COMMUNICATION *ENCODING

-derived from the Latin word “COMMUNIS” -it is the process of converting message into
which means to share, that is to share ideas, words, actions, pictures, and other forms that
concept, feelings, emotions, and among other the speakers understand.
shareable value.
*CHANNEL
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
-it is the method or medium by which the
*COMMUNICATION IS A PROCESS communication travels from the source to
receiver.
-It includes step by step procedure to convey
messages. PERSONAL CHANNEL

*COMMUNICATION OCCURS BETWEEN TWO -it is a face to face interaction or direct

OR MORE PEOPLE interpersonal contact with the target
individuals.
-It involves the presence of the sender and the
receiver of a message. NON-PERSONAL CHANNEL

*COMMUNICATION CAN BE EXPRESSED -the sender and the receiver did not interact
THROUGH WRITTEN OR SPOKEN WORDS, thru interpersonal contact.
ACTIONS OR BOTH SPOKEN WORDS AND NON
*RECEIVER
VERBAL AT THE SAME TIME.
-this refers to the person who receives the
-it means that we can communicate in many
message or for whom the message is meant for.
ways, not only through speaking but also
through writing and doing actions or gestures. *DECODING
*COMMUNICATION IS A MESSAGE TO BE -it is a process of interpreting the encoded
UNDERSTOOD. message of the speaker.
-we need to consider two conditions: first the *FEEDBACK
message must be clear, second the message
must be understood by the receiver for whom it -it refers to reactions, responses, or information
meant for. provided by the receiver.

ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION *CONTEXT

*SENDER -refers to setting in which the communication

takes place.
-this refers to a person who intends to convey
the message with the intention of passing PHYSICAL CONTEXT
information and ideas to others. -it refers to concrete environment. It can be a
*MESSAGE place of worship or restaurant.

-this refers to subject matter of communication. CULTURAL CONTEXT

This maybe an opinions, attitudes, feelings, -refers to the values belief, lifestyle, and
views, order or suggestions. behaviors of a group.
SOCIAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL THREE GENERAL TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
MODELS:
-the norms of the group in a situation, including
the intimacy or formality level among speakers. 1. Linear model of communication
2. Interactive model of communication
TEMPORAL CONTEXT
3. Transactional model of communication
-the positioning of a message within a sequence
of conversational events.
I. LINEAR MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
*BARRIERS/NOISES
-one way process
-this affect the flow of communication.
-no feedback
FIVE FUNCTIONS OR ORAL COMMUNICATION
The only task of the receiver here is to receive
1. REGULATION/CONTROL the message.
-used to control one’s behavior.
SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL
2. SOCIAL INTERACTION
-The mathematical theory later came to be
-it refers to social relationship and to known as Shannon weaver model of
develop bonds, intimacy and relations. communication or “mother of all
3. MOTIVATION communication.”

-used to motivate or to encourage -it contain six important features; SENDER,

ENCODER, CHANNEL, DECODER, RECEIVER, and
people to live better. NOISE.
4. INFORMATION ARISTOTLE ‘S MODEL
-used to convey information -This is considered as the first model of
[Link] EXPRESSION communication.

-expression of their feelings and -it also the most widely accepted among all
communication models.
Emotions.
-speaker centered model, as the speaker has the
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION most important role in it and is the only one
active.
*COMMUNICATION MODEL
-It is divided into 5 primary elements; SPEAKER,
-Systematic representation of the process which
SPEECH, OCCASION, AUDIENCE, and EFFECT.
helps in understanding how communication can
be done.

*MODELS

-show the process metaphorically and in

symbols.
BERLO’S COMMUNICATION MODEL B. WHITE’S MODEL

-It presents the communication process in its -Communication is circular and continuous
simplest form. It consist 4 components (sender, without a beginning or an end.
message, channel, and receiver).
EUGENE WHITE
COMMUNICATION SKILLS
-Introduced the concept of feedback.
-it play a crucial role in this other factors, such
-it implies step by step sequence of events that
as culture, knowledge and attitude.
starts with thinking in the mind of the speaker
and ends with monitoring also by the speaker.

II. INTERACTIVE MODEL OF COMMUNICATION THE EIGHT STAGES OF ORAL COMMUNICATION

-communication in which participants alternate ACCORDING TO WHITE’S MODEL

positions as sender and receiver.
[Link]
-two-way process, and it include feedback.
-desire, feelings or an emotion provides a
-interactive or convergence model is similar to speaker stimulus communication.
transactional model as they are both two-way
[Link]
communication model.
- Represent his ideas and in order to make his
DIFFERENT MODELS THAT FOLLOW
selection.
INTERACTIVE MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
ARE: [Link]
A. SCHRAMM’S INTERACTIVE MODEL -sounds of language accompanied by his facial
expression, gestures and body stance.
-views communication as a process takes place
between a sender and receiver. [Link]
SCHRAMM- FATHER OF MASS -waves of sound spreading at 1,000 feet per
COMMUNICATION second and waves light travelling at a speed of
180,000 miles per second.
FIELD OF EXPERIENCE- everything that makes a
person unique like everything she/he had [Link]
learned.
-resulting nerve impulses reach the brain via the
EX. Field of experience is a conversation optic nerves.
between students of the same strand.
[Link]

-The listeners interprets the language symbols.

7. FEEDBACKING
-overt behavior like a nod; smile or yawn.

[Link]-the speaker watches for signs

of reception or understanding of his message
among his listeners.
III. TRANSACTIONAL MODEL COMMUNICATION BREAKDWON
-communication proposed by Barlund states
-results when the intended message is not
that giving and receiving messages is reciprocal.
exactly understood by the receiver.
-Communicators and both play equally
BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION
important role in communication.
PHYSICAL BARRIERS
*SIMULTANEOUSLY- continues
-natural or environmental condition that act as a
MODEL THAT FOLLOW TRANSACTIONAL
barrier in communication.
MODEL OF COMMUNICATION;
EX. Noise from the construction site.
[Link]’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS
-multi-layered feedback system.
-this called as “MENTAL BARRIERS.” These refers
-continuous process where sender and receiver
to social and personal issues of a speaker.
interchange their places.
EX. Lack of confidence, Trauma and afraid of
-feedback for one is the message for the other.
public speaking.
[Link] MODEL
CULTURAL BARRIERS
-a dynamic process which progresses with age
-a communication problems encountered by
as our experience and vocabulary increases.
people regarding their intrinsic values, beliefs
FRANK DANCE and traditions in conflict with others.

-he originally named “Dance’s helix model of EX. Different Beliefs or religion.
communication.”
LINGUISTIC BARRIERS

-Conflicts with regard to language and word

meanings, because words carry denotative and
connotative meanings.

EX. Difference in language

STAGE TO AVOID COMMUNICATION
BREAKDOWN;

KEEP FOCUSED

-put in mind the purpose of communication. As Verderber (1991)

a speaker identify your purpose for speaking -he classified noises into three kinds.
and as a listeners to sender.
THREE KINDS OF NOISES
SPEAK INTELLIGIBLY
EXTERNAL NOISES (PHYSICAL BARRIER)
-clearly using the appropriate speaking volume.
Pitch rate, proper enunciation, stress and -Sight sound and other stimuli that draw
acceptable. people’s attention away from intended
meaning.
LISTEN WITH YOUR EARS AND EYES
EX. Noise from the vehicles
-paying attention to verbal and non-verbal
message. Effective communication depends on INTERNAL NOISES (CULTURAL BARRIER)
what people say and how they say it. -the thoughts and feelings that interfere with
MINIMIZE DISTRACTION meaning.

-look for a place where you can minimize EX. Confrontation with a friend
distractions. Lessening the cause for confusion SEMANTIC NOISES (LINGUISTIC BARRIER)
means giving more room to focus and
concentrate. -alternate meanings aroused by a speaker’s
symbols. This idea means that a word may have
BE SPECIFIC another meaning in the minds of students.
-use simple and concise words as much as EX. Incorrect grammar
possible in delivering a message, and it should
be direct to the point.

DO NOT JUMP INTO CONCLUSION

-before giving comments to the speaker story be

sure that the speaker stated it completely.
7C’S TO AVOID COMMUNICATION VERBAL COMMUNICATION
BREAKDOWNS
-refers to interaction in which words are used to
Broom, Cutlip, and Center (2012) relay a message.

-they listed the 7C’S of effective communication SKILLS REQUIRED FOR EFFECTIVE VERBAL
in their book “EFFECTIVE PUBLIC RELATIONS” COMMUNICATIONS

COMPLETENESS VOLUME

-the speaker should include everything that the -refers to the loudness of your voice.
receiver needs to hear.
ENUNCIATION & PRONUNCIATION
CONCISENESS
-enunciate and pronounce every word that you
-message should be direct or straight to the say so that the listeners can perceived all your
point and should be expressed in least possible ideas.
number of words.
ENUNCIATION- the way people pronounce word
CONSIDERATION
PRONUNCIATION- the proper pronounce of
-in order to be effective the speaker should give word.
high regard and courtesy to audience’s
PITCH
background information such as culture,
education, religion, and status. -refers to the frequency of your voice.
CONCRETENESS STRESS
-communication backed up by facts figures, and -refers to emphasis in a certain word.
real life examples or situations.
EX. YOU are a girl (the one you talk to )
COURTESY
You are a GIRL (the sex identity)
-showing respect to the listeners.
PHRASING
CLEARNESS
-refers to how you group words in a sentence.
-Implies the use of simple and specific words to
express ideas. SPEED

CORRECTNESS -refers to how quickly you speak.

CONSIDERATIONS IN ENGAGING IN A VERBAL
-avoiding mistakes in grammar helps to boost
COMMUNICATION
the credibility and effectiveness of the message.
APPROPRIATENESS: whether formal or informal

BREVITY: Conciseness, avoid fillers

CLARITY: meanings may be interpreted differently

ETHICS: courtesy and consideration

VIVIDNESS: find ways to charm your audience

through words.
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
-situated communication among persons of
-an interaction where behavior is used to different culture and linguistic background.
convey and represent meaning.
CANCEL CULTURE
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING: -cancelling one’s personality because of their
bad past.
EYE CONTACT
3 MAIN ISSUES OF INTERCULTURAL
-shows sincerity, and to appear convincing COMMUNICATION
FACIAL EXPRESSIONS KNOWLEDGE
-message should be connected to your facial -the customs and values of a certain culture
expression
SKILLS
HEAD AND BODY MOVEMENTS
-perform actions appropriate to the culture’s
-refers to a movement when delivering speech specific norms.
or message.
ATTITUDES
POSTURE
-tolerant disposition towards people of culture.
-proper posture

PROXIMITY (DISTANCE)
HOW TO CONDUCT INTERCULTURAL
-the nearer the better relationship with your COMMUNICATION PROPERLY
audience.
BE CONCIOUS OF YOUR OWN CULTURE
PERSONAL APPEARANCE
-Towards respecting other cultures is to
-refers to personal hygiene. appreciate our own customs, values, and
practices.

BE OPEN-MINDED TOWARDS OTHER CULTURES

-appreciative of our own culture so the we can

understand other people behave the way they
do.

IMMERSE YOURSELF IN THE PRACTICES OF

OTHER CULTURES

-learn of the intricacies of their language and try

to understand their non-verbal cues and
strategies.
 -To make the audience laugh.

SPEECH CONTEXT TYPES OF SPEECHES (according to delivery)

-surrounding circumstances information or EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEECH

environment in which a conversation or speech
-speaking with limited time
takes place.
IMPROMPTU SPEECH
TYPE OF SPEECH
-speaking without advanced preparation.
[Link]
-unrehearsed speech
-Communication within yourself
MANUSCRIPT SPEECH
[Link]
-speaking with advanced preparation.
-communication that take place between and
among people. -rehearsed speech
TYPES OF INTERPERSONAL MEMORIZED SPEECH
[Link] -reciting word for word from memory.
-communication that happen between two
people
TYPE OF SPEECH STYLES
[Link] GROUP
Martin Joos, 1976
-communication between three-twelve peoples.
-he characterized the degree of formality known
[Link] COMMUNICATION as speech style.
-communication through media INTIMATE
[Link] -very close relationship
-communication that enables the sender deliver CASUAL
a message before the crowd.
-informal communication between groups and
peers
TYPES OF SPEECHES (According to purpose) CONSULTATIVE
INFORMATIVE SPEECH Semi-formal and standard communication
-the main goal is to educate the audience FORMAL
PERSUASIVE SPEECH -one-way straightforward speech.
-the main goal is to convince or encourage the FROZEN
audience
-most formal communication that is used during
ENTERTAINMENT SPEECH solemn ceremonies and events.
 -the speaker expresses his/her feelings or
emotional actions.

DECLARATION
TYPES OF SPEECH ACT
-external situation, simply put declaration.
SPEECH ACT

-an utterance that a speaker makes to achieve

an intended effect.

J.L. Austin (1962)

-Philosopher of language and the developer of

speech act theory.

-He also characterized LOCUTIONARY,

ILLOCUTIONARY, PERLOCUTIONARY.

LOCUTIONARY

-actual act of utterance or saying something

ILLOCUTIONARY

-social function on what is said

PERLOCUTIONARY

-consequent effect on what is said.

John Searle (1976)

-He classified illocutionary into 5 distinct

categories.

ASSERTIVE

-the speaker express belief about the truth of a

proposition.

DIRECTIVE

-the speaker tries to make the addressee

perform an action

COMMISSIVE

-commits the speaker

EXPRESSIVE