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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
PROJECT REPORT:
Bluetooth Controlled Car: Avoid & Follow
COURSE NAME: MicroProcessor Systems
GROUP MEMBERS:
M. Hassan Akram (413902)
Umer Farooq (413512)
M. Abdullah (410849)
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Acknowledgement
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.
I would like to begin by thanking Almighty Allah for His guidance and strength, which
enabled me to complete this report. Without His blessings, none of this would have been
possible. My deepest gratitude goes to Professor Muhammad Jameel for his invaluable
support, guidance, and insightful feedback throughout the preparation of this report. His
encouragement and dedication to our success have been instrumental in reaching this
milestone. I would also like to express my sincere appreciation to my group members for
their hard work, collaboration, and creativity. Their contributions and teamwork have
made this report a reality, and I am thankful to have worked with such dedicated
individuals. Finally, I would like to thank everyone else who contributed to this report,
directly or indirectly. Your support and encouragement have made a significant
difference. May Allah continue to guide and bless us in all our endeavors.
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Table of Contents
ABSTRACT 5
INTRODUCTION 5
INTRODUCTION TO ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION
EVOLUTION OF ROBOTIC PLATFORMS
MOTIVATION FOR THE PROJECT
SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT
PROBLEM STATEMENT 7
OBJECTIVES8
DESIGN HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE
IMPLEMENT MOBILE CONTROL INTERFACE
INTEGRATE OBSTACLE AVOIDANCE FUNCTIONALITY
IMPLEMENT LINE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONALITY
TEST AND VALIDATE THE ROBOTIC PLATFORM
DOCUMENT DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
METHODOLGY 9
INTEGRATION APPROACH
COMPONENTS
EXPLANATION
RESULTS 13
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
CODE SNIPPETS
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CONCLUSION 16
REFRENCES 17
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ABSTRACT:
This report presents the development of a versatile robotic platform integrating three key
functionalities. Firstly, a Bluetooth-controlled car interface allows seamless mobile control,
enhancing user experience and flexibility. Secondly, obstacle avoidance capability is
implemented using ultrasonic sensors, enabling the vehicle to detect and maneuver around
obstacles in its path, enhancing safety and autonomy. Lastly, line-following functionality is
achieved through IR sensors, enabling precise navigation along predefined paths. Together, these
features create a comprehensive robotic system capable of mobile control, obstacle avoidance,
and precise line following, suitable for various applications including education, research, and
entertainment.
INTRODUCTION:
In the realm of robotics, the integration of advanced technologies has paved the way for the
development of sophisticated and versatile systems. This project endeavors to harness the power
of modern electronics and programming to create a multifunctional robotic platform. The
primary objective is to design a Bluetooth-controlled car with additional functionalities including
obstacle avoidance and line following capabilities.
Introduction to Robotics and Automation:
Robotics has emerged as a pivotal field, blending mechanical engineering, electronics,
and computer science to create intelligent machines capable of performing tasks
autonomously or under human control.
Evolution of Robotic Platforms:
Over the years, robotic platforms have evolved from simple mechanical devices to
complex systems equipped with sensors, actuators, and advanced control mechanisms,
enabling them to interact with their environment in sophisticated ways.
Motivation for the Project:
The inspiration behind this project stems from the desire to explore the integration of
cutting-edge technologies such as Bluetooth communication, ultrasonic sensors for
obstacle detection, and IR sensors for line following, into a single cohesive system.
Scope and Objectives:
The project aims to develop a versatile robotic platform capable of remote control via
Bluetooth, autonomous obstacle avoidance, and precise line following. These
functionalities not only showcase the capabilities of modern robotics but also have
practical applications in fields such as education, research, and entertainment.
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Significance of the Project:
By combining mobile-controlled operation with obstacle avoidance and line following
capabilities, the resulting robotic platform offers a wide range of potential applications,
from educational demonstrations to practical implementations in industries such as
logistics and surveillance.
Structure of the Report:
This report is structured to provide a comprehensive overview of the design,
implementation, and testing phases of the Bluetooth-controlled car with obstacle
avoidance and line following features. Each aspect of the project, from hardware selection to
software development, will be discussed in detail to provide insights into the design
process and the underlying technologies utilized.
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PROBLEM STATEMENT:
In today's era of technological advancement, the need for versatile robotic platforms capable of
performing a wide range of tasks has become increasingly evident. However, many existing
robotic systems lack the integration of essential functionalities such as mobile control, obstacle
avoidance, and precise line following. This gap presents a significant challenge, especially in
applications where flexibility, autonomy, and adaptability are paramount.
The problem at hand is the absence of a comprehensive robotic platform that seamlessly
combines these crucial features into a single cohesive system. Traditional remote-controlled cars
often lack the ability to autonomously navigate through dynamic environments, limiting their
practical utility. Similarly, standalone obstacle avoidance or line-following robots may excel in
specific tasks but lack the flexibility to be controlled remotely or adapt to changing conditions.
Furthermore, the complexity of integrating diverse technologies such as Bluetooth
communication, ultrasonic sensors for obstacle detection, and IR sensors for line following poses
additional challenges. Designing a robust and scalable solution that can address these technical
hurdles while remaining accessible to hobbyists, educators, and researchers is a non-trivial task.
Therefore, the problem statement revolves around the development of a multifunctional robotic
platform capable of addressing these challenges. This platform should offer seamless mobile
control via Bluetooth, autonomous obstacle avoidance to navigate through dynamic
environments, and precise line following for accurate path tracking. By addressing these key
requirements, the resulting robotic system would not only showcase the capabilities of modern
robotics but also unlock a myriad of potential applications across various domains, ranging from
education and research to entertainment and beyond.
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OBJECTIVES:
This project requires a lot of objectives to be done and a lot of goals to follow some of its goals
and objectives are given below as follows:
Design Hardware Architecture:
Develop a robust hardware layout by selecting appropriate components like motors,
microcontrollers, Bluetooth modules, ultrasonic sensors, and IR sensors.
Implement Mobile Control Interface:
Create an intuitive mobile control interface enabling wireless control via Bluetooth from
smartphones or tablets, ensuring reliable communication protocols.
Integrate Obstacle Avoidance Functionality:
Develop algorithms to detect obstacles using ultrasonic sensors and implement control
strategies for autonomous navigation around obstacles.
Implement Line Following Functionality:
Design algorithms for IR sensor-based line detection and tracking, enabling the robot to
accurately follow predefined paths.
Test and Validate the Robotic Platform:
Conduct comprehensive testing to ensure reliability, performance, and safety under
various conditions, including mobile control, obstacle avoidance, and line following.
Document Design and Implementation:
Create detailed documentation covering hardware schematics, software algorithms, and
testing procedures to serve as a reference for future development and knowledge sharing
within the robotics community.
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METHODOLOGY:
In this project, we follow a systematic approach to design and develop a versatile robotic
platform with Bluetooth control, obstacle avoidance, and line following capabilities. We begin
by analyzing the project requirements to understand the functionalities needed and the
constraints involved. Next, we carefully select appropriate hardware components such as motors,
microcontrollers, and sensors. With the hardware in place, we proceed to develop the necessary
software, including firmware for the microcontrollers and interfaces for Bluetooth
communication. Integration of hardware and software components is then conducted, followed
by extensive testing to ensure functionality and reliability. Throughout the process, we iterate on
the design, optimize performance, and document our progress to facilitate future development
and knowledge sharing.
Integration Approach:
In approaching the connection of Arduino with the motor driver and integration of
sensors and other peripherals, we adhere to a systematic process ensuring reliability and
functionality. Initially, we establish the physical connections between the Arduino Uno
and the L298N motor driver, ensuring proper wiring for power, ground, and signal pins.
Subsequently, each sensor, including the Ultrasonic and Infrared sensors, is meticulously
connected to the Arduino, with attention to wiring configuration and pin allocation. For
instance, the Ultrasonic sensor's trigger and echo pins are connected to designated digital
pins on the Arduino for data acquisition. Similarly, the servo motor is connected to
specific PWM pins for precise control of its movements. Through careful wiring and
adherence to datasheet specifications, we ensure seamless communication and operation
between the Arduino and each component, laying a solid foundation for the successful
implementation
of the project functionalities.
Components:
1. Arduino Uno
2. UltraSonic Sensor
3. Infrared Sensor
4. L298N Motor Driver
5. Wheels and Chasis
6. Servo Motor
7. HC-05 BlueTooth Module
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Explanation:
Arduino Uno:
The Arduino Uno serves as the central microcontroller in the project, controlling
the operation of various components such as motors and sensors. It runs the
firmware responsible for interpreting commands from the Bluetooth module,
processing sensor data, and driving motor actions.
UltraSonic Sensor:
The UltraSonic sensor plays a crucial role in obstacle avoidance by emitting
ultrasonic waves and measuring the time taken for the waves to bounce back. This
information helps the robot to detect obstacles in its path and navigate around
them autonomously.
Infrared Sensor:
The Infrared (IR) sensor enables line following functionality by detecting infrared
light reflected off a surface. It helps the robot to stay on track by following
predefined lines or paths, making it suitable for tasks such as maze navigation or
path following.
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L298N Motor Driver:
The L298N motor driver facilitates the control of DC motors used for propulsion.
It takes input signals from the Arduino Uno and regulates the power supply to the
motors, allowing precise control over speed and direction, essential for
maneuvering the robot.
Wheels and Chassis:
The wheels and chassis provide the physical structure and mobility to the robot.
The chassis serves as the frame on which all components are mounted, while the
wheels enable movement across various surfaces, ensuring stability and
maneuverability.
Servo Motor:
The servo motor is used for controlling specific actions or movements in the
robot, such as rotating a sensor or arm. Its precise control and ability to rotate to
specific angles make it suitable for tasks requiring accurate positioning or
manipulation.
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HC-05 Bluetooth Module:
The HC-05 Bluetooth module enables wireless communication between the robot
and a mobile device, such as a smartphone or tablet. It allows users to remotely
control the robot using Bluetooth commands, enhancing its versatility and user
interaction.
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RESULTS:
The following are the results which have been concluded from our project. Below are the
schematic diagrams and the code snippets of our project
Schematic Diagram:
The below two schematic diagrams are fully implemented on the circuit with all the
features as well. The first schematic diagram is of a circuit with a Bluetooth module
connected to it while the second schematic diagram is of a circuit with ultrasonic sensor
and I-R sensor connected to it for different features.
Schematic Diagram with a Bluetooth Module
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Schematic Diagram for Obstacle Controlled and Line Follower
Code Snippets:
The following below are some of the code snippets of our project some of the code snippets of
obstacle controlled for line following and for the connection of different motors.
Code Snippet of Line follower and obstacle avoiding
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Code Snippet for the movement of wheels
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CONCLUSION:
In conclusion, this project has successfully achieved its objectives of designing and developing a
versatile robotic platform with Bluetooth control, obstacle avoidance, and line following
capabilities. Through meticulous hardware selection, software development, and integration, we
have created a comprehensive system that showcases the potential of modern robotics. The
seamless integration of Bluetooth control allows for intuitive mobile operation, enhancing user
experience and flexibility. Additionally, the implementation of obstacle avoidance using
ultrasonic sensors and line following with IR sensors demonstrates the robot's autonomy and
adaptability in navigating dynamic environments. These features, combined with the robust
hardware architecture and precise control mechanisms, make the robotic platform suitable for a
wide range of applications, including education, research, and entertainment. Moving forward,
further optimizations and enhancements could be explored to enhance the platform's
performance and expand its capabilities, opening doors to new opportunities in the
field of robotics.
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REFERENCES:
These are the following references which have been taken from the internet to complete and
implement this project:
Arduino Uno Pinout, Specifications, Pin Configuration & Programming
([Link])
HC-05 Bluetooth Module Pinout, Specifications, Default Settings, Replacements &
Datasheet ([Link])
What is Ultrasonic Sensor: Working Principle & Applications – Robocraze
IR Sensor : Circuit, Types, Working Principle & Its Applications ([Link])
How to Make Bluetooth Controlled Car Using Arduino UNO R3, HC 05 Bluetooth,
L298N Motor Driver : 7 Steps - Instructables
Arduino - Car | Arduino Tutorial ([Link])
