezing point of benzene will be
lowered by
(a) 0.2 K
(b) 0.4 K
(c) 0.3 K
(d) 0.5 K
A solution containing 10 g per dm³ of urea (molecular mass = 60
g mol-¹) is isotonic with a 5% solution of a non-volatile solute.
The molecular mass of this non-volatile solute is
(a) 200 g mol-1
(b) 250 g mol-1
(c) 300 g mol-1
(d) 350 g mol-1
A solution of urea (mol. mass 56 g mol-¹) boils at 100.18°C at the
atmospheric pressure. If Kf and Kb for water are 1.86 and 0.512
K kg mol-¹ respectively, the above solution will freeze at
(a) 0.654°C
(b) - 0.654°C
(c) 6.54°C
(d) - 6.54°C
A solution of sucrose (molar mass = 342 g mol-¹) has been prepared
by dissolving 68.5 g of sucrose in 1000 g of water. The freezing point
of the solution obtained will be (Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol-¹)
(a) -0.372 °C
(b) -0.520 °C
(c) + 0.372 °C
(d) - 0.570 °C
During osmosis, flow of water through a semipermeable
membrane is
(a) from solution having lower concentration only
(b) from solution having higher concentration only
(c) from both sides of semipermeable membrane with equal
flow rates
(d) from both sides of semipermeable membrane with unequal
flow rates.
If molality of the dilute solution is doubled, the value of
molal depression constant (Kf) will be
(a) halved
(b) tripled
(c) unchanged
(d) doubled.
If 0.1 M solution of glucose and 0.1 M solution of urea are placed
on two sides of the semipermeable membrane to equal heights,
then it will be correct to say that
(a) there will be no net movement across the
membrane
(b) glucose will flow towards glucose solution
(c) urea will flow towards glucose solution
(d) water will flow from urea solution to glucose.
From the colligative properties of solution, which one is the best
method for the determination of molecular weight of proteins
and polymers?
(a) Osmotic pressure
(b) Lowering in vapour pressure
(c) Lowering in freezing point
(d) Elevation in boiling point
K2HgI4 is 40% ionised in aqueous solution. The value of its
van't Hoff factor (i) is
(a) 1.8
(b) 2.2
(c) 1.6
(d) 2.0
If α is the degree of dissociation of Na₂SO₄, the van't Hoff
factor (i) used for calculating the molecular mass is
(a) 1 + α
(b) 1 - α
(c) 1 + 2α.
(d) 1 – 2α
Which one of the following aqueous solutions will
exhibit highest boiling point?
(a) 0.01 M Na2SO4
(b) 0.01 Μ ΚΝΟ3
(c) 0.015 M urea
(d) 0.015 M glucose
Equimolal solutions in the same solvent have
(a) same boiling point but different freezing point
(b) same freezing point but different boiling point
(c) same boiling and same freezing points
(d) different boiling and different freezing points.
Consider separate solutions of 0.500 M C₂H5OH(aq)’ 0.100 M Mg3 (PO4)2(aq)’ .
0.250 M KBr(aq) and 0.125 M Na3 PO4(aq) at 25 °C. Which statement is true
about these solutions, assuming all salts to be strong electrolytes?
(a) 0.500 M C₂H5OH(aq) has the highest osmotic
pressure.
(b) They all have the same osmotic pressure.
(c) 0.100 M Mg3(PO4)2(aq) has the highest osmotic pressure.
(d) 0.125 M Na3PO4(aq) has the highest osmotic pressure
Which one of the following statements is false?
(a) Raoult's law states that the vapour pressure of a component over a
solution is proportional to its mole fraction.
(b) The osmotic pressure (π) of a solution is given by the equation (π =
MRT), where M is the molarity of the solution.
(c) The correct order of osmotic pressure for 0.01 M aqueous solution of
each compound is BaCl₂ > KCI > CH3COOH > sucrose.
(d) Two sucrose solutions of same molality prepared in different solvents
will have the same freezing point depression.