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Estimation and Basic Calculation Guide

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
448 views51 pages

Estimation and Basic Calculation Guide

cblm

Uploaded by

mary jean gumapo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

lOMoARcPSD|15736061

Common 3- Perform Estimation and Basic Calculation

Engineering Economy and Accounting (Romblon State University)

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COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIAL

Sector : AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHERY

Quali昀椀cation Title:
AGRICULTURAL CROPS PRODUCTION NC II
Unit of Competency:
PERFORM ESTIMATION AND BASIC CALCULATION
Module Title:
PERFORMING ESTIMATION AND BASIC CALCULATION

Technical Education & Skills Development Authority


ROMBLON NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY
Poblacion, Alcantara, Romblon

To all users:

TheDownloaded
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Date Developed: Document No.


Agricultural Crops JUNE 2022
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HOW TO USE THIS COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MODULE

Welcome!

This competency “Perform Estimation and Basic Calculations”,


is one of the common competencies in Agricultural Crops Production
NC II. This competency comprises the knowledge, skills and attitudes
accurate for a trainee to posses.

The module, Performing Estimation and Basic Calculations


covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required to perform basic
workplace calculations.

In this module, you are required to go through a series of learning


activities in order to complete each Learning Outcome. In each learning
outcome, there are Information Sheets, Self Checks, Answer Key,
Task Sheets and Operation/Job Sheets. Follow and perform the
activities on your own. If you have questions, do not hesitate to ask for
assistance from your instructor.

Remember to:

 Work through all the information and complete the activities in each
section. Read information sheets and complete the self-check
provided.
 Most probably, your instructor will also be your supervisor or
manager. He there to support you and show you the correct way to
do things.
 You will be given plenty of opportunities to ask questions and
practice on the job. Make sure you practice your new skills during
regular work shifts. This way, you will improve your speed, memory
and your con昀椀dence.
 Use the Self-Checks, Operation Sheets or Task/Job Sheets at the end
of each section to test your own progress. Use the Performance
Criteria Checklist or Procedural Checklist located after the sheet to
check your own performance.
 When you feel con昀椀dent that you have su昀케cient knowledge and
skills, ask your trainer to evaluate you. The results of your
assessment will be recorded in your Progress Chart and
Accomplishment.
 You need to complete this module before you can perform the next
module, Use Farm Tools and Equipment.

Date Developed: Document No.


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List of Competencies

No. Unit of Module Title


Code
Competency

APPLY SAFETY APPLYING SAFETY


1. MEASURES IN FARM MEASURES IN FARM AFF 321201
OPERATIONS OPERATIONS

USE FARM TOOLS USING FARM TOOLS AFF 321202


2.
AND EQUIPMENT AND EQUIPMENT

PERFORM PERFORMING
ESTIMATION AND ESTIMATION AND AFF 321203
3.
BASIC BASIC
CALCULATION CALCULATION

PROCESS FARM PROCESSING FARM AFF 321206


4.
WASTE WASTE

PERFORM RECORD PERFORMING SOC 413206


5
KEEPING RECORD KEEPING

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Module Content

QUALIFICATION : AGRICULTURAL CROPS PRODUCTION NC II

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : PERFORM ESTIMATION AND BASIC


CALCULATION

MODULE TITLE : PERFORMING ESTIMATION AND BASIC


CALCULATION

MODULE DESCRIPTOR :
This unit covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required to
perform basic workplace calculations.

NOMINAL DURATION: 11 HOURS

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this module, you must be able to:
1. Perform estimation
2. Perform basic workplace calculation

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
1. Job requirements are identi昀椀ed from written or oral communications
2. Quantities of materials and resources required to complete a work
task are estimated
3. The time needed to complete a work activity is estimated
4. Accurate estimate for work completion are made
5. Estimate of materials and resources are reported to appropriate
person
6. Calculations to be made are identi昀椀ed according to job requirements
7. Correct method of calculation identi昀椀ed
8. System and units of measurement to be followed are ascertained
9. Calculation needed to complete work tasks are performed using the
four basic process of addition, division, multiplication and
subtraction
10. Calculate whole fraction, percentage and mixed when are
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used to complete the instructions


11. Number computed in self checked and completed for
alignment

REFERENCES:
 Organic Agricultural Production: Intermediate
 K_to_12_crop_production_learning_modules.pdf

Date Developed: Document No.


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LEARNING OUTCOME #1 PERFORM ESTIMATION

CONTENTS:
 Estimating farm inputs and labor requirements

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
 Job requirements are identi昀椀ed from written or oral
communications
 Quantities of materials and resources required to complete a work
task are estimated
 The time needed to complete a work activity is estimated
 Accurate estimate for work completion are made
 Estimate of materials and resources are reported to appropriate
person

CONDITION:
The students/trainees must be provided with the following:
 CBLM
 Paper and pen

ASSESSMENT METHOD
 Practical demonstration
 Written examination

Date Developed: Document No.


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Learning Experiences

Learning outcome #1: PERFORM ESTIMATION

Learning Activities Special Instructions

1. Read Information Sheet 3.1-1 Read information sheet. After


on Estimating farm inputs and reading it, answer the Self check
labor requirement. 3.1-1.

2. Answer Self check 3.1-1 Compare your answer to the


Answer Key 3.1-1

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INFORMATION SHEET 3.1-1

ESTIMATING FARM INPUTS AND LABOR REQUIREMENTS

Learning objective: After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU


MUST be able to perform estimation of farm inputs and labor
requirements.

INTRODUCTION:

The estimation of agricultural yields is based on the ratio of


estimated crop production and estimated crop area. Crop cuts and farmer
estimates are two methodologies most commonly used by scientists and
statisticians to estimate crop production. This section 昀椀rst discusses some
methodological details on each and then presents the results of studies
that compare the two and discusses and biases that have been observed.
Conclusions are then presented on the appropriate use of crop cuts and
farmer estimates.
Estimating crop yield by using pre-estimated test weight is one of the
easiest and quickest method which can be used in a number of situations
and farm conditions. This is similar to the crop cut method but does not
require harvesting and subsequent weighing of the sampled area. By
sampling frame, count number of ear heads/pods in one meter square
area at least in 5-7 times within a plot whose yield is to be determined
and get average number of heads/pods per meter square area. Similarly,
count the number of grains in 20-25 heads/pods and take the average.

Estimating Irrigation Expenses from planting Up to Last Harvest


Irrigation expenses is the product of price of water per volume, the
number of volumes per day and total number of days to be irrigated from
planting to last harvest. This is expressed as

Irrigation Expenses = worker x total irrigated area


Square area

Estimated Worker Hired to Perform Irrigation from Planting to


Last Harvest

Estimated workers = No. of days x total land area


Square area
Date Developed: Document No.
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Estimated Workers Needed for Sprayig Insecticides (in One Day)

Estimated workers = No. of workers x total land area


Square area

Estimated Cost of Insecticide Use for Spraying

Estimated cost = Price x no. of insecticides x total land


area
Insecticides square area

Workers’ Salary during Insecticides Spraying

Worker’s salary = salary x total no. of days


Day

Estimated Number of Weeding Operation

Estimated Number of Workers Needed in Weeding

Estimated workers = no. of worker x total land area


Square area

Workers salary during weeding

Workers salary = salary x total no. workers


Worker

Estimated Number of Workers Employ during Harvesting

Workers employed = no. of worker x total land harvesting area


Square area

Computation:

a. Total amount of salary paid in planting area


Total amont of salary = (no. of days) (no. of workers) (amount of
salary)
Total amount of salary paid in planting area = (2) (5) (300) = 3,000

Date Developed: Document No.


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b. Total amount of fertilizer consumed from planting up to the date of


the survey
Total amount of fertilizer = (amount of fertilizer per klo.) (no. of
klos.)
Total amount of fertilizer = (20) (200) = 4,000

c. Total amount of salary paid in fertilizing the area from planting up to


the date of the survey.
Total amount of salary = (no. of days) (no. of workers) ( amount of
salary)
Total amount of salary paid in fertilizing the area = (2) (2) (300) =
1,200

d. Total amount of fertilizer cnsumed after the survey until 昀椀nal


harvesting
Total amount of fertilizer = (amount of fertilizer per klo.) (no. of
klos.)
Total amount of fertilizer = (20) (400) = 8,000

e. Total amount of salary paid in fertilizing the area after the survey
until 昀椀nal harvesting
Total amount pf salary = (no of days) (no. of workers) (amount of
salary)
Total amount of salary paid in fertilizing the area = (4) (2) (300) =
2,400

Total cost of all expenses is the sum of the following:

Total amount of salary paid in planting the area 3,000

Total amount of fertilizer consumed from 4,000


planting up to the date of te survey

Total amount of salary paid in fertilizing the 1,200


area from planting up to the date of survey

Total amount of fertilizer consumed after the 8,000


survey until 昀椀nal harvesting

Total amount of salary paid in fertilizing the 2,400


area after the survey until 昀椀nal harvesting

Total cost of all expenses 18,600

Date Developed: Document No.


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SELF CHECK 3.1-1

SOLVING:
Direction: Read and understand the situation. Solve the problem. (5
points)

1. Mang Kanor has 500 sq. meter land. He hired 5 workers to plant
vegetables, each worker has 350.00 a day. They have 15 days to 昀椀nish
planting. How much Mang Kanor paid to his workers after 15 days?

Date Developed: Document No.


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ANSWER KEY 3.1-1

1. Total amount of salary = (no. of days) (no. of workers) (amount of


salary)

Total amount of salary paid in planting the area = (15) (5) (350)

Total amount of salary paid in planting the area = 26,250.00

Date Developed: Document No.


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LEARNING OUTCOME #2 PERFORM BASIC WORKPLACE


CALCULATION

CONTENTS:
 Perform Calculation

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
 Calculations to be made are identi昀椀ed according to job
requirements
 Correct method of calculation identi昀椀ed
 System and units of measurement to be followed are ascertained
 Calculation needed to complete work tasks are performed using
the four basic process of addition, division, multiplication and
subtraction
 Calculate whole fraction, percentage and mixed when are used to
complete the instructions
 Number computed in self checked and completed for alignment.
CONDITION:
The students/trainees must be provided with the following:
 CBLM
 Paper and pen

ASSESSMENT METHOD
Date Developed: Document No.
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 Practical demonstration
 Written examination

Learning Experiences

Learning outcome #2: PERFORM BASIC WORKPLACE


CALCULATION

Learning Activities Special Instructions

1. Read Information Sheet Do not write anything on the


3.2-1 on Perform module; provide extra paper in
calculation. doing Self check.

2. Answer Self check 3.2-1 Refer your answer to Answer Key


3.2-1

Date Developed: Document No.


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INFORMATION SHEET 3.2-1

PERFORM CALCULATION

Learning objective: After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU


MUST be able to perform basic workplace calculations.

INTRODUCTION:

It is important to be able to measure and calculate surface areas. It


might be necessary to calculate, for example, the surface area of the
cross-section of a canal or the surface area of a farm. This section will
discuss the calculation of some of the most common surface areas:
triangle, square, rectangle, rhombus, parallelogram, trapezium and circle.

The most common surface areas illustrated:

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The height (h) of a triangle, a rhombus, a parallelogram or a trapezium, is


the distance from a top corner to the opposite side called base (b). The
height is always perpendicular to the base; in other words, the height
makes a "right angle" with the base. An example of a right angle is the
corner of this page.

In the case of a square or a rectangle, the expression length (1) is


commonly used instead of base and width (w) instead of height. In the
case of a circle the expression diameter (d) is used.

The height (h), base (b), width (w), length (1) and diameter (d) of the most
common surface areas.

TRIANGLES

The surface area or surface (A) of a triangle is calculated by the formula:


A (triangle) = 0.5 x base x height = 0.5 x b x h ..... (1)
Triangles can have many shapes but the same formula is used for all of
them.

Some examples of triangles

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It can be seen that triangles no. 1, no. 1a and no. 2 have the same
surface; the shapes of the triangles are di昀昀erent, but the base and the
height are in all three cases the same, so the surface is the same.

The surface of these triangles is expressed in square centimeters (written


as cm2 ). Surface areas can also be expressed in square decimeters
(dm2 ), square meters (m2 ), etc...

Date Developed: Document No.


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SQUARES AND RECTANGLES

The surface area or surface (A) of a square or a rectangle is calculated by


the formula: A (square or rectangle) = length x width = l x w ..... (2)

In a square the lengths of all four sides are equal and all four angles are
right angles.

In a rectangle, the lengths of the opposite sides are equal and all four
angles are right angles.

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Note that in a square the length and width are equal and that in a
rectangle the length and width are not equal.

RHOMBUSES AND PARALLELOGRAMS

The surface area or surface (A) of a rhombus or a parallelogram is


calculated by the formula: A (rhombus or parallelogram) = base x height
= b x h ..... (3)

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In a rhombus the lengths of all four sides are equal; none of the angles are
right angles; opposite sides run parallel.

In a parallelogram the lengths of the opposite sides are equal; none of the
angles are right angles; opposite sides run parallel.

Date Developed: Document No.


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TRAPEZIUMS

The surface area or surface (A) of a trapezium is calculated by the


formula: A (trapezium) = 0.5 (base + top) x height =0.5 (b + a) x h ..... (4)

The top (a) is the side opposite and parallel to the base (b). In a trapezium
only the base and the top run parallel.

Some examples of trapeziums

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Note that the surface areas of the trapeziums 1 and 4 are equal. Number
4 is the same as number 1 but upside down.

Another method to calculate the surface area of a trapezium is to divide


the trapezium into a rectangle and two triangles, to measure their sides
and to determine separately the surface areas of the rectangle and the
two triangles.

Splitting a trapezium into one rectangle and two triangles.

Date Developed: Document No.


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CIRCLES

The surface area or surface (A) of a circle is calculated by the formula:

A (circle) = 1/4 (¶ x d x d) = 1/4 (¶ x d2 ) = 1/4 (3.14 x d2 ) ..... (5)

whereby d is the diameter of the circle and ¶ (a Greek letter, pronounced


Pi) a constant (¶ = 3.14). A diameter (d) is a straight line which divides
the circle in two equal parts.

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A circle

METRIC CONVERSIONS

Units of length

Date Developed: Document No.


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The basic unit of length in the metric system is the meter (m). One meter
can be divided into 10 decimeters (dm), 100 centimeters (cm) or 1000
millimeters (mm); 100 m equals to 1 hectometer (hm); while 1000 m is 1
kilometer (km).

1 m = 10 dm = 100 cm = 1000 mm
0.1 m = 1 dm = 10 cm = 100 mm
0.01 m = 0.1 dm = 1 cm = 10 mm
0.001 m = 0.01 dm = 0.1 cm = 1 mm

1 km = 10 hm = 1000 m
0.1 km = 1 hm = 100 m
0.01 km = 0.1 hm = 10 m
0.001 km = 0.01 hm = 1 m

Units of surface

The basic unit of area in the metric system is the square meter (m), which
is obtained by multiplying a length of 1 meter by a width of 1 meter.

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SURFACE AREAS OF CANAL CROSS-SECTIONS AND FARMS


This Section explains how to apply the surface area formulas to two
common practical problems that will often be met in the 昀椀eld.

DETERMINATION OF THE SURFACE AREAS OF CANAL CROSS-


SECTIONS
The most common shape of a canal cross-section is a trapezium or, more
truly, an "up-sidedown" trapezium.

Date Developed: Document No.


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Surface area of the canal cross-section = 0.5 (base + top line) x canal
depth = 0.5 (b + a) x h ..... (6

whereby:

base (b) = bottom width of the canal top line


(a) = top width of the canal canal depth
(h) = height of the canal (from the bottom of the canal to the top of the
embankment)

Suppose that the canal contains water, as shown in Figure below.

Wetted cross-section of canal

Date Developed: Document No.


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Date Developed: Document No.


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DETERMINATION OF THE SURFACE AREA OF A FARM

Date Developed: Document No.


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It may be necessary to determine the surface area of a farmer's 昀椀eld. For


example, when calculating how much irrigation water should be given to a
certain 昀椀eld, the size of the 昀椀eld must be known.

When the shape of the 昀椀eld is regular and has, for example, a rectangular
shape, it should not be too di昀케cult to calculate the surface area once the
length of the 昀椀eld (that is the base of its regular shape) and the width of
the 昀椀eld have been measured.

Field with regular shape

Date Developed: Document No.


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Date Developed: Document No.


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INTRODUCTION TO VOLUME
A volume (V) is the content of a body or object. Take for example a block.
A block has a certain length (l), width (w) and height (h). With these three
data, the volume of the block can be calculated using the formula:

V (block) = length x width x height = l x w x h ..... (9)

Date Developed: Document No.


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Date Developed: Document No.


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Date Developed: Document No.


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VOLUME OF WATER ON A FIELD


Suppose a one-liter bottle is 昀椀lled with water. The volume of the water is 1
liter or 1 dm3 . When the bottle of water is emptied on a table, the water
will spread out over the table and form a thin water layer. The amount of
water on the table is the same as the amount of water that was in the
bottle.

The volume of water remains the same; only the shape of the "water
body" changes.
Date Developed: Document No.
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Date Developed: Document No.


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Date Developed: Document No.


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INTRODUCTION TO FLOW-RATE
The 昀氀ow-rate of a river, or of a canal, is the volume of water discharged
through this river, or this canal, during a given period of time. Related to
irrigation, the volume of water is usually expressed in liters (l) or cubic
meters (m3 ) and the time in seconds (s) or hours (h). The 昀氀ow rate is also
called discharge-rate.

CALCULATION AND UNITS


The water running out of a tap 昀椀lls a one liter bottle in one second. Thus
the 昀氀ow rate (Q) is one liter per second (1 l/s).

Date Developed: Document No.


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PROBLEM
The water supplied by a pump 昀椀lls a drum of 200 liters in 20 seconds.
What is the 昀氀ow rate of this pump?

The formula used is:

PROBLEM

A river discharges 100 m3 of water to the sea every 2 seconds. What is


the 昀氀ow-rate of this river expressed in m3 /s?

The formula used is:

Date Developed: Document No.


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INTRODUCTION TO PERCENTAGE
In relation to agriculture, the words percentage will be met regularly. For
instance "60 percent of the total area is irrigated during the dry season".
In this Section the meaning of the word "percentage" will be discussed.

PERCENTAGE
The word "percentage" means literally "per hundred"; in other words one
percent is the one hundredth part of the total. You can either write
percent, or %, or 1/100, or 0.01.

Some examples are:


5 percent = 5% =5/100 = 0.05
20 percent = 20% = 20/100= 0.20
25 percent = 25% = 25/100 = 0.25
50 percent = 50% = 50/100 =0.50
100 percent = 100% = 100/100 = 1
150 percent = 150% = 150/100 = 1.5

Date Developed: Document No.


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ESTIMATION AND Madonna Abegail G. 50
BASIC CALCULATION Matre RNIT

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QUESTION
How many oranges are 1% of a total of 300 oranges?
Three oranges are 1% of 300 oranges

INTRODUCTION TO GRAPHS
A graph is a drawing in which the relationship between two (or more)
items of information (e.g. time and plant growth) is shown in a symbolic
way.

To this end, two lines are drawn at a right angle.


The horizontal one is called the x axis and the vertical one is called the y
axis.
Where the x axis and the y axis intersect is the "0" (zero) point.
The plotting of the information on the graph is discussed in the following
examples.

Date Developed: Document No.


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A graph

EXAMPLE 1
Suppose it is necessary to make a graph of the growth rate of a corn
plant. Each week the height of the plant is measured. One week after
planting the seed, the plant measures 2 cm in height, two weeks after
planting it measures 5 cm and 3 weeks after planting the height is 10 cm.
Measuring the growth rate of a corn plant

Date Developed: Document No.


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These results can be plotted on a graph. The time (in weeks) will be
indicated on the x axis; 2 cm on the axis represents 1 week. The plant
height (in centimeters) will be indicated on the y axis; 1 cm on the axis
represents 1 cm of plant height.

After 1 week the height is 2 cm; this is indicated on the graph with A; after
2 weeks the height is 5 cm, see B, and after 3 weeks the height is 10 cm,
see C.

At planting (Time = 0) the height was zero, see D. Now connect the
crosses with a straight line.

The line indicates the growth rate of the plant; this is the height increase
over time.

It can be seen from the graph that the plant is growing faster and faster
(during the 昀椀rst week 2 cm and during the third week 5 cm); the line from
B to C is steeper than the line from D to A.

From the graph can be read what the height of the plant was after, say 2
1/2 weeks; see the dotted line. Locate on the horizontal axis 2 1/2 weeks
and follow the dotted line upwards until the dotted line crosses the graph.
Date Developed: Document No.
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From this crossing follow the dotted line to the left until the vertical axis is
reached. Now take the reading: 7.5 cm, which means that the plant had a
height of 7.5 cm after 2 1/2 weeks. This height has not been measured in
reality, but with the graph the height can be determined anyway.

QUESTION
What was the height of the plant after 1 1/2 weeks?

ANSWER
The height of the plant after 1 1/2 weeks was 3.5 cm.

EXAMPLE 2

Another example to illustrate how a graph should be made is the variation


of the temperature over one full day (24 hours). Suppose the outside
temperature (always in the shade) is measured, with a thermometer,
every two hours, starting at midnight and ending the following midnight.
Date Developed: Document No.
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Supposed the following are found:


Time (hr) Temperature
(⁰C)
0 16 On the x axis indicate the time in
2 13 hours, whereby 1 cm on the graph is 2
4 6 hours. On the y axis indicate the
6 8 temperature in degrees Celsius (°C),
8 13 whereby 1 cm on the graph is 5°C.
10 19
12 24 Now indicate (with crosses) the values
14 28 from the table (above) on the graph paper
16 2 and connect the crosses with straight
18 27 dotted lines.
20 22
22 19
24 16

At this stage, if you look attentively at the graph, you will note that there
is a very abrupt change in its shape around the sixteenth hour. The
outside temperature seems to have fallen from 28°C to 2°C in two hours
Date Developed: Document No.
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‘time! That does not make sense, and the reading of the thermometer at
the sixteenth hour must have been wrong. This cross cannot be taken in
consideration for the graph and should be rejected. The only dotted line
we can accept is the straight one in between the reading at the fourteenth
hour and the reading at the eighteenth hour.

In reality the temperature will change more gradually than indicated


by the dotted line; that is why a smooth curve is made (continuous line).
The smooth curve represents the most realistic approximation of the
temperature over 24 hours.

Date Developed: Document No.


Agricultural Crops JUNE 2022
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From the graph it can be seen that the minimum or lowest


temperature was reached around 4 o'clock in the morning and was about
6°C. The highest temperature was reached at 4 o'clock in the afternoon
and was approximately 29°C.

QUESTION
What was the temperature at 7, 15 and 23 hours? (Always use the smooth
curve to take the readings).

ANSWER
Temperature at 7 hours: 10°C
Temperature at 15 hours: 29°C
Temperature at 23 hours: 17°C

Date Developed: Document No.


Agricultural Crops JUNE 2022
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ESTIMATION AND Madonna Abegail G. 50
BASIC CALCULATION Matre RNIT

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SELF CHECK 3.2-1

SOLVING:
Direction: Analyze and solve the following:

Convert the following:


1. 1m=____cm
2. 400cm=_____m
3. 5km=______m
4. 1km=_____cm
5. 2000 m=___km

Find the area (hectare) of the following.


6. 600m x 600m
7. 100m x 100m

Compute the following:


8. 6% of 100 plants were replaced
9. 50% of P200 increase in farmer's salary
10. 80% of 90 farmers are present

Date Developed: Document No.


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ANSWER KEY 3.2-1

1. 100cm
2. 4m
3. 5000m
4. 100000cm
5. 2km
6. 360,000m²
7. 10,000m²
8. 6 plants replaced
9. P100.00 increased in farmer’s salary
10. 72 farmers are present

Date Developed: Document No.


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ESTIMATION AND Madonna Abegail G. 50
BASIC CALCULATION Matre RNIT

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