International journal of advances in engineering and management (IJAEM)
Volume 3, issue 6 June 2021, pp: 1512-1519 [Link] ISSN: 2395-5252
Study on low cost water treatment for rural area
Yashwanth K S,Rakesh A R, Subhash Chandra Nangali B A, Udank
Jayappa
Students of Civil Engineering at Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering
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Submitted: 01-06-2021 Revised: 14-06-2021 Accepted: 16-06-2021
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ABSTRACT:Over 3 million people, including 1.3 of the world's poorest without access. The regions
million children’s below six die every year from most affected by this type of scarcity are portions
drinking infected water. According to UNICEF and of Central and South America, Central Africa,
the World Health Organization One in eight people India, and South East Asia. India's water crisis is
worldwide lack access to safe, clean potable established in three reasons. The primary is
drinking water, and Many people has no choice but insufficient water per person as a consequence of
to drink water they know is contaminated with population growth. The second cause is poor water
potentially life-threatening bacteria. In poor quality coming about because of inadequate and
developing countries people, obtain up to 5 gallon postponed investment in urban water-treatment
(Appox.19-20 litter) of safe, clean water each day. offices. The third issue is waning groundwater
In ancient ages of human civilization boiling water supplies because of over-extraction by
over a wood fire is one of commonly cheaper clean agriculturists. This is on account of groundwater is
method for water solution, but it is still hazards in an open-access asset and anybody can pump water
poor ventilation kitchen and what's more it fuels from under his or her own particular area. India has
deforestation. 16 per cent of the world’s population and four per
cent of its fresh water resources. Around 37.7
I. INTRODUCTION: million Indians are affected by waterborne diseases
Approximately 80% of all illnesses in annually, 1.5 million children are estimated to die
developing countries are caused by poor water and of diarrhea alone and 73 million working days are
sanitation condition. It is normal for women and lost due to waterborne disease each year. The
young girls to need to walk a few kilometers resulting economic burden is estimated at $600
consistently to bring water for their families. When million a year. Providing safe drinking water to all
filled, water containers can weigh as much as 20 kg in rural India is a challenging task. The user should
(44 lbs). In the last century, water use has greatly be made aware of the importance of preventing
outpaced the rate of population growth: people are contamination of water and user’s accountability
using more water than ever before. By 2025, up to should also 052- EVH-17 realize their individual
1.8 billion individuals could face water scarcity. By responsibility in maintaining the quality of water.
052- EVH-17 2025, up to 1.8 billion people could Researcher point out the various low cost water
face water scarcity Water scarcity can take two treatment method suitable in rural area as Bamboo
forms: physical water scarcity, or low quantity of charcoal (Activated carbon) Solar sterilization,
water, and economic water scarcity, or low quality distillation, Chlorine filters, Bone ,Everything-but-
of water. Physical water scarcity term typically the-sink portable filter ,Slow sand filtration ,and
applies to dry, arid regions where fresh water Emergency homemade filter.
naturally occurs in low quantities. This is in effect
incredibly exacerbated by anthropogenic exercises II. LITERATURE REVIEW:
that take surface and ground water quicker than the 1) A. D. Mande, B. R. Kavathekar, A. S.
earth can recharge it. Locales most influenced by Langade, N. G. Lasankute, S. H. Patle(2018)
this kind of water lack are Mexico, Northern and performed a study on “ Low cost Household
Southern Africa, the Middle East, India, and water treatment systems: A Review”.
Northern China. Economic water scarcity applies This review paper did the detailed study
to ranges or societies that fail to offer the monetary on low cost household water treatment methods. In
assets and/or human ability to put resources into this review paper there are various low cost
water sources and take care of the local demand. households water treatment methods are there like
Water is often only available to those who can pay ceramic candle filter, silver impregnated pot filter
for it or those in political power; leaving millions and bio sand filter. In this there are various media
DOI: 10.35629/5252-030615121519 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 1512
International journal of advances in engineering and management (IJAEM)
Volume 3, issue 6 June 2021, pp: 1512-1519 [Link] ISSN: 2395-5252
used in this treatment methods like resin, activated want a purifier which has fast service. They also
carbon etc. surveyed how many days there will be the
2) Abhishek Kumar Singh , Lokesh temperature above 45 degree and analysis.
Kumar Gupta , Vivek Kumar Singh (2015) 5) Jason Corey(2008) Performed a study on
performed a study on “A review of low cost performance evaluation of Bio Sand Filters, a
alternative of water treatment in rural area”. method of Household Water Treatment.
This paper is an attempt to examine and Field methods included microbial and
review the published research that has been carried turbidity water quality testing. The average
out so far with various low cost water treatment filtration efficiency was found to be 98% for total
method suitable in rural area as Bamboo charcoal coliforms, and 88% for turbidity. When water
(Activated carbon) Solar sterilization, distillation, flows through the filter physical straining removes
Chlorine filters, Bone ,Everything-but-the-sink pathogens, iron, turbidity from drinking water.
portable filter , Slow sand filtration ,and Biosand filter is proven technology which removes
Emergency homemade filter. These low cost water pathogens. And it is also somewhat effective for
treatment sustainable tool options for rural removal of E-coli Bio sand filter are suitable for the
infrastructures. treatment of water at householdschool or
3) Shams Ali Baig, Qaisar Mahmood, community level.
Bahadar Nawab, Mustafa Nawaz Shafqat, 6) Ratnoji and Singh(2014) performed a
Arshid Pervez (2011) Performed a study on study on A study of coconut shell - activated
“Improvement of drinking water quality by carbon for filtration and its comparison with
using plant biomass through household biosand sand filtration
filter – A decentralized approach” This work examined reduction and
The removal of microbial and physico- removal of iron, turbidity, biochemical oxygen
chemical contaminants was investigated using an demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand
innovative biosand filter (BSF) containing three (COD) in river water by making different
combinations of coniferous pinus bark biomass arrangements of CS-AC (Coconut Shell-Activated
(CPBB), i.e. 1 cm (treatment 2), 2.5 cm (treatment carbon) in the filtration unit. Also its comparison
3) and 5 cm (treatment 4). The efficiency of BSF with sand filter, a conventional practice in water
was assessed in batch mode experiments and the treatment plants in India was done to reduce these
comparative reductions of contaminants were parameters. Finer grade activated carbon (AC-III)
monitored over the control treatment (1) at showed the maximum iron removal (95%).
temperature range of 1–15 ◦C for 90 days. Standard Turbidity was reduced to 1.7 NTU from 2.1 NTU.
methods were used to analyze 9 operating, physico- 7) Ranjan Pandhare1, Dr. Isha Khedikar
chemicals and biological water quality parameters performed a study on Feasibility study of
of pre-and post-water filtration samples after 15 Domestic Water Purifier for Rural Areas
days interval. The results showed mean 93 ± 2% The study focuses on feasibility of water
and 95 ± 3% reductions of Eischerichia coli and purifiers for the rural areas which will protect
total coliforms, respectively children and other members of the family from
4) Mr. Anil K. Rajvanshi and AmolDalvi water borne diseases. The water filter used in this
performed a study on “Low-cost solar water study is designed by Bhabha Atomic Research
purifier for rural households” ,Nimbkar Centre (BARC) along with the design inputs from
Agricultural Research Institute (NARI) Phaltan, IIT Bombay. The unique thing that makes this filter
Maharashtra, India. different from others is the use of Nano membrane
Author have discussed about technique of technology in purification. This membrane filter
water purification with the help of solar energy. makes it useful for long term use and economical.
They used simple solar device to purify the water This study is done in four villages of remote and
in their system. They started heating water using tribal areas of Gadchiroli where the problem of
tubular solar collector. All the harmful deposits water borne diseases is in major amount.
were eliminated by heating water using solar 8) Pankaj J. Edla, Neha Sonkar, Dr.
technique but they have to heat the water until the Bhupendra Gupta Performed a study on Solar
next morning to a desired temperature. Then they Water Purifier For Indian Villages – A Review
have to collect it next morning. As in this process In this article a review has been done on
the water purification method takes a lot of time. different types of solar still. This article provides a
This method is also no useful for the rainy seasons detailed review of different studies on active solar
or the season where there is low temperature. distillation system over the years. This review
Therefore this time required is very much as if we would also throw light on the scope for further
DOI: 10.35629/5252-030615121519 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 1513
International journal of advances in engineering and management (IJAEM)
Volume 3, issue 6 June 2021, pp: 1512-1519 [Link] ISSN: 2395-5252
research and recommendations in active solar becomes mineral-rich. Apart from the use of
distillation system bamboo, they also propose to use gravel and
Study on different types of filtration and pebbles in various stages to aid particle
carrying out test: sedimentation and thus further purification. By
1) Bamboo charcoal exposure to sunlight, UV rays also play their role in
Members of the E4C Community the filtering and purification with their capacity to
researcher team fromBangalore, India propose to kill pathogenic bacteria. Uniquely, the process they
design and constructed a natural filter comprising propose is indigenous, eco-friendly, low cost and
of bamboo, gravel, pebble and other locally entails minimum maintenance. It can purify 30
available natural adsorbents to carry out this liters of water per hour by the application of batch
purification. Properties of bamboo charcoal such as process method under maximum sunlight
its high porosity, mineral constituents, absorption Bamboo charcoal is rich in a number of
rate, existence of harmless microbes etc., make it minerals including potassium, magnesium, sodium,
perfect for its utilization in the purification of and calcium. As it filters your water,Bamboo
water. charcoal releases a type of electromagnetic waves,
During water purification processes, called Far Infrared Waves (FIR), at wavelengths
bamboo charcoal even dissolves its rich mineral ranging from 4 to 16 micrometers. It is absorbed by
contents into the water, so the purified water all organic material.
Fig (1) Primary design of the Bamboo charcoal filter
2) Ceramic filters enough to allow water to seep through, but small
After the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, safe enough to trap bacteria and other contaminants.
drinking water became a huge problem in Sri Filters made by using the Red Cross design treat
Lanka. Trucking or flying in bottled water was just about 2 liters of water per hour, adding up to 40
a temporary fix. What the devastated communities liters per day. This is sufficient for most families.
needed was a cheap way to treat water at the point
of use. The American Red Cross Society teamed up
with the Sri Lanka Red Cross Society to bring clay
water filters to tsunami affected communities. They
submitted the design to Practical Action, which
now makes the technical brief freely available.
Clay and sandstone water filters have been used for
over a thousand years. The Sri Lanka National
Museum has one on display that is 1200 years old,
and the design has not changed much. Each filter
looks like a large clay flower pot. When water is
poured into the filter, it slowly seeps through the 3) Portable cheap water filter
clay material and drips into a storage container. Group of students at BITS-Pilani have
The filter works like a sieve because the clay used developed one such water [Link] portable filter
to make it is porous. These tiny pores are large design proposed in response to a call for better
DOI: 10.35629/5252-030615121519 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 1514
International journal of advances in engineering and management (IJAEM)
Volume 3, issue 6 June 2021, pp: 1512-1519 [Link] ISSN: 2395-5252
water filtration at taps in India uses chlorine, silver liters per hour.
beads, activated charcoal and [Link] rate: 10
Fig.3. Portable cheap water filter
4) Bio sand filter in Nicaragua. The Canadian non-profit
The household biosand filter was company Center for Affordable Water and
proposed by Dr. David Manz in the late 1980s at Sanitation Technology (CAWST) was co-founded
the University of Calgary, [Link] system was in 2001 by David Manz and Camille Dow Baker to
developed from the slow sand filter, a technology promote education and training in water
that has been used for drinking water purification purification and sanitation including using this
since the 1800s. Initial lab and field tests were technology, and to continue developing it. A
conducted in 1991; the system was patented in privately owned company, Hydraid Biosand Water
1993 and was implemented in the field Filter produces and distributes plans for filters.
DOI: 10.35629/5252-030615121519 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 1515
International journal of advances in engineering and management (IJAEM)
Volume 3, issue 6 June 2021, pp: 1512-1519 [Link] ISSN: 2395-5252
5) Bone char filtration phosphate (or hydroxylapatite) 57-80%, calcium
Bone char is a permeable, dark, granular carbonate 6-10% and initiated carbon 7-10%. It is
material delivered by scorching creature bones. Its fundamentally utilized for filtration and
piece differs relying upon how it's made, in any decolourisation. [11]
case it comprises principally of tricalcium
Fig.5 Bone char filtration
DOI: 10.35629/5252-030615121519 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 1516
International journal of advances in engineering and management (IJAEM)
Volume 3, issue 6 June 2021, pp: 1512-1519 [Link] ISSN: 2395-5252
Water sample Test results.
parameters Results Maximum Maximum Test method
acceptable permissible
limits limits in
in(mg/L) mg/L
Colour, hazen units <5 5 15 IS:3025/part 4
Odou Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable IS:3025/part 5
pH value 6.0 6.5-8.5 No IS:3025/part 11
relaxation
Turbidity,NTU 1.1 1 5 IS:3025/part 10
Total Dissolved 1252.0 500 2000 IS:3025/part 16
solids,mg/L
Total hardness as 700.0 200 600 IS:3025/part 21
Water caco3
sample Calcium as ca 172.3 75 200 IS:3025/part 40
Magnesium as Mg 65.6 30 100 IS:3025/part 46
Chloride as Cl 370 250 1000 IS:3025/part 32
Total alkalinity 420 200 600 IS:3025/part 23
Total acidity 38 - - IS:3025/part 22
Residual free <0.1 0.2 1 IS:3025/part 26
chlorine
Sodium as Na 59 - - IS:3025/part 45
Ammonia as total <0.1 0.5 No IS:3025/part 34
ammonia relaxation
E coli,MPN/100ml Not detected IS 1622-1981
Method parameters Results Maximum Maximum Test method`
acceptable permissible
limits limits in
in(mg/L) mg/L
Colour, hazen units <5 5 15 IS:3025/part 4
odour Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable IS:3025/part 5
pH value 5.5 6.5-8.5 No IS:3025/part 11
relaxation
Turbidity,NTU 0.8 1 5 IS:3025/part 10
Total Dissolved 1150.0 500 2000 IS:3025/part 16
solids,mg/L
Biosand Total hardness as 220.0 200 600 IS:3025/part 21
Filter caco3
Calcium as ca 140.3 75 200 IS:3025/part 40
Magnesium as Mg 45.4 30 100 IS:3025/part 46
Chloride as Cl 230 250 1000 IS:3025/part 32
Total alkalinity 350 200 600 IS:3025/part 23
Total acidity 32 - - IS:3025/part 22
Residual free <0.1 0.2 1 IS:3025/part 26
chlorine
Sodium as Na 50 - - IS:3025/part 45
Ammonia as total <0.1 0.5 No IS:3025/part 34
ammonia relaxation
E coli,MPN/100ml Not detected IS 1622-1981
DOI: 10.35629/5252-030615121519 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 1517
International journal of advances in engineering and management (IJAEM)
Volume 3, issue 6 June 2021, pp: 1512-1519 [Link] ISSN: 2395-5252
Method parameters Results Maximum Maximum Test method
acceptable permissible
limits limits in
in(mg/L) mg/L
Colour, hazen <5 5 15 IS:3025/part 4
units
odour Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable IS:3025/part 5
pH value 6.0 6.5-8.5 No IS:3025/part 11
relaxation
Turbidity,NTU 1.1 1 5 IS:3025/part 10
Total Dissolved 1252.0 500 2000 IS:3025/part 16
Bone char solids,mg/L
filtration Total hardness as 650.0 200 600 IS:3025/part 21
caco3
Calcium as ca 172.3 75 200 IS:3025/part 40
Magnesium as Mg 65.6 30 100 IS:3025/part 46
Chloride as Cl 370 250 1000 IS:3025/part 32
Total alkalinity 420 200 600 IS:3025/part 23
Total acidity 38 - - IS:3025/part 22
Residual free <0.1 0.2 1 IS:3025/part 26
chlorine
Sodium as Na 59 - - IS:3025/part 45
Ammonia as total <0.1 0.5 No IS:3025/part 34
ammonia relaxation
E coli,MPN/100ml Not detected IS 1622-1981
Method parameters Results Maximum Maximum Test method
acceptable permissible
limits limits in
in(mg/L) mg/L
Colour, hazen units <5 5 15 IS:3025/part 4
odour Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable IS:3025/part 5
pH value 6.0 6.5-8.5 No IS:3025/part 11
relaxation
Turbidity,NTU 1.1 1 5 IS:3025/part 10
Total Dissolved 1252.0 500 2000 IS:3025/part 16
solids,mg/L
Bamboo Total hardness as 680.0 200 600 IS:3025/part 21
charcoal caco3
Calcium as ca 172.3 75 200 IS:3025/part 40
Magnesium as Mg 60.6 30 100 IS:3025/part 46
Chloride as Cl 370 250 1000 IS:3025/part 32
Total alkalinity 320 200 600 IS:3025/part 23
Total acidity 38 - - IS:3025/part 22
Residual free <0.1 0.2 1 IS:3025/part 26
chlorine
Sodium as Na 59 - - IS:3025/part 45
Ammonia as total <0.1 0.5 No IS:3025/part 34
ammonia relaxation
E coli,MPN/100ml Not detected IS 1622-1981
DOI: 10.35629/5252-030615121519 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 1518
International journal of advances in engineering and management (IJAEM)
Volume 3, issue 6 June 2021, pp: 1512-1519 [Link] ISSN: 2395-5252
III. CONCLUSION: [Link]
Based on the test results usage of biosand filters is =356
suggested for the rural areas. [4]. Drinking water quality in rural India: Issues
and approaches
Research needs: [Link]
As many people can’t afford water purifiers, study ns/[Link]
has been carried out so that many people can utilize [5]. [Link]
the benefits out of it and consume treated water for cations/Water-Safety-Plans-rural-water-
the consumption. [Link]
[6]. Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. (1972). Wastewater
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Engineering. McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Thewriter wishes to acknowledge the contribution ISBN 0-07-041675-3
of various authors of the papers referred to in this [7]. Primer for Municipal Wastewater Treatment
review and for their impact in the former’s Systems 2004
research. [Link]
[8]. [Link]
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DOI: 10.35629/5252-030615121519 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 1519
