RESEARCH

ON COASTAL CLIFFS
AND BEACH EROSION
IN ISRAEL

Dov S. ROSEN
Department of Marine Geology & Coastal Processes

PROGRESS REPORT

Report IOLR H56/2009

Haifa, September 2009

Submitted to
Mr. Bertram COHN
NORTH AMERICAN FRIENDS OF IOLR
i
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this research study are to improve our scientific understanding of the factors
affecting the coastal cliffs and beach erosion along the Mediterranean coast of Israel, particularly the
future onshore-offshore and alongshore dynamics of waves, currents, sea level rise and sediment
transport processes. The progress of the study carried out so far is presented in this progress report.
The author and the staff of the Department of Marine Geology and Coastal Processes wish to
express our appreciation and thank Mr. Bertram Cohn of North American Friends of IOLR for the
funding support provided.

RESULTS
Main results obtained so far are presented in tables and graphs. They show assessments of
the maximum runup of the waves during extreme storm conditions, of the extreme waves and sea
levels for return average periods of up to 100 years, results of erosion-accretion balance for the
study coast during 1997-2004 period, examples of differential maps of the beach and cliff at
Apolonia and near Marina Herzliya between 2002 and 2003 as well as the waterline position
changes between 1997 and 2004, and examples of the numerical wave and sedimentological
modeling simulations and their outcomes for the study sector – the central sector of the
Mediterranean coast of Israel.

PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS
The work presented in this report is an ongoing study on the coastal erosion at the beach
and coastal cliff of a typical coastal sector at the Mediterranean coast of Israel. It contains both
sectors with anthropogenic impact as well as sectors remote from coastal structures.

The investigation method used is a combination of various methods of study of the coastal
processes inducing erosion, including in situ long term monitoring of meteo-marine climate and
analysis of the morphological changes measured using differential maps and shifts of the waterline
position, as well as numerical modeling of the coastal processes.

Preliminary results indicate sectors of higher sensitivity to coastal erosion and sea level rise
due to climate change impact.

Continuation of the monitoring of the meteomarine environment as well as the performance

of aerial photography and mapping of the coastal zone (beach and cliff) is considered very
important for the proper integrated coastal management of the Mediterranean coast of Israel. These
however depend to a great extent to the availability of funding which would enable these activities.

ii
 II.. C
COON
NTTE
ENNT
TSS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY………………………………………………. ii

II List of Tables…………………………………………………………………. iii

III List of Figures………………………………………………………………... Iv

1 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………... 1

2 BACKGROUND…………………………………………………………….. 1

3 SCOPE OF RESEARCH PROGRAM………………………………… 8

4 IMPLEMENTATION TASKS AND THEIR STATUS…………… 8

5 RESULTS……………………………………………………………………... 11

6. PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS…………………………………….. 22

7. REFERENCES……………………………………………………………… 23

II. LIST OF TABLES

No. Title Page

Maximum wave runup during extreme sea states at the Mediterranean coast of
1 11
Israel

Results of erosion-accretion balance for the study coast during 1997-2004

2 12
period

Example of results of erosion volumes and water line retreat obtained with
3 18
SBEACH

iii
 III. LIST OF FIGURES

No. Title Page

Location of the Israeli coast in the Nile littoral cell and in the South-Eastern
1 2
Mediterranean

Long term sea level rise observed on the Mediterranean coast of Israel in the
2 4
last 17 years

Severe erosion at Ashkelon park reached ancient fortress wall, damaging this
3 5
ancient site

4 Detail of the damaged ancient wall at Ashkelon park 5

Coastal erosion protection using geotextile tubes filled with sand at northern
5 5
Ashkelon coast

Failure of the geotextile tubes protection, probably due to their impermeable

6 5
rubber cover

7 Severe coastal and cliff erosion north of Apolonia ancient fortress, at Herzliya 5

8 Collapse of Apolonia fortress wall due to severe beach and cliff erosion 5

9 Beach and cliff erosion at Shefaim-Gaash coast endangers residents on cliff top 6

10 Coastal and cliff erosion at HaSharon sector, north of Netanya 6

Erosion of beach sand at Haifa Zamir beach, (see eroded beach grass and sand
11 6
layer)

Severe depletion of beach sand at Haifa Dado beach, (see missing sand below
12 6
walkway

Coastal sector from Yarkon river to Poleg river , the study sector, centered at
13 7
Herzliya

14 Maxima of waves and sea levels at Mediterranean coast of Israel 11

Volumetric and waterline changes between fall 2002 and fall 2003 off Apolonia
15 13
coast

iv
 III. LIST OF FIGURES - CONTINUED

No. Title Page

Volumetric and waterline changes between fall 2002 and fall 2003 off Herzliya
16 14
coast

17 Bathymetry and wave height transformation on coastal sector for Hs,o=8.7m 15

18 Wave induced setup in surf zone up to waterline during waves shown in Fig.15 16

19 Comparison of wave induced superelevation for various conditions 17

Results of erosion volume estimates for various sea states and sea level rise
20 19
scenarios

Results of erosion volume estimates for various sea states at present sea level
21 20
state

Results of erosion volume estimates for various sea states at future sea level rise
22 21
states

v
1. INTRODUCTION

This progress report presents a concise outline of the progress achieved so far in the
research study on coastal cliffs and beach erosion in Israel by IOLR. Only thanks to the generous
donation of funding support by the American Friends of IOLR Association to this on-going
research it was possible to carry out a number of important tasks of the study, which undoubtedly
could not have been carried out otherwise due to lack of sufficient funding, and which have an
important outcome contribution to the decision making national process for a sustainable,
environmentally conscious coastal cliffs and beaches management of the Mediterranean coast of
Israel. Consequently, the Department of Marine Geology and Coastal Processes staff and the
author express our gratitude to Mr. Bertram Cohn of the North American Friends of IOLR
for the funding support provided.
The main objectives of the research study on coastal cliffs and beach erosion on the Mediterranean
coast of Israel have been defined as :

(a) To monitor qualitatively and quantitatively the present and future coastal changes,

(b) To improve the scientific understanding on the present and particularly the future onshore-offshore
and longshore dynamics of waves, currents, sea level rise and sediment transport processes in view
of anthropogenic growing loading and forecasted climate change,

(c) To enable to provide national decision making authorities and public stakeholders improved advice
on the best feasible mitigation and/or protective means against the foreseen beach and coastal cliffs
erosion, for a sustainable integrated coastal zone management.

2. BACKGROUND

Reports published by the national "Israel 2020" committee and by other bodies, indicate that Israel
is progressing rapidly towards becoming within the next 10 to 20 years one of the most densely populated
countries in the world, at its coastal region, where the majority of its population concentrates. This implies
immediately the need for additional land for various uses such as: housing for residential and commercial
activities; offices, hotels, green areas and beaches for recreation, sport and tourism; ports, airports and roads
for people and goods transportation; and land remote from residential areas for industrial activities, energy
production, chemicals and waste treatment. With the absence of other land resources in the coastal region
for these activities, it is obvious that the answer is considered to be in the form of land reclamation from the
sea. Such solution has already been adopted by a number of countries, of which the two most prominent
examples are Japan and The Netherlands. The former expanded its land resources by creating more than 150
artificial islands, while the latter did it by peninsular expansion of most of its coast into the sea. In order to
enable major marine land reclamation in the coastal zone it is therefore of utmost importance to identify and
assess the feasibility of various reclamation schemes and their environmental impact, in particular in regards

1
to the short and long-term morphological and sedimentological impacts, such development may induce to
the coastal zone, and especially to the beaches and nearshore areas. Associated with such developments
comes the need for identification and proper implementation of long term remedial measures against
potential negative impacts, such as beach and coastal cliff retreat due to coastal erosion and even temporary
beach width shrinking, inducing also coastal groundwater salinization.

Since the 1980's, increasing evidence has been acquired that the coastal region of Israel is faces
progressive erosion. Among the facts backing this evidence, one may mention ancient (Neolithic) human
skeletons discovered in perfect condition on the sea bottom off Atlith, at about 6m water depth, a 2000 years
old merchant wood ship found also in the late 1980’s in shallow water (~2.5 m water depth) almost
undamaged, with much of its goods onboard and many antiques recently discovered in the shallow water off
Ashkelon. All these were found in good condition, and could not have survived the destructive power of the
sea-waves and currents, would they not have been covered until recently by a protective, thick layer of sand
which is no longer there. In former studies (Rosen, 1992; Golik et al., 1997) it was indicated that two major
anthropological activities were identified to be the major factors responsible for the existing situation:
 Sand quarrying from the beaches for concrete preparation and filling of land and road developments,
which fortunately was formally stopped by law in 1965;

 Man-made coastal structures obstructing the net longshore sand transport brought to the Israeli coasts
along the shore of the Sinai peninsula, itself fed mainly from the Nile Delta.

Figure 1. Location of the Israeli coast in the Nile littoral cell and in the South-Eastern Mediterranean
Due to population growth rate and to rapid industrial development mentioned above, such
constructions are estimated to increase soon in size and number, by new port developments and expansions

2
at the Nile Delta coast, at Gaza and Ashdod, new marinas and other coastal and marine structures, including
future artificial islands and/or artificial peninsulas.
The coastal face extending from Egypt’s Nile Delta to Haifa Bay in the Northern part of the Israeli
coast (Fig. 1), belongs to a large sedimentary unit, named the “Nile Littoral Cell”. This is due to the fact that
the majority of the sediments covering its coasts were initially transported via the Nile River to the Nile
delta, as indicated by the large content of "Nilotic" (quartz material) sand, versus the low content of local
biogenic (carbonate material) sand, produced by shells and some local river outflows. Hence, it is obvious
that any developments in this cell would be influenced by their predecessors upstream the longshore
sediment transport flow and would be influencing the coast downstream that flow.

According to Egyptian coastal studies (Fanos et al. 1997), within the period starting from the
construction of the Low Aswan Dam in 1903 until 1965, when the High Aswan Dam was completed, the
Nile Delta retreated about 5 km (in 62 years). However, from 1965 until 1995 (in 30 years), about another 5
km of the delta coast were removed by accelerated erosion (doubled), induced by the cessation of Nile
quartz sediment supply to the Nile delta after 1965. Hence, the future of the existing Nile littoral-cell coast,
and in particular the Israeli coast, seems to be threatened not only by the local causes due to past sand
mining and last century coastal constructions and by new coastal and marine developments mentioned
above (if proper remediation steps will not be taken), but also by the cessation of Nile sediment supply. The
impact of sediment supply by the Nile River is however estimated not to be significant in the 21 century,
because the eroding Nile delta coast is still supplying sand to the Sinai coast, that itself is still rich with
sand, which may be transported by the combined natural action of wind, waves and currents, to feed the
northern part of the Nile cell. Unfortunately, to this "far" future impact, one might expect an additional
impact due to a more rapid phenomenon also of anthropological origin, which is expected to become
increasingly significant in this century and further in the next centuries. We refer to the forecasted world
wide sea-level rise and climate change, induced by global atmospheric warming via the so-called “green-
house effect”.

The forecasted worldwide average sea-level rise assessed by IPCC (McCarthy et al. 2001) assuming a
business as usual scenario, was of 32 cm in year 2050 and 89 cm in year 2100. A more recent IPCC
assessment (IPCC 2007) reduced the forecasted rise by 2100 to only 59cm, excluding however from its
assessment the additional contribution of ice caps melting. An updated assessment of the global sea level rise
is expected by the end of 2009, including ice cap melting and based on improved climate modeling outcomes.
However, a significantly higher sea level rise was assessed by other scientists (Rahmstorf, 2006), reaching
1.4m by 2100, but other scientists (Woodworth, 2009) claimed they were not able to reproduce that
assessment.

In addition to climate warming effect, there is a group of scientists claiming that presently the world is
encountering not only global warming effect, but also a global dimming effect. This dimming effect refers to
the claimed impact of increased global dust pollution, induced by industrial and aerial traffic. This is claimed
to be leading to an increased reflection of the solar radiation by brighter clouds, which temporarily is

3
masking/diminishing the global warming effects. According to the global dimming scientists (???, 20??; ???,
20??), by 2030's, the increased global warming will overcome the global dimming and then an accelerated
global warming and correspondingly an accelerated global sea level rise will occur.

Furthermore, it is agreed by most experts that the sea level rise will not be the same over the whole
globe. Due to tectonic movements as well as other factors, there may be regions where the rise will be smaller
or higher than the global average. Secondly, climate change may lead to a shift in the local/regional wind
directions and wind speeds statistical distributions, leading to a shift in prevailing and predominant wave
directions and heights. If such a change would occur, it may lead to shifts in the local/regional net sediment
transport balance, leading to a shifting in the accretional and erosional features of the impacted coastal sectors.

Another forecasted effect of the climate change is an increase of the frequency of meteo-marine
extreme events and their spatial and temporal statistics. For the Mediterranean coast of Israel however, the
predominant and strongest storms will remain however those inducing waves coming from the West direction
interval, as this directional sector is the one with the longest wind fetch for the Israeli coast.

The sea level rise has been also monitored by IOLR on the Israeli coast using its monitoing station at
Hadera, serving as one of the Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS) of IOC/UNESCO major
observing stations (Fig. 2).

Figure 2. – Long term sea level rise observed on the Mediterranean coast of Israel in the last 17 years

In the last decade the Mediterranean coast of Israel encountered severe erosion at a significant
number of places along the coast, some of them in key locations such as damage to antique sites (Ashkelon

4
park – Figures 3 and 4), at popular beaches (eg. North to Hertzliya Marina development (Fig. 4),
endangering of housing and hotels located on eroding coastal cliffs (Ashkelon, Netanya, Bet-Yanai - Fig. 5)
or severe denuding of the Zamir beach at Haifa (Fig. 6).

Figure 3. Severe erosion at Ashkelon park reached Figure 4. Detail of the damaged ancient wall at
ancient fortress wall, damaging this ancient site. Ashkelon park.

Figure 5. Coastal erosion protection using geotextile Figure 6. Failure of the geotextile tubes protection,
tubes filled with sand at northern Ashkelon coast. probably due to their impermeable rubber cover.

Figure 7. Severe coastal and cliff erosion north of Figure 8. Collapse of Apolonia fortress wall due to
Apolonia ancient fortress, at Herzliya severe beach and cliff erosion

5
Figure 9. Beach and cliff erosion at Shefaim- Figure 10. Coastal and cliff erosion at HaSharon
Gaash coast endangers residents on cliff top. sector, north of Netanya.

Figure 11. Erosion of beach sand at Haifa Zamir Figure 12. Severe depletion of beach sand at Haifa
beach, (see eroded beach grass and sand layer). Dado beach, (see missing sand below walkway.

6
Figure 13. Coastal sector from Yarkon river to Poleg river , the study sector, centered at Herzliya
7
3. OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF RESEARCH PROGRAM

The objectives of this research proposal is to improve our scientific understanding of the factors
affecting the coastal cliffs and beach erosion along the Mediterranean coast of Israel, particularly the
future onshore-offshore and alongshore dynamics of waves, currents, sea level rise and sediment
transport processes.
The scope and program of the proposed study includes the following activities:

a. Gathering of existing and new data regarding the meteo-marine and physical state
(including new essential measurements on sea and land) of a typical coastal sector of the
Israeli coast (Figure 11), analysis of the data and derivation of statistical and morphological
characterization of the existing state.
b. Modeling of the coastal processes under various future wave, wind, and sea level climate
scenarios (including recent past and present state for calibration and validation) to assess
possible implications of hazards due to global warming (e.g. sea level rise, meteo-marine
climate change) and availability of sand resources from the south (Sinai and Nile delta) and
earthquake induced tsunamis for the stability of the shore zone (underwater, on beach and
cliff stability).
c. Assess future scenarios for the nearshore, beach and the coastal cliff, for a time horizon of
up to 100 years.
d. Transform the resulting scenarios into maps of areas likely to be exposed to significant
erosion and damage due to the various hazards identified.
e. Identify alternative feasible measures which may be used for the mitigation of damage
from coastal erosion and assess their likely impact by new modeling including simulation
of the effects of these measures.
f. Select the optimum feasible alternative.

4. IMPLEMENTATION TASKS AND THEIR STATUS

The detailed complementary implementation tasks considered necessary to achieve the

scope of the research are listed below, together with their accomplishment status at reporting time:

a. Use existing old maps and aerial photographs to derive past bathymetric and topographic
maps. This task has been completed and serves as part of the basic information regarding
the intensity, extent and impact of past sedimentological processes on the Israeli coast
versus the coastal development and storm waves history.

8
b. Carry two bathymetric and topographic surveys for two consecutive autumns, to map and
quantify recent spatial and temporal volumetric changes of the sea bottom, beach and cliff.
The bathymetric surveys had to be carried out using IOLR's marine survey vessels while
the very shallow sector and dry land areas had to be surveyed by aerial photogrametry.

c. We have carried out so far 2 bathymetric surveys and a total number of 5 aerial
photography mapping of the beach and cliff sector along 30 km of coastline at a scale of
1:500 (high resolution) in autumns of 1997, 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2005. The data gathered
have been processed for preparation of differential bathymetric and differential topographic
charts of the coastal zone covering a coastal length of about 30km, from Poleg river estuary
in the north to the beach at the border between Rishon LeZion and Bat-Yam. The
processing of the differential maps is in the last stages of analysis.

d. Carry out a sediment thickness survey by performing a number of sub-bottom profiles of

the coastal sector, perpendicular to the shoreline using IOLR's CHIRP sub-bottom profiler
and water jetting prickings in the shallow and beach parts. This task has been only partially
implemented for a coastal sector along some 5 km of coast at Herzliya. The information
acquired indicated that the sand layer on the beach face and shallow sea bottom is relatively
thin, making the beach and coast very sensitive to sand erosion and beach denuding due to
lack of natural nourishment induced by coastal structures sand trapping, by deficit in sand
budget due to the old beach sand mining and by the impact of present sea level rise.

e. Derive a spatial and temporal quantification of sedimentological changes by computing

differential maps and tabulating erosion and accretion in the various parts of the
investigated coast. So far this has been finished only for one period investigated, between
2002 and 2003. (As mentioned in item 2 above, the processing of the other yearly data will
be soon completed, enabling to quantify for the first time at the Israeli coast volumetric
changes of beach and cliff erosion (or accretion very locally).

f. Determine changes in the corrected position of the waterline in past and in the new surveys,
after correction of the contributions of wind and wave induced super-elevation of the
waterline, tide and sea level rise, and common reference to same datum (Israel and survey
datum). The rectified aerial potographies were used to depict the instantaneous positions of
the waterline along the coastal sector listed above. Then they were all adjusted to a
common reference elevation of the sea level equivalent the Israel Land Survey Datum, by
computing the vertical adjustment necessary due to the instantaneous tide, wind surge and
wave induced superelevation, and the necessary horizontal shifting of the position of the
depicted waterline based on the slope of the local foreshore.
9
g. Monitoring of meteo-marine climate (sea level, currents, waves, wind) during the study
period and integrate all in the long term data bank available at IOLR. The meteomarine data
(see next item) were gathered at the Hadera IOLR GLOSS Station 80, which has been
equipped thanks to the funding with a new Teledyne RDInstruments Acoustic Doppler
Current Profiler directional wave gauge of the Monitor type (600 KHZ) transmitting data in
near real time to a logging computer located on the coal unloading pier, from where the
data are transmitted hourly to IOLR.

h. Analyze the sedimentological changes relative the meteo-marine climate and extreme
events which occurred in the same period covered by the differential maps. The analysis of
the sedimentological changes of the cliff and dry beach for the period 2002-2003 has been
already completed. Those during 2003-2004 and 2004-2005 are presently being analysed
and will be finished in December 2009. Bathymetric changes on the sea bottom have not
been analysed after 2005, because there are no new bathymetric surveys at this coast sector.

i. Set-up, calibrate and validate hydrodynamic (waves, currents, runup) and sedimentological
models available at IOLR for the study region. A SWAN hydrodynamic wave model has
been setup and performed for the coastal sector from Poleg to BatYam. In addition a two
dimensional sedimentological model SBEACH has been run for the same coastal sector.

j. Formulate scenarios for a time horizon of 100 years of sea level rise, wave, wind and
currents climate change as well as for a tsunami event with a high risk of encounter in this
time period. Scenarios of raising sea level and storm strength were selected based on
forecast of future climate change induced impact for simulations using these models.

k. Run the models for the a/m scenarios to determine expected sedimentological coastal
changes. The SWAN and SBEACH models have been run for the various scenarios for the
coastal sector described above, producing outcomes of the erosion induced by various
simulated present state and future forecasts. Additional runs are planned using a more
sophisticate model to investigate further three dimensional effects inducing erosion.

l. Based on the outcome of the models and survey of worldwide experience analyze and
select up to 3 most potentially feasible alternative solutions for mitigation/protection from
the erosion impacts obtained in 10 and rerun the models. This was only partially performed.

m. Rank the alternatives investigated based on the simulations outcomes and select the
optimum feasible alternative. This activity has only started but needs further input from a/m
tasks before completion.

n. Submit final detailed report. This will be accomplished in 2010.

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5. RESULTS
Main results obtained so far are presented in the following tables and graphs.

In table 1 is presented the assessment of the maximum runup of the waves during extreme
storm conditions as a function of the average return period, expressed in years. This is a direct
indication of the range of cliff elevations expected to be impacted directly during extreme storm
conditions.

Table 1 – Maximum wave runup during extreme sea states at the Mediterranean coast of Israel
Average return period Elevation of maximum runup on the coastal
[years] cliff relative Israel land survey datum [m]
2 4.09
10 4.85
20 5.51
50 7.39
100 8.34

The same data are also presented in Figure 14, together with the data of extreme deepwater
significant wave heights, estimated sea level rise, extreme tide highs and lows for various average
return periods. The abscissa is given on logarithmic scaling.

ESTIMATE OF MAXIMUM RUNUP AT COASTAL CLIFFS AS FUNCTION OF THE AVERAGE RETURN PERIOD
9
Elevation above Israel Land Survey Datum [m]

3
Hmo,o HIGHS lows RISE TOTAL INCL RUNUP AVERAGE HIGHEST 10% RUNUP

-1
1 10 100
Average return period [years]

Figure 14. Maxima of waves and sea levels at Mediterranean coast of Israel

11
 In Table 2 are presented the volumetric results of the differential maps during the two
bathymetric surveys made in 1997 and in 2004. The show a cumulative erosion of the coast of
about 1.5 million cubic meters over a period of 7 years period, or about 215,000 m3/year.
Table 2 – Results of erosion-accretion balance for the study coast during 1997-2004 period

Coastal South North Elevations Erosion Deposit Differential

Sector Description Sector Latitude Latitude range Volume Volume Volume
No. (m)N (m)N (m) (m3) (m3) (m3)

From Poleg river mouth 1.25km southward 26S 686,750 688,000 -3 - +3 -231,995 48,751 -183,244
1.25 km to 2.5 km south of Poleg river mouth 25S 685,500 686,750 -3 - +3 -241,012 184,819 -56,193
2.5km to 3.75km south of Poleg river mouth 24S 684,250 685,500 -3 - +3 -324,475 123,869 -200,606
North Gaash coast 23S 683,000 684,250 -3 - +3 -222,545 137,828 -84,718
South Gaash coast 22S 681,750 683,000 -3 - +3 -111,745 120,168 8,422
Shefaiim towards Gaash coast 21S 680,500 681,750 -3 - +3 -213,861 192,819 -21,042
Kfar Shmariyahu towards Shefaiim coast 20S 679,250 680,500 -3 - +3 -135,509 341,120 205,611
Nof-Yam coast 19S 678,000 679,250 -3 - +3 -113,332 154,176 40,845
Herzliya Sidna Ali till Apolonia and northward 18S 676,750 678,000 -3 - +3 -125,154 186,558 61,405
Herzliya Hasharon beach towards Sidna-Ali 17S 675,500 676,750 -3 - +3 -116,090 194,429 78,338
Herzliya middle of main breakwater till after 3rd detached breakwater 16S 674,250 675,500 -3 - +3 -178,660 96,279 -82,380
South to Herzliya marina till mid of marina main breakwater 15S 673,000 674,250 -3 - +3 -108,007 150,317 42,310
Herzliya south border almost until Hezliya marina 14S 671,750 673,000 -3 - +3 -85,076 101,800 16,724
Tel-Aviv Sea and Sun coast to Herzliya south border 13S 670,500 671,750 -3 - +3 -69,325 107,266 37,942
Tel-Aviv south to Tel Baruch breakwater to north of the breakwater 12S 669,250 670,500 -3 - +3 -128,755 85,551 -43,204
Tel-Aviv Reading basin and northward towards Tel Baruch 11S 668,000 669,250 -3 - +3 -273,780 70,223 -203,557
Tel-Aviv Sheraton breakwater to Yarkon river mouth 10S 666,750 668,000 -3 - +3 -211,834 64,148 -147,686
Tel-Aviv Atarim, Gordon marina, Hilton detached breakwater 9S 665,500 666,750 -3 - +3 -342,181 156,142 -186,039
Tel-Aviv Atarim coast - southern 5 detached breakwaters zone 8S 664,250 665,500 -3 - +3 -272,559 111,129 -161,430
Tel-Aviv Manshia (Charles Klor coast) to Atarim South Breakwater 7S 663,000 664,250 -3 - +3 -176,422 159,739 -16,683
South of Jaffa Harbour to North of Jaffa Harbour 6S 661,750 663,000 -3 - +3 -557,373 144,995 -412,377
North Bat-Yam to Ageami in Jaffa 5S 660,500 661,750 -3 - +3 -123,662 92,591 -31,072
Bat-Yam North to Sela Pool 4S 659,250 660,500 -3 - +3 -163,933 73,159 -90,774
South Bat-Yam to Sela Pool 3S 658,000 659,250 -3 - +3 -249,197 123,825 -125,373
South Bat-Yam 2S 656,750 658,000 -3 - +3 -135,281 144,327 9,046
Border Bat-Yam with Rishon Le Zion 1S 655,500 656,750 -3 - +3 -69,325 107,266 37,942

From Border Rishon LeZion with Bat-Yam until Poleg River TOTAL 655,500 688,000 -4,981,090 3,473,296 -1,507,794

In Figures 15 and 16 are shown results of differential maps of the beach and cliff at
Apolonia and near Marina Herzliya between 2002 and 2003. The waterline changes are based on
rectified positions of the waterline taken by aerial photographies in fall 1997 (blue line), fall 2002
(light blue line), fall 2003 (green line) and fall 2004 (magenta line).

12
Figure 15 – Volumetric and waterline changes between fall 2002 and fall 2003 off Apolonia coast

13
Figure 16 – Volumetric and waterline changes between fall 2002 and fall 2003 off Herzliya coast
14
 An example of the bathymetry and topography of the study coastal sector (right side) and
the resulting wave height transformation on this coast (left side) for an extreme sea state with an
average return period of 100 years computed using SWAN wave transformation program is shown
in Figure 17.

Figure 17. Bathymetry and wave height transformation on coastal sector for Hs,o=8.7m

The corresponding wave induced setup on the coast for the case in Figure 17 is shown in
Figure 18, as planar map on its right side, and as 3-dimensional map on its left side.

15
 Figure 18 – Wave induced setup in surf zone up to waterline during waves shown in Fig.15

A comparison of modeling simulations using the SWAN hydrodynamic wave model for
various extreme sea states attacking the coastal sector for present and for future sea level rise
conditions, generating wave induced superelevation at the waterline is shown in Figure 19.

Results of the SBEACH modeling of the beach and cliff profile erosion at cross shore
sections equally spaced every 1 km along the coast for various present and future extreme sea
states are shown in Table 3 shown in Figures 20 through 22.

16
Figure 19 – Comparison of wave induced superelevation for various conditions
17
Table 3-Example of results of erosion volumes and water line retreat obtained with SBEACH
18
Figure 20. Results of erosion volume estimates for various sea states and sea level rise scenarios
19
Figure 21. Results of erosion volume estimates for various sea states at present sea level state
20
Figure 20. Results of erosion volume estimates for various sea states at future sea level rise states
21
6. PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS

The work presented in this report is an ongoing study on the coastal erosion at the beach
and coastal cliff of a typical coastal sector at the Mediterranean coast of Israel. It contains both
sectors with anthropogenic impact as well as sectors remote from coastal structures.

The investigation method used is a combination of various methods of study of the coastal
processes inducing erosion, including in situ long term monitoring of meteo-marine climate and
analysis of the morphological changes measured using differential maps and shifts of the waterline
position, as well as numerical modeling of the coastal processes.

Preliminary results indicate sectors of higher sensitivity to coastal erosion and sea level rise
due to climate change impact.

Continuation of the monitoring of the meteomarine environment as well as the performance

of aerial photography and mapping of the coastal zone (beach and cliff) is considered very
important for the proper integrated coastal management of the Mediterranean coast of Israel. These
however depend to a great extent to the availability of funding which would enable these activities.

22
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