Small Signal Amplifiers

The basic function of will

faithful amplification. an the un bypassed R¸
raising the strength of amplifier
The is to do it is not inserted,
cause negative
feedback and reduce
the ac

is sigprocess
shape weak nal of
change in its amplifier.
any gainofthe
amplification.
known as without h-parameter model
General Amplifier Circuit faithful Analysis: using Equivalent resistance
Load Resistance, RL: components at the
connected
+Vcc of externally amplifier is considered
output section of an
resistance.
as its load
Rc 2
R Cc R, ib,
w
CB
+
RL
R V
h,V hli
W Load
R ReCE: 1' 2
Figure.2. Small-signal model of general
amplifier using h-parameters
Figl. General amplifier circuit Step 1: Current Gain, A
For a transistor amplifier, the current gain
Biasing circuit: The resistances R, R2, Rc Aj is defined as the ratio of output current to
and RE form the voltage divider biasing the input current.
circuit for the BJT amplifier. It sets the From-the output section of the circuit
proper operating point for the CE amplifier. (fig.2),
Ih= hdi t hoV2 But
Source coupling capacitor or Blocking V)= IRL =-IRL
couples the
Capacitor, CB: This capacitor transistor. .:.Ih= hlË-IRiho
It
SOurce signal to the base of the Ih+ RhÍ= hlË
Component present in the
blocks any DC
signal for I,(1+R_ho) = hi
Signal and passes only AC conditions -h,
amplification, hence the biasing .. A, = -l,
are maintained constant.
This
1+R_ho
Step 2: Input Impedance (Z):
Load coupling capacitor, Cc:amplifier
ofthe of the The impedance seen when looking into
capacitor couples the output
the next stage
only AC
amplifier input terminals (1, 1') theis
to the load (or) to passes considered as the input impedance Zi , ie.,
DC and load.
amplifier. It blocks signal
amplified
intothe Z=V/l
part of the From the input section of the
CE: ac emitter
Capacitorthe VË=hlË +h,V, ------ (1) circuit (fig.2)
Emitter Bypass bypasses a
low
This capacitor
by
providing
ac
signal.If =R =Z = h, +h,V, ------ (2)
current to ground amplified Bhubaneswar
to the Bengaluru Lucknow PatnaChennai
reactance path Bhopl
Purne
Delhi |Vijayawada VizagTiupati iGuntg
 Small Signal Amplifie
ACEAcademy Eifect of source
Engineering

V
-(9)
Step 5:
Over-all resistance, Rs:
Ihe overall voltage gain (Avs)
Hence, R, =h,
+h,
(4)
Ays =V, V, V
voltage gain Avs is given by
V,=-LR =Ajl1RL
cquation(4)in
(3) V V, V,
Substituting. (5) From the
R, =h,+ h,A,RL
Thevenin equivalent
equivalent input circuit usi
for the source sho
Voltage Gain, Av tothe
input in figure.
Step3: voltageconsideredas
The ratio of
output R
amplifieris
voltage of an
voltage gain. i.e., V,
V, R V
A, =
V,
V,=-,R = AljRL
Substituting V.= V,R
A,RL R, +R
A, = A,lR1
R,
RË
Step 4: Output Admittance (Yo): V, R,+ Rs
The ratio of output current to the output
voltage, by setting VË to zero and RË to Then Ays = A,R,
infinity is considered as output admittance R, +R,
of an amplifier.
Y, = With V)=0 and R= 0 Step 6: ver-all current gain (As)
V,
From the circuit, I, = hl1 + hoV Overall current gain,
-I,-I, I,
Dividing by V2, A_ =
From the circuit VË = hl + h,V,
V-+ho
Dividing by V2, and taking VË= 0
0=h
V, +h, L(‘) R. R
I,-h,
h
Rs
=I,
Using this equation inthe From the figure I, R, +R,
above
-h,
h,
equation, Rs
Rg +R,
..Y, =h, h,h, [Rs
h, Rg +R,
As = AR,
Kukatpallyh
ACE Engg. Acadeny Hyderabad Delhi Bhoval
 ACE
Engineering Academy
SmallSignal Amplifiers
Step 7: Over-all input : 59:
Parameter conversion formulae:
Rs

R
resistance, Rys h-

Para
meter
CE CC CB

he
h =
Ris hËe 1+he
= Rs+R, hc = -he
Rs hfe -(1+he) h
h 1+he
Step 8: Over-all output h.

By definition, Yo is
admit ance, Yos ho hoe
hoc hoe h =
1+he

to zero, R to infinite obtained

and by
by seting Vs
output terminals from a generatordriving
V,.
the h, hre hre = 1 hhoe -he
1+he
If the current drawn from V; is L, then
Y, = with V,=0 and R,=0
V, Small Signal Analysis
From the circuit, I; = hrl + ho V2
Equivalent models of Transistor:
For small signals, the BJT Works as a linear
Dividing by V2. V voltage controlled current SOurce with

transconductance Sm The input

nput V,
With V,-0, by applying KVL n resistance between base and emitter looking into
circuit,
B
Rsl1+ h,l+ h,V) =0 base is I,=
&m
I [R,+ h,] + h,V;-0
B
-h,
V.2 R+h, Vbe
gm Vbe
get
equation, we E
Using this in the above
[T- model]
-h,
V. =h, R+h,
+ h
B

ww
:.Y, =h h,h, Vbe hie he is
R+h,
E
Bhubaneswar
[h- model)
Pue
3honali |Bengaluru
 Small Signal Amplifier
ACE Academy
Engineering () Bm
V, (2) r, =
=Bn
C = ,
( )h,, (3) r, =
(2) he=ß
(4) C, +C= Bm
(3)Te i 27f,
VheTe = 1/gm

output
Frequeney Response of CE Amplifier
[T- model] vith an
included collector and
These models can be
between in ldb 3db
resistance

voltage)
emitter (VA isthe early configuration, theemitter mid
In the common-emitter
to Low
input signal is applied A frequency High
is at signal ground, the is taken at collector. is ;frequency
the base and the output input
resistance frequency f(log sca:
moderate
high voltage gain and frequency response
obtained. But the high Low frequency ’ Gain falls off due to the efte
limited.
common emitter amplifier of coupling and bypass capacitors.
The input resistance of
including an unbypassed
can be increased by emitter lead. This emitter
resistance (RE) in the other High frequency-’ Gain falls off due to the effec
resistance provides of parasitic capacitors.
degeneration expense of
performance improvements at the
reduced voltage gain. Millers theorem states that an impedance
In the common base amplifier, the base is at signal connected between two circuit nodes 1 and
ground, the input is applied at emitter and output Whose voltages are related by V, = KV, can be
is taken at collector. A high voltage gain and an Z
excellent high frequency response are obtained, betwet
replaced by two impedances Z= 1-K
but the input resistance is low. The CB amplifier
is useful as current buffer. Z
In the common collector configuration (emitter node I and ground
and Z,=1 betwe
follower), the collector is at signal ground, the k
input is applied at base and output is taken at Miller's theorem is ver)
emitter. Although the voltage gain is less than node 2 and ground.
unity, the input resistance is very high and output useful in
of the high frequene
the analysis
resistance is low. The circuit is useful as a voltage Amplifier.
responseofCE
buffer.
Anplifier and Comnon
Base
The Common are free of the negative
BJT high frequency model: Collector Amplifier multiplication anu
capacitance
(B) effects of millerwide bandwidth.
very
thusachieve differential amplifie
V,
(C) differential pair or used building
Bm Vgo The most widely stage of
W
configuation is the design. The input
(E) analog ICdifferentialamplifier.Kukatpaly(Hyd
block in isa /Guntur
op-amp |Tirupati
ACE Engg. Acadenv Hvderabad|Delhi| Bhopal|Pune every Vijayawada|Vizag
nnai/