Animal Form and Function Chapter 33 Invertebrates Part 1 Aim: What are characteristics of invertebrates? Do Now: What characteristics are unique to animals?You Must Know... * The traits from Figure 7.11 which are used to divide the animals into groups * Examples of unique traits for each phylum discussed * The evolution of systems for gas exchange, respiration, excretion, circulation and nervous control32.1 Kingdom Animalia Animals have the following characteristics: 1. 2. 3. They are multicellular heterotrophs Most have muscles and nervous tissue Most reproduce sexually, with a flagellated sperm and a large egg uniting to form a DIPLOID zygote. The diploid stage dominates its life cycle Have Hox genes* Homeotic genes are genes in animals that determine which parts of the body form what body parts. — Hox genes, a family of genes that play important roles in development * segmentation fe * Highly conserved — Similar sequence in all animals we 5 e E * Small differences in DNA sequences, lead to large differences in body planInvertebrate Terms: Appendages: Any part of the animal coming from the main body or trunk- arms, legs, antennae, etc. Asymmetry- no symmetrical Bilateral symmetry- mirror images when cut from head to anus Radial symmetry- mirror images when cut through the central axis Dorsoventrally- running from back to front Exoskeleton- an external skeleton, shell Endoskeleton- an internal skeleton Alimentary canal- tube running from mouth to anus, including all of the organs the food passes through Digestive system- the alimentary canal plus accessory organs (liver, pancreas)Invertebrate Terms Segmented: the division of the body into similar parts Sessile- is not motile; anchored to a substrate Filter-feeder- collects particles as water flows through them Gastrovascular cavity- sac-like digestive structure with one opening that serves as the mouth and anus Gut openings: 0, 1 (same mouth/anus) or 2 (separate mouth and anus) Cnidocytes/nematocyst- stinging structure Cephalization- sense organs at anterior (head) end Open circulatory system- blood is not contained entirely in vesselsInvertebrate Terms Metazoa: multicellular Parazoa: lacking true tissues Eumetazoa: True tissue Radiata: Radial Symmetry Bilateria: Bilateral Symmetry Deuterostomes: deuterostome development Protostomes: protostome development: Acoelomate: no cavity Coelomate: True body cavity Pseudocoelomate: body cavity from mesoderm and endodermAnimal Form and Function Chapter 33 Invertebrates Aim: What are characteristics of invertebrates? Do Now: What do you know about invertebrates? Give several examples.Invertebrate Phyla Characteristics * Observe one representative organism from each invertebrate phyla * Write the characteristics that you observe for each invertebrate phyla in the phylogenetic tree * Use the “invertebrate terms” notes in your notebook for help with identifying characteristics for each phylaAnimal Phylogeny 0257 Le te faWe/ SeInvertebrates Animals that lack backbones Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Invertebrates are classified under many phyla — There is not “Invertebrate Phylum” Branch “metazoa”- multicellular Order of invertebrates is in order of evolution- see a pattern of simple to complex in body planAnimal Phylogeny 0257 Le te faWe/ Se1. SUDKINgaOM Farazoa: sponges Subkingdditaewagatuentiss ues) * aka Phylum Porifera Characteristics of Sponges: * Sessile (anchored to a substrate) — But embryo is mobile Lack symmetry Lack true tissues- Simple! — NO nerves or muscles (= no organs) —No nervous, digestive, or circulatory system . .1. Subkingdom Parazoa: Sponges (lacking true tissues) * Use water currents to obtain food, oxygen and remove wastes (“filter feeders”) — life processes are accomplished via CELLS (as opposed to tissues or organ systems) — Cells must be in contact with environment for exchange of food, gas and wastes * No gut opening —*Intracellular digestion: cells engulf food particles by phagocyotosis; vacuoles fuse with lyosomes for digestion * Body looks like a sac with pores (Porifera) in it — their body contains only 2 layers of cells so they can complete all life functions!Sponge Anatomy Flagellum Food particles inmueus — Choanocyte Choanocytes Collar Azure vase sponge (Callyspangia plicifera) Phagocytosis of food particles + AmoebocyteChoanoflagellate * Closest living relative of animals Single cellCheckpoint 1. Describe how sponges feed 2. Explain how changes in water currents can affect sponge reproductionAnimal Phylogeny 0257 Le te faWe/ Se2. Subkingdom Eumetazoa (animals with true tissues) * Subkingdom Eumetazoa (true tissue) — Allanimals, except for sponges (Parazoa) A. Phylum Cnidaria (hyrdrozoans, jellies, sea anemone, coral) * Radial symmetry * Few cell layers — Have tissues, but no organs * Central digestive compartment known as the gastrovascular cavity — One opening for mouth and anus » Digestion, distribution of nutrients, elimination of wastes » Food gets digested in the cavity, then diffuses into cells, wasted diffuses out of cells and leaves through the cavity. » Extracellular digestion- food breaks down in cavity, not in cells —Nerve net: Decentralized (little or no sense organs), no brain, stimulus felt in entire organismPhylum Cnidaria: Polyp (sea anemone) and Medusa (jellyfish) forms Mouth/anus, Tentacle Gastrovascular cavity Gastrodermis Mesogtea Body ‘Epidermis stalk ‘Gastrovaseular cavity Gastrodermis Mesoglea Epidermis Mouth /anusCheckpoint 1. Compare and contrast the polyp and medusa forms of cnidarians.Chapter 33 continued Aim: What are characteristics of eumetazoa? Do now: Describe distinguishing characteristics of the following phyla: Porifora and CnidariaAnimal Phylogeny 0257 Le te faWe/ Se2. Subkingdom Eumetazoa (animals with true tissues) B. Bilaterally Symmetrical Animals 1. Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) * Examples: Planaria, tapeworms, flukes * Flattened bodies with NO segmentation * Cephalization — Ganglia- clusters of nerves near anterior end (head) to detect light * Excretion (removal of waste) by flame bulbs (with flagella) and protonephridia (neph= kidney) * no specialized organs for circulation or gas exchange — Simple diffusion because body is so flat * Gastrovascular cavity with a single opening * aquaticPlatyhelminthes: PlanariaPlatyhelminthes: Tapeworm / = .. * Internal parasites ' * Live in the digestive tract of vertebrates * No digestive tract — Absorb predigested food around themCheckpoint 1. Explain how tapeworms can survive without a coelum, a mouth, a digestive system or an excretory system.Animal Phylogeny 0257 Le te faWe/ Se2. Subkingdom Eumetazoa (animals with true tissues) B. Bilaterally Symmetrical Animals 2. Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) — Examples: pinworms, hookworms — Cylindrical body with a tough cuticle — Complete digestive tract (mouth and anus) — No circulatory system * Fluids circulate (diffusion) — Bodies not segmented — Decomposers in the soilAnimal Form and Function Chapter 33 Invertebrates Part 1 Aim: What are characteristics of bilateria? Do Now: Describe distinguishing characteristics of the following phyla: Porifora, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and NematodaAnimal Phylogeny 0257 Le te faWe/ Se2. Subkingdom Eumetazoa (animals with true tissues) B. Bilaterally Symmetrical Animals 3. Phylum Mollusca Soft-bodies animals Examples: slugs, bivalves (clams, etc), snails, squid, and octopuses Characteristics: . Muscular foot for movement 2. Visceral mass containing most of the organs . Mantle- secretes a shell2. Subkingdom Eumetazoa (animals with true tissues) B. Bilaterally Symmetrical Animals 3. Phylum Mollusca —*Open circulatory system * The fluid (hemolymph) is not always contained within vessels but sometimes circulates through body sinuses called hemocoel (cavity) — Complete digestive tract (mouth and anus) — Excretion through nephridia (neph=kidney)Mollusca: Classes * Gastropoda: — snails and slugs * Bivalvia = clams and oysters — Shell in two parts * Cephalopoda — *Cephalization- brain — Closed circulatory system- blood contained in vessels — Squid- shell is reduced and internal — Octopus and squidClosed vs. Open Circulatory System * Closed: All blood is * Open: Some vessels; contained within organs bathe in vessels hemolymph (blood) — Under pressure — Not under pressureMollusca Body Plan Visceral mass Coelom Nephridium Heart Intestine Gonads Mantle Mantle cavity Anus Foot Nerve Esophagus cordsPhylum Mollucsa: Class Gastropoda MantlePhylum Mollucsa: Class Bivalvia Hinge areaPhylum Mollucsa: Class CephalopodaCheckpoint 1. How have bivalves diverged from the basic molluscan body plan?Animal Form and Function Chapter 33 Invertebrates Aim: What are characteristics of invertebrates? Do Now: Describe distinguishing characteristics of the following phyla: Porifora, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, and MolluscaAnimal Phylogeny 0257 Le te faWe/ Se2. Subkingdom Eumetazoa (animals with true tissues) B. Bilaterally Symmetrical Animals 3. Phylum Annelida (segmented or ringed worms) * Ex: earthworms, leeches * Internal and external segmentation (with repeating organs) * Excretion by metanephridia in each segment * Closed digestive system w/ specialized regions (crop, gizzard, esophagus, intestine) — 2 openings (mouth and anus) * Brain-like central ganglia with ventral nerve cord * hydrostatic skeleton (tube within a tube) — No bones! * Respire through skin by diffusion * Decomposers (recycle nutrients)Phylum Annelida: Earthworm Ventral nerve Esophagus — with segmental ganglia Copyrgit © Penton Educator, Ine. publishing us Benjamin CummingsCheckpoint * Annelid anatomy can be described as a “tube within a tube.” ExplainAnimal Phylogeny 0257 Le te faWe/ Se2. Subkingdom Eumetazoa (animals with true tissues) B. Bilaterally Symmetrical Animals 3. Phylum Arthropoda (/ointed-legged animals) — Ex: lobsters, shrimp, spiders, scorpions, insects, milipedes and centipedes — 1. Segmented with a hard 2. exoskeleton (chitin) and 3. jointed appendages — To grow, they molt or shed their exoskeleton and secrete another one — Well-developed nervous system (sense organs) — open circulatory system- — Various organs for gas exchange: gills, book lungs, tracheal systemsArthropod Adaptations for Land * Exoskeleton: — Protection — Anchor for muscles — Locomotion — Protection from desiccation (drying out) * Problem or any organisms living on land * Developed sense organs — Simple eye, smell, taste, touchPhylum: Arthropoda Class: Crustacea Cephalothorax Abdomen Swimming appendages Walking legs Pincer (defense) Mouthparts (feeding)Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Cheliceroforms Intestine Stomach Book lung Spinrierets Gonopore Chelicera Pedipalp (exit for eggs) Sperm Silk gland receptaclePhylum Arthropod Class Hexapoda (insects) to Fe Compound eye Antennae DorsalArthropod: Insects (hexapoda) * Wings: — Escape predators — Find food — Find a mate * Excretory system- malpighian tubules — Release solid nitrogenous waste called uric acid * Conserves water * Respiration- tracheal system with spiracles — Moist tubes for gas exchangeCheckpoint . How do nematode and annelid body plans differ? . Describe two adaptations that have allowed insects to thrive on land.Animal Phylogeny 0257 Le te faWe/ Se2. Subkingdom Eumetazoa (animals with true tissues) B. Bilaterally Symmetrical Animals 4. Phylum Echinodermata (echinoderms) — Spiny-skinned animals — Examples: sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars — Larvae have bilateral symmetry; adults have radial symmetry * Closest relative of vertebrate chordates — Have thin skin covering an endoskeleton (calcium carbonate) — Complete digestive tract = Water vascular system (network of internal canals that branch into tube feet used for moving, feeding and gas exchange) — Reproduce sexually or asexuallySea Star AnatomyEchinoderm Adaptations Spines — Protection Skin gills — Respiration Central nerve ring- nervous system Eyespot at the end of each arm — Light sensitive NO respiratory system, excretory system or circulatory system — Water vascular system2. Subkingdom Eumetazoa (animals with true tissues) B. Bilaterally Symmetrical Animals 4. Phylum Chordata — Includes two groups of chordates 1. Invertebrate chordates Lancelets and tunicates 1. Vertebrate chordates Characterized by vertebrae (backbone) that encloses the spinal cord Sharks, fish, amphibians, reptiles birds and mammals. . Invertebrate Chordata Lancelet Tunicate Fewcm long and narrow ~* Sessile- live on ocean Water floor Retain chordate * Bilaterally symmetrical characteristics as an larva adultCheckpoint 1. Describe how sea star tube feet attach to substrates.Paya Beserptisry Fahne SS rn Sasa a epee phan (lie tensors, ony Feeney = — ae talent) 28 Lophephonee . pina ? an Gegaperen emmmntl st ol Seren eons ee (enh te any par eg aa [eens pepeertnare arty eplaseeaeroen nats ganas atch cy al ps = Coepeinaoe po Cytntncal emigre pseudccotomate th (ape epoca tes (Coelemte wh segsemied Bote ‘phere lo mb poco i ! babar Eton es ‘Codes ith msde ral smo ae ae ‘eal a a a macro hentia Oarecan Cosemaes wah econ dod, allow sec reso, etn) Puro is, macula pattemAnimal Phylogeny 0257 Le te faWe/ SeAnimal Phylogeny oh Cs e TEAS al /omMarch Through the Kingdoms Fill out the chart for the plant groups and the invertebrate phyla Classify the list of organisms Graphic organizer- use your notes to write distinguishing characteristics of each phyla and class INVERTEBRATE Quiz TOMORROWInvertebrate Dichotomous Key Observe characteristics of each organism Classify each invertebrate using the dichotomous key Use the key terms on the back to help with distinguishing the characteristics of each organism Write the answers in your notebookN= Invertebrate Activity Classify the organisms . Use the concept map to check your answers Write characteristics (using the worksheet and your notes) next to each organism Fill in each branch of the phylogenetic tree (on the back of the animal development picture) with the correct characteristic Create a dichotomous key for all of the invertebrate pictures- use vocabulary from the sheet provided