EXCAVATORS

Excavators are heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom, stick, bucket and cab on a
rotating platform (known as the “house”).
The house sits atop an undercarriage with tracks or wheels.
Excavators are also called diggers

Excavators are used in many ways:

1. Digging of trenches, holes, foundations
2. Material handling
3. Brush cutting with hydraulic attachments
4. Forestry work
5. Demolition
6. General grading/landscaping
7. Heavy lift, e.g. lifting and placing of pipes
8. Mining, especially, but not only open-pit mining
9. River dredging
10. Driving piles, in conjunction with a
pile driver

BACKHOE
1. Also known as hoe, back shovel and pull shovel
2. It is used to excavate below the natural surface on which it rests.
3. Generally used to excavate trenches, pits for basements and also for grading works, which
requires precise control of depths.
4. The basic parts are boom, Jack boom, Boom foot drum, Boom sheave, Stick sheave,
Stick, Bucket and Bucket sheave

Application:

1. It is the most suitablemachinefor diggingbelowthe

machine level, such as, trenches, footings, basements
etc.
2. It can be efficiently used to dress or trim the
surface avoiding the use of manual effort for dressing
the excavated the surface.

SHOVEL
A shovel (also stripping shovel or power shovel or electric mining shovel or Dipper Shovel’s power
shovel) is a bucket- equipped machine, usually electrically powered, used for digging and loading earth
or fragmented rock and for mineral extraction. They are mounted on crawler tracks.

Application:

1. To excavate the earth and to load the trucks

2. It is used to excavate earth of all classes except hard rock and
load it
3. into wagons.
4. Size varies from O.375m3 to 5m3.

DRAGLINE
They are used to excavate soft earth from below ground and to deposit or to load in wagons.
Output of dragline is measured in Cubic Meters per hour.
They are used for bulk excavation below its track level in loose soils, marshy land and areas containing
water.

1. It is the most suitable machine for dragging softer material

and below its track level
2. It is mostly used in the excavation
for canals and depositing on the embankment
without hauling units.

CLAM SHELL
1. This is so named due to resemblance of its bucket to a clam which is like a shell-fish with hinged
double shell.
2. The front end is essentially a crane boom with a specially designed bucket loosely attached at the
end through cables as in a drag line.
3. The capacity of a clam shell bucket is usually given in cubic meters.
4. The basic parts of clam shell bucket are the closing line, hoist line, sheaves, brackets, tagline, shell
and hinge

sr. Back hoe Drag line Clam shell

Items of Power
No. comparison shovel

1 Good Good Not good Poor

Excavation in hard
soil or rock

2 Excavation in Poor Poor Moderately Moderately

wet good good
soil or mud

3 Small Small Long Long

Distance between
footing and
digging

4 Loading efficiency Very good Good Moderately Precise but

good slow
 5 Footing required Close to Close to pit Fairly away Fairly away
work from from pit
pit

6 Digging level Digs at or Digs below Digs below Digs at or

above footing level footing level below footing
footing level level

7 Cycle time Short Shortly more More than More than

than power power the
shovel shovel other
equipment

TRENCHING MACHINE
A trencher is a piece of construction equipment used to dig trenches, especially for laying pipes or electrical
cables, for installing drainage.
Following are the types of trenchers:
1. Wheel trencher
2. Chain trencher
3. Micro trencher
4. Portable trencher
5. Tractor mount trencher

1. WHEEL TRENCHER
 A wheel trencher or rockwheel is composed of a
toothed metal wheel. It is cheaper to operate and
maintain than chain-type trenchers. It can work in
hard or soft soils
 Due to its design the wheel may reach variable
cutting depths
 with the same tool, and can keep a constant soil
working angle

2. CHAIN TRENCHER (LADDER TYPE)

 A chain trencher cuts with a digging chain or belt that is driven
around a rounded metal frame, or boom. It resembles a giant
chainsaw.
 This type of trencher can cut ground that is too hard. To cut a
trench, the boom is held at a fixed angle while the machine
creeps slowly.

3. MICRO TREHNCHER
  A micro trencher is a "small rockwheel" specially designed for work in urban area. It is fitted with a
cutting wheel that cuts a microtrench with smaller dimensions than can be achieved with
conventional trench digging equipment.
 A micro trencher can work on narrow streets of cities, and can cut harder ground than a chain
trencher, including cutting through solid stone. They are also used to cut pavement for road
maintenance and to gain access to utilities under roads.

4. PORTABLE TRENCHER
 Landscapers and lawn care specialist use a portable trencher to install landscape edging and
irrigation lines.
 These machines are lightweight and are easy to operate compared to
other types of trenchers. The cutting implement may be a chain or a
blade.

5. TRACTOR MOUNT TRENCHER:

 A tractor mount trencher is a trenching device which needs a creeping
gear tractor to operate. This type of trenchers is another type of chain
trencher. The tractor should be able to go as slowly as the trencher's
trenching speed

SCRAPERS
While being pulled the scraper first it cuts the upper layer of dirt, then loads
then transports and unload or dumps material then compacts superficially.
The scraper is capable to maintain an optimal productivity. It is certainly one of the most cost-efficient
earth-moving machines.
Following are the types of scrapers:
1. Self loading scraper
2. Self propelled scraper
3. Towed type scraper
4. Tandem scraper
5. Twin engine scraper
6. Multi engine multi bowl scraper

ADVANTAGE:
 The body of scraper is short and easy to dismental.
 Can be operated on hydraulic pressure.
 Saves approximately 3o % fuel compared to other heavy earth
 moving equipments.
 Very useful for short distances

DOZERS
Powerful machine for pushing earth or rocks, used in road building, farming, construction and wrecking; it
consists of a heavy, broad steel blade or plate mounted on the front of a tractor. Sometimes it uses a four-
wheel-drive tractor, but usually a track or crawler type, mounted on continuous metal treads, is employed.
The blade may be lifted and forced down by hydraulic rams. For digging, the blade is held below surface
level; for transporting, it is held at the surface level and for spreading.

1. MECHANISM OF DOZER
HORSEPOWER
32.4 kW 43.4 HP @ 2450 rpm
OPERATIONG WEIGHT D21A-8E0: 3710 kg.

2. RESPONSIVE OPERATION:
  Forward and reverse
 Right and left steering
 Lifting
 Angling
 Tilting

BLADES
The bulldozer blade is a heavy metal plate on the front of the tractor, used to push objects, and shoving
sand, soil and debris.

There are 4 types of blades:

1. A straight blade ("S blade") which is short and has no lateral curve and no side wings and can be
used for fine grading.
2. A universal blade ("U blade") which is tall and very curved, and has large side wings to carry more
material.
3. An "S-U" combination blade which is shorter, has less curvature, and smaller side wings. This blade is
typically used for pushing piles of large rocks, such as at a quarry.
4. Cushion Dozers blades are used to push load scrapers or track-type tractors.

RIPPERS
The ripper is the long claw-like device on the back of
the bulldozer. Rippers can come as a single shank/giant ripper)
or in groups of two or more (multi shank rippers). Usually, a
single shank is preferred for heavy ripping. The ripper shank is
fitted with a replaceable tungsten steel alloy tip. Ripping rock
breaks the ground surface rock or pavement into small rubble
easy to handle and transport, which can then be removed so
grading can take place.

EARTH COMPACTING EQUIPMENT

A machine used to carryout light or heavy compacting of earth.

The soil compaction equipments can be divided into two groups:
1. Light soil compacting equipments
2. Heavy soil compacting equipments

1. LIGHT SOIL - These equipments are used for soil compacting of small areas only and where
the compacting effort needed is less
HIERARCHY OF CONSTRUCTION WORKERS
Higher Level – Construction Officers Lower Level – Skilled Workers
These exquisite professionals specifically Construction is a vast field that needs
possess a background in construction supervision professionals with different specializations. There
or construction project. These professional also are several lower level employees who are
play a vital role in the Construction Company. required to carry out the construction based
These professionals typically hold a bachelor or diverse activities in numerous ways. These are
even a master’s degree in structural engineering the skilled workers who are not required to
along with some vital and handy experience in the possess mandatory academics but need specific
same field. experience in particular construction-oriented
 Civil Engineer fields. The job profiles at this level range from a
 Safety Director general mason to a skilled apprentice. The
 Construction Engineer workers at this level are often hired on daily
 Building Services Director payment basis.
 Senior Manager – Construction
 Chief Construction Officer  Apprentice
 Carpenter
Middle Level – Construction Managers  Concrete Labor
Civil engineers are professionals who plan many  Contract Manager
types of structures, including buildings and  Construction Manager
highways. They work as a team with architects on  Construction Foreman
design and focus a great deal on safety,  Construction Worker
determining the best materials and methods for  Construction Supervisor
particular kinds of construction. They also work in  Crane Operator
close association with architects while developing  Contract Administrator
the design plans of the construction to be  Dry Wall Finisher
pursued. There are a plethora of job profiles that  Estimator
are available at this level of construction jobs  Dry wall Installer
hierarchy who perform various tasks on the  Electrician
construction field. These are the professionals  Field Engineer
who manage the skilled workers and assign them  Equipment Operator
activities in order to carry forward the construction  Framing Carpenter
project.  Inspector
 General Laborer
 Quantity Surveyor  Iron Worker
 Project Manager  Laborer
 Architect  Joiner
 Building Services Engineer  Master Plumber
 Construction Assistant  Master Electrician
 Structural Engineer  Painter
 Assistant Project Manager  Planner
 Building Inspector  Pipe Fitter
 Purchasing Coordinator  Plumber
 Construction Coordinator  Signal Worker
 Project Assistant  Roofer
 Project Manager  Surveyor
 Site Manager  Scheduler
 Superintendent  Welder
 Safety Manager