History of Delhi

Delhi has been an important political centre of India as the capital of several empires.[1] The
recorded history of Delhi begins with the 8th century Tomar Rajputs kingdom. It is considered to
be a city built, destroyed and rebuilt several times, as outsiders who successfully invaded the
Indian subcontinent would ransack the existing capital city in Delhi, and those who came to
conquer and stay would be so impressed by the city's strategic location as to make it their
capital and rebuild it in their own way.[2]

From the Ancient to the medieval era, Delhi was ruled by the powerful rajputs dynasties of the
Tomaras, Chauhans, Gautamas.[3] The Delhi Sultanate is the name given for a series of five
successive dynasties, which remained as a dominant power of Indian subcontinent with Delhi as
their capital.

During the sultanate period, the city became a center for culture.[4] The Delhi Sultanate came to
an end in 1526, when Babur defeated the forces of the last Lodi sultan, Ibrahim Lodi at the first
Battle of Panipat, and formed the Mughal Empire.

The Mughals ruled the area for three centuries. During the 16th century, the city declined as the
Mughal capital was shifted. The fifth Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan built the walled city of
Shahjahanabad within Delhi, and its landmarks, the Red Fort and Jama Masjid.[5][6] His reign
would be considered the zenith of the empire. After the death of his successor Aurangzeb, the
Mughal Empire was plagued by a series of revolts. They lost major portions to the Marathas,
Sikhs and many governors of erstwhile Mughal provinces like Bengal, Awadh and Hyderabad.
Delhi was sacked and looted by Nader Shah. The Jats captured many important towns of Mughal
heartland south of Delhi. The Marathas captured Delhi in the battle of Delhi in 1757 and
continued to control it until 1803 when they were defeated by the British during the second
Anglo-Maratha War. In 1803, Delhi was captured by the British East India Company.

During Company Rule in India, the Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah II was reduced to merely a
figurehead. The Indian Rebellion of 1857 sought to end company rule and declared Bahadur Shah
II the Emperor of India. However, the British soon recaptured Delhi and their other territories,
ending the short-lived rebellion. This also marked the beginning of direct British Rule in India. In
1911, the capital of British India was shifted from Calcutta to New Delhi, the last inner city of
Delhi designed by Edwin Lutyens.

After India's Independence from the British, New Delhi became the capital of the newly formed
Republic of India.
 Historical Region of North India
Delhi

Historic map of Shahjahanabad (now known as Old Language Hindustani (Hindi and
Delhi), in 1863
Urdu), Punjabi, Bengali,
English
Battles Battle of Delhi (1303);
Mongols vs Khiljis
Battle of Delhi (1556)
Hemu vs Mughals
Agrasen ki Baoli is believed to be Battle of Delhi (1737);
originally built by the legendary Marathas vs Mughals
king Agrasen.[7]
Battle of Delhi (1757);

Pre historic period Marathas vs Mughals

Battle of Delhi (1764);
Jats vs Mughals
There was Ochre Coloured Pottery culture in Red fort area
Battle of Delhi (1771);
which began around c.2000 BCE according to carbon
Marathas vs Mughals
dating. Around c.1200 BCE the region was inhabited by
Battle of Delhi (1783);
people of Painted Grey Ware culture which corresponds to
Sikhs vs Mughals
Vedic Period.[8] Significant prehistoric sites in Delhi include
Battle of Delhi (1803);
Anangpur (in the Badarpur region), as well as Harappan
British East India
excavations near Narela and Nand Nagari.[9] Company vs Marathas
Battle of Delhi (1804);
In mythology British East India
Company vs Marathas
A long-standing tradition associates Delhi with Battle of Delhi (1857);
Indraprastha and identifies the legendary city with the British East India
village Indarpat, which survived until the early 20th century Company vs Mughals
within the Purana Qila. There is no tangible archeological Dynasties Kuru Kingdom (c. 1200
evidence, however, which links the excavated 'painted BCE – c. 500 BCE)
greyware' at Purana Qila with the Bharata Khanda site.[10] Tomars (736–1179)
The legendary ancient city of Indraprastha is mentioned in Chauhan (1180–1192)
the ancient Indian epic Mahabharata probably compiled Ghurids (1193–1206)
between the 3rd century BCE and the 3rd century CE, with Mamluks (1206–89)
the oldest preserved parts not much older than around Khaljis (1290–1320)
[11] Tughlaqs (1320–1413)
400 BCE. During the Mauryan period, Indraprastha was
known as Indapatta in Buddhist literature. The location of Sayyids (1414–51)
Indraprastha is uncertain but Purana Qila in present-day Lodis (1451–1526)

New Delhi is frequently cited.[a][12] Mughals (1526–1540)

Suris (1540–55)
Hemchandra (1556)
Medieval period
Mughals (1556–1771)
Marathas (1771–1803)
Tomara British (1803–1947)
Government of India
(1947–present)

The bastion of Lal Kot fort in

Delhi's Mehrauli built by Tomara
Rajput ruler, Anangpal Tomar in c.
1052 CE.

Sculptures of ancient temple in Lal Kot, built by Anangpal Tomar II

Qutb Minar complex.

Anangpal Tomar founded Delhi in 1052. A VS 1383 inscription in Delhi Museum confirms the
founding of Delhi by the Tomars.[13]
He established the Tomar Dynasty of Delhi in the early 8th century and built his capital at the
Anangpur village in Haryana. The Anangpur Dam was built during his reign; the Surajkund during
the reign of his son Surajpal.[14]

Chauhan Rajputs

Museum and remnants of the

walls of Qila Rai Pithora, the
second city of Delhi.

The Rajput Chahamana (Chauhan) kings of Ajmer conquered Lal Kot in 1180 and renamed it Qila
Rai Pithora. The Chauhan king Prithviraj III was defeated in 1192 by Muhammad Ghori in the
Second Battle of Tarain, solidifying Muslim presence in northern India and shattering Rajput
power in the Indo-Gangetic Plain.[15]

Late Medieval period (13th-16th centuries CE)

Delhi Sultanate

From 1206, Delhi became the capital of the Delhi Sultanate under the Slave Dynasty. The first
Sultan of Delhi, Qutb-ud-din Aybak, was a former slave who rose through the ranks to become a
general, a governor and then Sultan of Delhi. Qutb-ud-din started the construction of the Qutub
Minar, a recognisable symbol of Delhi, to commemorate his victory but died before its
completion. In the Qutb complex he also constructed the Quwwat-al-Islam (might of Islam),
which is the earliest extant mosque in India.[16] He was said to have destroyed twenty-seven Jain
temples initially housed in the Qutb complex and pillaged exquisitely carved pillars and building
material from their debris for this mosque, many of which can still be seen.[17] After the end of
the Slave dynasty, a succession of Turkic Central Asian and Afghan dynasties, the Khalji dynasty,
the Tughluq dynasty, the Sayyid dynasty and the Lodi dynasty held power in the late medieval
period and built a sequence of forts and townships in Delhi.[18][1]
 The Qutub Minar is the world's Mosque tomb over ancient
tallest brick minaret at 72.5 temple structure in Qutb Minar
metres, built by Qutb-ud-din Aibak complex
of the Slave dynasty in 1192
CE.[19]

Tomb of Ghiyasuddin Tughluq Jahaz Mahal is built during the

Lodi dynasty period (1452–1526)
as a pleasure resort.
 Alauddin Khilji's madrasa and
Tomb in the Qutb complex.

Timur

In 1398, Timur Lang invaded India on the pretext that the Muslim sultans of Delhi were too
tolerant of their Hindu subjects. After defeating the armies of Nasiruddin Mahmud of Tughlaq
dynasty, on 15 December 1398, Timur entered Delhi on 18 December 1398, and the city was
sacked, destroyed, and left in ruins, and over 100,000 war prisoners were killed as well.[20][21]

Defeat of the Lodi sultans

In 1526, following the First Battle of Panipat, Zahiruddin Babur, the former ruler of Fergana,
defeated the last Afghan Lodi sultan and founded the Mughal dynasty which ruled from Delhi,
Agra and Lahore.
Mughal Rule

Hem Chandra Vikramaditya, the Hindu

emperor of North India who resisted
Mughals in the 16th century.

The early modern period in Indian history is marked with the rise of the Mughal Empire between
the 16th and 18th centuries. After the fall of the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughals ruled from Agra,
Sikri and Lahore, but the city once became the capital in 1648 during the rule of Shah Jahan, and
remained the capital until the fall of the empire. During this time, Delhi became a center for
culture, and poets such as Ghalib, Dard, Dagh and Zauq lived in the city and sought patronage of
the emperor. The Mughals also built several monuments in the city including Humayun's Tomb,
Red Fort, and Jama Masjid.

Babur and Humayun (1526–1556)

The first Mughal Emperors Babur (1526–1530) and Humayun (1530–1540, restored 1556–57)
ruled from Agra, unlike the preceding Delhi Sultans.

In the mid-16th century there was an interruption in the Mughal rule of India as Sher Shah Suri
defeated Humayun and forced him to flee to Persia. Sher Shah Suri built the sixth city of Delhi, as
well as the old fort known as Purana Qila, even though this city was settled since the ancient era.
After Sher Shah Suri's death in 1545, his son Islam Shah took the reins of north India from Delhi.
Islam Shah ruled from Delhi. Then Humayun was briefly restored; but meanwhile in 1553 the
Hindu Hemu became the Prime Minister and Chief of Army of Adil Shah.

Hemu fought and won 22 battles in all against rebels and (twice) against the Mughal Akbar's
army in Agra and Delhi, without losing any. After defeating Akbar's army on 7 October 1556 at
Tughlaqabad fort area in Battle of Delhi, Hemu acceded to Delhi throne and established Hindu
Raj in North India for a brief period, taking the title 'Vikramaditya' at his coronation in Purana
Quila, Delhi. Hemu was defeated at the second battle of Panipat by Mughal forces led by Akbar's
regent Bairam Khan, thus reinstating Mughal rule in the region.

Akbar to Aurangzeb (1556–1707)

The third and greatest Mughal emperor, Akbar (1556–1605), continued to rule from Agra,
resulting in a decline in the fortunes of Delhi.

In the mid-17th century, the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan (1628–1658) built the city that
sometimes bears his name Shahjahanabad, the seventh city of Delhi that is now commonly
known as the old city or old Delhi.[1][6] This city contains a number of significant architectural
features, including the Red Fort (Lal Qila) and the Jama Masjid.[5] The city served as the capital of
the later Mughal Empire from 1638 onward, when Shah Jahan transferred the capital back from
Agra.

Aurangzeb (1658–1707) crowned himself as emperor in Delhi in 1658 at the Shalimar garden
('Aizzabad-Bagh) with a second coronation in 1659.

After 1680, the Mughal Empire's influence declined rapidly as the Hindu Maratha Empire rose to
prominence.[22]

Decline of Mughals

The Mughal Empire suffered several blows due to invasions from Marathas, Jats, Afghans and
Sikhs. In 1737, Bajirao I marched towards Delhi with a huge army. The Marathas defeated the
Mughals in the First Battle of Delhi.[23][24] The Maratha forces sacked Delhi following their victory
against the Mughals. In 1739, the Mughal Empire lost the huge Battle of Karnal in less than three
hours against the numerically outnumbered but military superior Persian army led by Nader Shah
during his invasion after which he completely sacked and looted Delhi, the Mughal capital,
followed by massacre for 2 days, killing over 30,000 civilians and carrying away immense wealth
including the Peacock Throne, the Daria-i-Noor, and Koh-i-Noor. Nader eventually agreed to leave
the city and India after forcing the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah I to beg him for mercy and
granting him the keys of the city and the royal treasury.[25]
The Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar The Red Fort was commissioned
visits the Great Mosque of Delhi by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan
for the Friday prayers in the 17th century,[5] it was the
main residence of the Mughal
emperors for nearly 200 years.

Humayun's Tomb is considered a The Jama Masjid is one of the

predecessor to the Taj Mahal.[26] largest mosques in India.
Maratha Rule

Raghunath Rao, the younger brother

of Peshwa Balaji Bajirao, led the
Battle of Delhi in 1757.

Maratha Protectorate

A treaty signed in 1752 made Marathas the protector of the Mughal throne at Delhi.[27] In 1753
Jat ruler Suraj Mal attacked Delhi. He defeated Nawab of Delhi Ghazi-ud-din (second) and
captured Delhi in the Capture of Delhi.[28] Jats sacked Delhi from 9 May to 4 June.[29] Ahmad
Shah Durrani invaded North India for the fourth time in early 1757. He entered Delhi in January
1757 and kept the Mughal emperor under arrest. In August 1757, the Marathas once again
attacked Delhi, decisively defeating Najib-ud-Daula and his Rohilla Afghan army in the Battle of
Delhi (1757).[30] Later, Ahmad Shah Durrani conquered Delhi in 1761, after the Third Battle of
Panipat in which the Marathas were decisively defeated. Later, a treaty was made between the
Marathas and Afghans that the Marathas would have all the lands east of the Sutlej river. Thus,
the Marathas established full control over the city. Under the leadership of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia
and Baghel Singh, Delhi was briefly conquered by the Sikh Empire in early 1783 in the Battle of
Delhi (1783).[31]
Decline of the Marathas

After losing the Battle of Delhi (1803)

to the British, under Maratha ruler
Daulat Rao Scindia, the Marathas lost
control of Delhi and the right to
collect chauth from the Mughals

In 1803, during the Second Anglo-Maratha War, the forces of British East India Company
defeated the Maratha forces in the Battle of Delhi (1803), ending the Maratha rule over the
city.[32] As a result, Delhi came under the control of British East India Company, and became a
part of the North-Western Provinces. The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II remained a mere
figurehead.

British Rule

The India Gate commemorates the

90,000 Indian soldiers who died in the
Afghan Wars and World War I.
 The Rashtrapati Bhavan (President's
Palace) is the official residence of the
President of India. Before
independence, it used to be a
residence for the British Viceroy.

Revolt of 1857

The Indian Rebellion of 1857 sought to end Company Rule in India. On 11 May, the mutineers
reached and captured Delhi, and declared Bahadur Shah Zafar II the Emperor of India, and the
Emperor held his first court in many years. However, the British returned and laid siege to Delhi
on 8 June 1857. On 21 September, Delhi finally fell into the hands of British troops. The city
received significant damage during the battle. Afterwards, the last titular Mughal Emperor
Bahadur Shah Zafar II was captured and exiled to Rangoon.

Delhi passed into the direct control of British Government in 1857 after the Indian Rebellion of
1857 and the remaining Mughal territories were annexed as a part of British India.

British Raj

Calcutta was the capital of British India till 1911 but in 1911 at the Delhi Durbar of 1911, held at
the Coronation Park, King George V announced the shifting of the capital to Delhi. New Delhi
designed by the British architect Edwin Lutyens was inaugurated in 1931 after its construction
was delayed due to World War I.[1][33] Originally King George V and Queen Mary announced the
project, although it did receive major opposition from the European business community of
Calcutta, along with Lord Curzon and Mahatma Gandhi.[34] The project was fulfilled by a team of
architects, engineers and contractors, namely Sir Edwin Lutyens, Sir Herbert Baker, Sir Teja Singh
Malik, Walter Sykes George, Robert Tor Russell, Arthur Shoosmith, Sir Sobha Singh, Basakha
Singh, Ram Singh Kabli, Narain Singh and Dharam Singh Sethi.[35][36]

New Delhi was officially declared as the seat of the Government of India after independence in
1947.
Post-Independence (1947–present)

During the partition of India, around five lakh Hindu and Sikh refugees, mainly from West Punjab
fled to Delhi, while around three lakh Muslim residents of the city migrated to Pakistan.[37][38]
Ethnic Punjabis are believed to account for at least 40% of Delhi's total population and are
predominantly Hindi-speaking Punjabi Hindus.[39][40][41] Migration to Delhi from the rest of India
continues (as of 2013), contributing more to the rise of Delhi's population than the birth rate,
which is declining.[42]

The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 created the Union Territory of Delhi from its predecessor,
the Chief Commissioner's Province of Delhi.[43][44] The Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act,
1991 declared the Union Territory of Delhi to be formally known as the National Capital Territory
of Delhi.[45] The Act gave Delhi its own legislative assembly along Civil lines, though with limited
powers.[45]

After 1967 relations between Hindus and Muslims deteriorated to the level that there was a
significant uptick in the number of riots and other disruption of civil life. One of the most
significant was the 1973 riot in Bao Hindu Rao area, which resulted in the injury of 18 police
officers and financial losses estimated to be around 500,000 Rupees, according to police
sources. Another significant riot happened on 5 May 1974 in the Sadar Bazar area between
Hindus and Muslims in which 11 people were killed and 92 were injured. This riot was the worst
in Delhi since independence. The Centre for the Study of Developing Societies carried out a
survey in nearby areas that showed significant division between Hindus and Muslims who saw
each other negatively.[46]

In 1966, an inscription of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka (273-236 BCE) was discovered near
Sriniwaspuri. Two sandstone pillars inscribed with the edicts of Ashoka were brought to by Firuz
Shah Tughluq in the 14th century already exist in Delhi.
 The Lotus Temple[47] Delhi today.

The Raj Ghat, where Mahatma

Gandhi was cremated.

See also

Agrasen ki Baoli

Gates of Delhi

Mehrauli Archaeological Park

Notes

a. For instance, Indologist J. A. B. van Buitenen, who translated the Mahabharata, wrote in 1973 that
"there can be no reasonable doubt about the locations of Hastinapura, of Indraprastha (Delhi's Purana
Qila [...]), and of Mathura

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2. "Delhi Tourism" ([Link] .

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4. Hearn, The Seven Cities of Delhi 1906, pp. 88–99.

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m/atdelhifras00fras#page/n5/mode/2up) . Bombay : Times of India Press and Thacker.

Bardiar, Nilendra. Urban, Cultural, Economic and Social Transformation: History of New Delhi
(1947-65) ([Link] . New
Delhi, Ruby Press & Co. Archived from the original ([Link] on 15 April
2014.

Hearn, Gordon Risley (1906). The Seven Cities of Delhi ([Link]

fdel00hear#page/n9/mode/2up) . W. Thacker & Co., London.
External links

Delhi (1938) ([Link] , a documentary by

BFI archives

Scenes from Delhi ([Link] (Silent film).

University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology Films. c. 1930. 18:16–
23:27 minutes in.

Land and Acquisition Act of 1894, under which the new city of Delhi was acquired ([Link]
[Link]/web/20141025130035/[Link]
(archived 25 October 2014)

The agreement of construction of new city of Delhi with original signatures of Herbert Baker
and Edwin Luteyns ([Link]
g/agreement-construction-rashtrapti-bhawan/) (archived 25 October 2014)

Portal: History