Chapt

er4 Li
ter
aryDev
ices

Int
ended Lear
ning Out
comes:Att
he end oft
hischapt
er,t
he st
udent
sar
e
expect
edto:

[Link]
ermineandeval
uatethecharact
eri
sti
csofli
ter
arydevi
cesandr
het
ori
cal
dev
iceswhi
charenecessar
yinunder
standi
ngl
it
erar
yworks.

Li
ter
aryDev
ices
Commonl y,thet erm Liter
aryDev icesr efertot het y
pi calstr
uctur
esusedby
writ
ersi nthei
rwor kstoconv eyhisorhermessage( s)inasi mplemannert ohis
orherr eaders. Whenempl oy
edpr operly,thedifferentl i
ter
arydevi
ceshel p
readerstoappr eciate,i
nter
pretandanal yzealiter
arywor k.
Centralt o al
ll i
terarydevicesi sa qual i
tyofconnect ion:byest abl
i
shing or
exami ni
ngr el
ationshipsbetweent hings,li
ter
arydev i
cesencour agethereaderto
perceiveandinterpr ett
hewor ldinnewway s.
Lit
eraryDevi
ceshavetwoaspect
s:Li
teraryElement
sand/
orLi
ter
aryTechni
ques.
Itwil
lbeconveni
enttodef
inet
hem separatel
y.

Li
teraryElementshav eaninher entexi
stenceinli
ter
arypi
eceandareextensiv
ely
employed bywr itersto develop a lit
erarypiece e.
[Link],set
ti
ng,narrat
ive
str
ucture,char
acters,mood,t heme,mor [Link]
erssi
mplycannotcreatehis
desi
redwor kwit
houti ncl
udingLi ter
aryElementsinat horoughl
yprof
essional
manner .
El
ement sofli
ter
atur
earepr esentinev er
yl i
terar
[Link]
heessent
ial
i
ngredi
entsrequi
redtocr eat
eanypi eceofl it
erat
ure,incl
udi
ngpoems,pl
ays,
novel
s,shor
tstor
ies,
feat
urearti
cles,
nonf i
cti
onbooks, et
c.

Liter
aryTechni ques,onthecontrary
,arestructur
esusuallyawor dsorphrases
i
nl it
erarytextsthatwrit
ersempl oytoachievenotmer elyarti
sti
cendsbutalso
readersagr eaterunder
standingandappreciat
ionoftheirl
it
erar
yworks.
Exampl e:
metaphor ,
simil
e,all
it
erat
ion,hy
perbole,al
legoryetc.
 Incont r
astt oLit
eraryElements,Lit
eraryTechni quesarenotunav oi
dabl
e
aspectoflit
erar
ywor ks.
 Lit
erar
ydev icesaret ool
sandt echniquest hatareusedt ocreat
especifi
c
eff
ectswi t
hinawor [Link]
erarydev i
cesindetai
li
notherart
icl
eson
thi
[Link],si
mil
e,hyperbol
e,foreshadowing,
etc.
Whilet
heelement
sofl
i
ter
atur
ewi
l
lappeari
nev
eryl
i
ter
aryt
ext
,notev
eryl
i
ter
ary
dev
icewil
l
.

4.
1Li
ter
aryEl
ement
s
Thephr
ase‘
el
ement
sofl
i
ter
atur
e’r
efer
stot
heconst
it
uentpar
tsofawor
kof
l
i
terat
ure(plot,set t
ing,charact
er,point
-of-v i
ew,theme,t one)inwhat everformi t
t
akes:poetr
y ,prose, ordrama.
I
mportance:
- I ti
simpor tant,i
ftheyaretocompet entlyreadorwr it
eapi eceoflit
erature.
- I tenablesst udentstoexami nespeci ficaspect soft heworki nisolati
on,
before pi ecing these separate aspect s back t ogetherto display an
understandi ngoft heworkasawhol e.
- I ti
sv eryusef ulwhencompar ingtwoormor etexts.
- Notonl ydoesi thelpust oanswerl i
teratur
eanal ysi
squest i
onsi nexam
sit
uations,buti talsohelpsusdev elopadeeperappr eci
ati
onofl it
erature
ingener al
.

KeyElement
sOfLi
terature
plot setting Charact
er poi
nt-
of-
view
theme conf li
ct tone Str
uct
ure
Dicti
on foreshadowi
ng

 Ploti
st hesequenceofevent
sthatdi
ctatestheacti
onofast or
[Link] l
eit
tr
adit
ional
l
ybuildsuptowardacli
max,plotcanalsobelessconvent
ionall
y

or
gani
zed.

*Plotisthelogi
calsequenceofeventst
hatdevel
opsast ory
.Theshapeofthe
plotcomesf r
om theor deroftheseeventsandconsistsofsever
aldi
sti
nct
aspectsthatwe’l
llookatinturn.I
tismadeupofaser i
esofcause-
and-
eff
ect
eventsthatleadthereaderfr
om thebeginni
ng,t
hroughthemiddl
e,andtothe
story
’sending.

Li
ter
atur
eoft
hePhi
li
ppi
nes
Page69of
Modul
e1
 Expositi
on:Thisistheintr
oducti
onoft hest oryandusuall
yitwil
lbewhere
thereaderacquiresthenecessarybackgr oundi nf
ormati
on,they’
llneedt
o
fol
lowthev ar
iousthreadsoftheplotthrought [Link]
e
thesetti
ngofthestoryisestabl
ished,
themai ncharact
ersareint
roducedt
o
thereader,
andt hecentr
alconfl
i
ctbeginst oemer ge.

Confl
ict:servesast hefocusanddr i
v i
ngforceofmostofthest or
y’sact
ion.
Essenti
all
y,conf l
i
ctconsi st
s ofa cent ral(and someti
mes secondar y)
probl
[Link] l
ictusuall
ytakestheform [Link]
beexternalforcesor ,someti
mes,theseopposi ngf
orcescant aketheform
ofaninternalstruggl
ewi t
hintheprotagoni
stormaincharact
er.

Risi
ngAct i
on:Ther isi
ngact
ionofthenarr
ati
vebeginsattheendoft he
exposit
[Link] hepl
otandbeginswithani nci
ting
i
ncidentt hatkick-
start
saser i
esofcause-and-
eff
[Link] i
sing
acti
onbui l
dsont ensi
onandculminat
esint
hecli
max.

Cli
max:Af t
ertheint
roducti
onoftheproblem orcent
ralconf
li
ctofthest
ory
,
theacti
onr i
sesasthedramaoft hestoryunfol
dsinaser i
esofcausesand
eff
[Link]
sculmi natei
nthest
or y
’sdramati
chighpoint
,knownas
thecl
[Link] hetensi
onfi
nal
lyreachesit
sbreaki
ngpoint

Fall
ingAction:Thispartoft henarrat
iveismadeupoft heeventsthat
[Link] oslow downandworkthei
rway
towardst
hest or
y’send,t
yinguplooseendsont [Link]
hinkofthe
fal
li
ngact
ionasade- escal
ationofthestor
y’sdr
ama.

Resolut
ion:Thi
sisthef i
nalpartoftheplotarcandrepresentsthecl
osi
ngof
theconfl
ictandthereturnofnormal i
ty-oranewnor malit
y-inthewakeof
thestor
y’sevent
[Link],thistakesthef or
m ofasi gni
fi
cantchangewithin
themaincharacter
.Ar esol
utionrestoresbalanceandor dertothewor
ld,or
i
tbri
ngsaboutanewbal anceandor der.

 Set
ti
ngiswhereast or
ytakespl [Link] ti
ngcandictat
ev ar
iousaspects
ofast ory,from theconfl
icttot [Link],
ti
me,soci alcondi ti
onsandat mospher ecanal l
aff
ectset ting.
*Sett
ingr ef
erst othet i
meandpl acei nwhicha
storyt akes pl [Link]
ng consists oft wo key
element s:spaceandt i
me.
1. Spacer eferstothewhereoft hest or
y;most
of
tent
hegeogr
aphical
locati
onwher et heact ionofthestor
ytakespl ace.

 Ti
mer efer
stothewhenoft
hest
ory
.Thi
scoul
dbeanhi
stor
icalper
iod,t
he
pr
esent,
orint
hefut
ure.

Li
ter
atur
eoft
hePhi
li
ppi
nes
Page70of
Modul
e1
*Theset
ti
nghassomeot heraspectsfort her eaderorwr i
tertoconsidert
oo.
Forexample,dr
ill
i
ngdownf rom thebr oadert i
meandpl ace,elementssuchas
theweat
her,cul
turalcontext,andphysical surroundings,etccanbeimpor t
ant.
*Theset
ti
ngi sacrucialpartofast or
y’sexposi t
ionandisof tenusedtoestabl
ish
themoodoft [Link] efull
ycraf
tedset ti
ngcanbeusedt oskill
ful
l
yhintat
thest
ory’
sthemeandt oreveal someaspect soft hevari
ouschar act
ers.

 Char
act
ers ar
ethe agent
s within a stor
y,propel
li
ng the plotf
orwar
d.
Charact
ers may be pr otagoni
sts,who are
centr
altothest or
y,orant
agonist
s,whoarein
opposit
iontotheprot
agoni
st.

*Charact er:Ast ory

’scharactersaret hedoer sof
theact [Link] acter
smostof t
en takehuman
form but, onoccasi on,astorycanempl oyanimals,
fantast
icalcr eatur
es,andev eninanimateobj ects
aschar act [Link] acter
sar edy namicand
changeov ert
hecourseofastory,whi l
eot hersar estat
icanddonotgr ow or
changeasar esul
toftheact
ionoft hest or [Link] f
ferenttypesof
charact
erstobefoundi
nworksoflit
er atureandeachser v
esadi ff
erentfunction.

Ty
pesofChar
act
ersi
nFi
cti
onWr
it
ing
[Link]
dant eCharact
er
A confi
dantei s someone orsomething the main charact
erconfides in.
Readerscanl earnal otaboutthemaincharacter’
spersonali
tyandthought s
thr
ought [Link]
er,ori
tcanbet hei nsi
de
pagesoft hemainchar act
er’
sdiar
y.

[Link]
er
Ady namiccharacteri
ssomeonewhochangest hroughoutthest or
[Link]
beagoodchangeorabadone,butt heirmotivati
ons,desires,orevent hei
r
personal
itychangeduetosomet [Link] manent
changeandshowshowt hecharacterhaslear
nedanddev elopedov erti
mei n
thestory
.

[Link] er
Af latcharacteristheopposi teofady nami [Link]
atcharacterdoes
notchangemuch( oratal l)throughoutt [Link]
yand/ or
backgr oundisnotr eveal
edwel l,andweonl yknow ahandf uloftrai
tsabout
[Link] ngont hei
rroleinthest or
y,af l
atcharacteri
ssomet i
mesneeded
orwor kswellwiththef l
owoft hepl [Link] nor
who say s something in passing thatallows y ourpr ot
agonistto have an
epiphany .Flatchar acters are one-dimensionalchar act
erst hatare purely
functionali
nt hestory.

Li
ter
atur
eoft
hePhi
li
ppi
nes
Page71of
Modul
e1
[Link]
Af oilcharact
eri st [Link]
lecttheopposi
te
trai
ts,hence“ foil
.”Yourmai nchar act
ercanbesweetandcar i
ngandt hefoil
characterwi l
lbr i
ngoutt hatsi debybeingnast [Link]
aststwocharacters.
Whi l
eshowi ngv arioussidesisagoodt hing,i
twillalsoall
owy outolear
nmor e
abouty ourchar acteraswel l
.Whatwoul dhappeni fyourprot
agonisti
stookind
andt heirevi
ltwincomesal ong?

[Link] acter
Ar oundcharacterissimil
artoady nami ccharact
erbutaremor ecompl exand
drawni nmor edetailbythewr i
[Link] hroughoutthestor
ygai ning
new t r
ait
s,some t rai
tsoppositet o who t heyused to be.A well-
rounded
characteri
sgr eatt
ohav eforsomeonewhoi sinthespotli
ghtthr
oughouty our
storyoristheheartofyourstory.
Aswel lasbei ngdescribedincompr ehensi
vephy si
caldetai
l,wewil
lgai nan
insi
ghtintothecharacter’
sinter
iorli
fe,thei
rhopes,fear
s,dreams,anddesi r
es,
etc.

[Link]
ockChar acter
Astockchar acteri
sjuststockphotosyoucangetofftheinter
[Link]
enot
abigdealt ot hestory,theydonotchangeatal l
,they’
reprett
ymuchcl i
che
charact
erssuchast he“dumbj ock”or“
popularcheerl
eader.
”

[Link]
y’sMai nCharact
er
Themai ncharacter
sar etherootofthestor
[Link]
ory’
splotcenter
saround
thischaracterandtheyar eusual
l
ysy mpat
heti
candli
kabl
eforthereader
.They
aremostof t
ent he‘
hero’ofthest
ory.
[Link] etinthepl
ayHaml et

[Link]
Anant agonististheopposi
teofyourprot
agonistormaincharact
er.I
tisthe
characterinconfl
i
ctwiththeProt
agoni
st,t
hebadguyorgi r
lofthepieceThey
will
,alongwiththemaincharact
er,bet
hedriv
ingforcebehi
ndtheplotfr
om an
opposi t
eperspect
ive.
[Link]
usintheplayHamlet

[Link]
lain
Av i
llai
nisli
ketheant agoni
st,buttheyar
eevil
.Mostpeoplebeli
eveantagoni
sts
andv i
l
lai
[Link]
he“ badguy
”oft hestor
[Link] er
,
theyar equi
tedi
[Link]
ll
ainshaveevil
act
ionsandmot i
vesthatdr
ivetheplot
.

 Poi
nt-
of-
viewi
sthest
ylei
nwhichast oryistol
[Link] i
ewi sutil
i
zedasa
l
i
ter
arydev i
cetoindicatetheangleorper specti
ve
f
rom whichast oryi [Link]
ly
,poi ntof
v
iew ref
erst othe“ eyes”oft henar r
ati
v ev oi
ce
t
hatdeterminet heposi t
ion orangl eofv isi
on
f
rom whichthestoryisbeingrelay
ed.

Li
ter
atur
eoft
hePhi
li
ppi
nes
Page72of
Modul
e1
*
PointOfVi ew (
POV)i
nli
terat
ureref
erst
otheper
spect
ivet
hroughwhi
chy
ou
exper
iencetheev
ent
softhestor
y.

Therear evari
ousadv antagesanddisadv
antagestothedif
fer
entpoint
sof
view avai
labl
ef orthewr it
ertochoosef r
om,buttheycanal lbeuseful
ly
categori
zedaccordingt owhethert
heyar efir
stper
son,secondperson,or
thir
d-per
sonpointsofview.

Mostcommonpoi ntsofviewineachoft hesecategor

ies.
Narrator:Apersonwhot ellst
hest or
y .
Narrati
vemet hod:Thewayanar rati
veispresent
edcompr i
singpl
otand
sett
ing.
Dial
ogue:Wher echar act
ersofanar rati
vespeaktooneanother.
Confli
[Link]
sni ssueinanar r
ati
vearoundwhi chthewholestoryr
evol
ves.

FirstPer son
Thekeyt or ecognizi
ngt hi
spointofviewliesintheuseofpr onounssuchasI ,
me,my ,we,us,our ,[Link] eraldif
ferentv ari
ati
onsoft hefirst
-
per sonnar rati
ve,buttheyallhaveasi ngl
eper sonnar r
atingtheeventsoft he
stor yeitherasi tunfolds,ori
nt [Link] deri
ngafir
st-person
nar rativ
e, thefir
stquest i
ontoaskiswhot hepersoni stell
ingthest
[Link]
ther eaderi ntotheheadoft henarr
[Link] nti
macyand
per sonal detai
ltothestory.

Twomai ntypesofthef i
rst-
personpointofv i
ew.
Fir
stPersonProtagonist:Thisiswhent hemai nchar
acteroft hest
oryrel
ates
theaction f
ir
sthand asheorsheexper i
encesorexper ienced i
[Link] he
narr
atorisal
sot hemai ncharacter
,ther eaderi
splacedrightatthecenterof
theacti
onandseesev ent sunfol
dthrought hemaincharacter’
sowney es.

Fir
stPersonPeriphery
:Int hi
scase,weseet hestoryunf
old,notthemain
charact
er’
sPOV,butf r
om theperspecti
veofasecondar
ycharacterwhohas
l
imitedpart
ici
pat
ioninthestor
yit
self.

SecondPerson:Thisperspect
ivei
[Link]
f
wit
houtsoundingcorny,youwil
lfi
ndi
tinsomebookssuchast hoseChoose
YourOwnAdv entur
[Link]
ecogni
zethi
sperspecti
veusi
ngthe
2ndpersonpronoun‘you’
.

ThirdPerson:Whent henarrat
orusest hepronouns,he,she,t hey,orit
.In
thi
rdperson,t henarratori
snotachar acterwithi
nt [Link]
authormor ef l
exi
bili
tythantheot hert
woper specti
ves,especial
lywiththi
rd
person mul t
iple oromni scient
.The aut horcan wr it
ef rom a broader
perspect
[Link] ediff
erenttypesofthir
dper sonpointofv iew:Li
mited
(gr
eatforbuildingtensioni
nast oryasthewr i
tercancontrolwhatt her
eader

Li
ter
atur
eoft
hePhi
li
ppi
nes
Page73of
Modul
e1
 knowsandwhent heyknowit
),Centr
al,Edi
tor
ial
,andOmni
sci
ent(
all
owst
he
readerf
ull
accesst
oeachcharact
er)

 Themei st heov er allmessageoft hestory,whi chindicatesthewr i

ter'sview
ont hesubj ectmat ter.
*Themei st hecent r
alideaorconceptofast [Link] otref
erst owhat
happensi nast ory ,thenthet hemei shav ingt odowi thwhatt heseev ent s
[Link] hemei st hebigideast hatar eexpl or
edi nawor kofl i
terature.
Thesear emostof tenuni v
ersali deast hatt r
anscendt hel i
mitsofcul ture,
ethnicity,orl [Link] hemei sthedeepermeani ngbehi ndtheev entsof
thest ory.
Impor tantly,t het hemeofapi eceofwr it
ingisnott obeconf usedwi t
hi ts
subject .Whi l
et hesubj ectofat extiswhati tisabout ,thethemei smor etodo
withhowt hewr iterf eelsaboutt hatsubj
ectasconv eyedinthewr i
ti
ng.
I
tisalsoi
mport
anttonot
ethatwhil
eallworksofli
ter
aturehaveatheme, t
hey
neverst
atet
hatthemeexpl
i
cit
[Link]
thoughmanywor ksoflit
erat
uredealwi t
h
mor ethanonetheme, i
tisusual
l
ypossi bl
eto
detectamainthemeami dthemi norones.
Toi dentif
yt het heme,studentsshoul dlook
outf orsy mbolsandmot i
fswi thi
nt hetext
.
Especiallysy mbol sandmot ifst hatrepeat
.
While notal lsy mbols arer elated tothe
themeoft het ext,whensy mbol sar eused
repeatedlyorf oundi nacluster,theyusuall
y
rel
atet oamot [Link]
smot i
fwi l
lint ur
nrel
ate
tothet hemeoft hework.

 A moti
fisarecur
ri
ngi deaoranelementthathassy
mbolicsigni
fi
cance.
Uncov
eri
ngt
hissi
gnif
icancewi
l
lrev
ealt
hethemetoacaref
ulr
eader.

 Toneistheoveral
lfeelofthest oryandani ndicati
onoft heaut hor
'sattit
ude.
Forexampl e,a st or
y'st one may be sat iri
cal,
adventurousorsomber .
*Toner efer
st ohow t hethemei st r
eatedinawor k.
Twowor ksmayhav ethesamet heme, buteachmay
adoptadi ff
erenttoneindeal ingwi t
hthattheme.
Forexampl e,the tone ofa t extcan be ser i
ous,
comical,formal,i
nformal,gloomy ,joyful
,sarcasti
c, or
sent
imental
,tonamebutei ght.
Thetonethatthewr i
teradoptsi nfl
uenceshow t her eaderr eadsthatt [Link]
i
nfor
mshow t hereaderwi l
lfeelaboutt hechar actersandev entsdescr i
bed.
Tonehelpstocreatet hemoodoft hepieceandgi veslifetot hest or
yasa
whole.
 Mood:
Agener
alat
mospher
eofanar
rat
ive.

Li
ter
atur
eoft
hePhi
li
ppi
nes
Page74of
Modul
e1
  Confl
ictisapr obl
em thatdri
vestheplotfor
ward.
Conf
li
cti
st y
picall
ybet
weenhumansandanot herfor
ce,
whet
heri
t'sotherhumans,
societ
yornatur
e.

 Structure. St ructure, or f orm, i s t he

arrangementofst oryel
ement saccor dingt o
purpose,st y
le,andgenr e...
.Whi l
et hepl otis
theev entsint hest oryi
tsel
f,heav i
l
yaf fected
bychar acter,sett
ingandt heme, thestructure
i
show t heseel ement sarepr esentedt ot he
reader.

 [Link] i
ter
arydevi
cet hatref
erst
otheli
nguisti
cchoi
cesawr
it
ermakest
o
effecti
velyconv eyanidea,apointofvi
ew,ortella
[Link]
terat
ure,t
hewor dsusedbyanauthorcan
helpest abli
shadi sti
nctv oi
ceandst y
le.I
tist he
wayi nwhi chtheauthorwant stowri
tet
oaspeci fi
c
audience.

Herearethediff
erenttypesofdi
cti
onandwhattheymean:
Formaldicti
on–Thi si swhenthewordchoicei
smor eformalorhi
ghclass.
Oftent
imes,wr i
ters use for
maldict
ion as a l
it
erar
y devi
ce when more
educatedindiv
idual
sar espeakingorthecontentisforthosewit
hhigher
educati
on.

Inf
ormaldicti
on– Wheny ourcharacter
s( ory
ouwr i
ti
nganonf
ict
ion)are
speaki
ngdirect
lytoever
ydaypeople,thi
stypeofdi
cti
onwoul
dbeuseasi t
’s
moreconversat
ional
.
Slangdicti
on–Sl angiscommonl yusedf
orayoungeraudi
enceandincl
udes
newlycoinedwor dsorphr
[Link]
hiswouldbeuseofthewor d,
“f
leek”orothernewslangphrases.
Col
loqui
aldict
ion–Thi
si swhenwor dsthatareusedinevery
dayli
fear e
wri
tt
[Link]
fferentdependingonthecul
tur
eorrel
igi
onspresent
i
nthewrit
ing.
Example1:“
Ibidyouadieu.
”
Thedict
ionpresenther
eisformaldi
ction,asmostpeopl
edon’
tuse“
bid”
and“adi
eu”regul
arl
yinever
ydayspeech.
Exampl
e2: Irememberherhai
rinpar
ti
cul
ar,
becausei
twasonfl
eek!
Here,“
fl
eek”i saslangterm usedtodescri
beawoman’ shai
r,whi
ch
meansit’
sslangdi
cti
on.

Li
ter
atur
eoft
hePhi
li
ppi
nes
Page75of
Modul
e1
 Foreshadowingisal it
erarydeviceinwhi chawr itergivesanadv ancehi ntof
whati stocomel at
erint hestory .Foreshadowi ng
oft
enappear satt hebegi nningofast or
y,ora
chapter,andhel psther eaderdev el opexpect at
ions
aboutthecomi ngev entsi nast or
y .
Foreshadowi ngi swhent heaut horpl acesel ements
withi
nthewr it
ingthatgivescluesaboutwhatwi llhappeni nt hef utureofthe
story
.
Example1:
InBackt otheFut ur
e,oneoft hecl ocksi ntheopeni ngcr edit
shasact or
HaroldLloydfrom thesilem fi
lm Saf etyFirsthangi ngfrom t hemi nutehand.
ThisforeshadowsDocBr ownhangi ngf rom theHi l
lVal l
eycl ockt owerl at
erin
themov ieashet r
iedtosendMar tyMcFl ybackt ot he1980s.

Example2:
InTheAv engersTonySt ar
kmakesacommentaboutoneoft heship’s
engi
neersplayi
ngagamecal ledGalagaastheyallgett
oget
herforthef
irst
ti
[Link] ecti
veofthegamei nrealli
feistodefendEart
hf r
om al
ien
i
nvaders,
whichiswhathappenslat
erinthemovie.
4.
2Li
ter
aryTechni
ques

Gener al
ly,theli
ter arydev icesar eacollectionofuniver
salart
ist
icstructuresthat
aresot ypicalofal lwor ksofl i
terat
urefrequentl
yempl oyedbythewr it
erst ogive
meani ngsandal ogicalf ramewor ktot [Link]
onlybeaut i
fyt
hepi eceofl i
ter
aturebutal sogivedeepermeani ngst oit,test
ing
thev eryunder standi ngoft her eader
sal ongwi thprovidi
ngthem enj oymentof
[Link] soal lowt her eaderstocompar eawor kofonewr itertot hatof
theot hertodet ermi nei tswor [Link] nmot i
vati
ngreaders’i
magi nationto
visuali
zet hechar acter sandscenesmor eclear
ly.

 I mager y:Iti
st heuseoff i
gur ativel anguaget ocr eatev isualrepresentati
ons
ofact ions,obj ectsandi deasi nourmi ndi nsuchaway
thatt heyappealt ot her eader’ssenseofsi ght,sound,
touch,t aste,andsmel l,yourwr i
ti
ngwi l
lcr eat
eav ibrant
wor ldforr eader stol i
v eandbr eathei n.
Forexampl e:
Ther oom wasdar kandgl oomy .-“dar k”and“ gloomy ”arev isualimages.
Ther iverwasroaringint hemount ns.–“
ai roar i
ng”appeal st ooursenseof
hearing.
Sightimager y:
Thet reespr eadi tsgi gant i
c,sun- fleckedshoul ders.
Soundi magery:Thef or estwashushed,r esoundi ngwi thechoesoft hetree’s
stoi
csi l
ence.
Touchi magery:Thetreef eltsmoot hassandst one.
Tastei magery:Thet r
ee’sl eavest ast edbi t
ter, l
ikeunr oast edcof feebeans.
Smel limagery:Asweappr oachedt het ree,theai raroundi tsmel ledcrispand
precise.

Li
ter
atur
eoft
hePhi
li
ppi
nes
Page76of
Modul
e1
 Simi l
e and Met aphor:Bot h compar et wo di sti
nct
object s and dr aws si mil
ari
ty bet ween t [Link]
difference i st hatSi mi l
e uses “ as” or“ l
ike” and
Met aphordoesnot .Mostmet aphorsandsi mi leshav e
twopar ts:t
het enorandt hev ehicl
e.
- t enorr efer
st othesubj ectbeingdescr i
bed,
- v ehicler ef
erstot heimaget hatdescr i
besthet enor.
Ex:Thi streei st hegodoft heforest. t r
ee( t
enor)….godofthefor
est
(vehicle)
“Myl oveisl ikear edr edr ose”
.( Simil
e)Thi st reeislket
i hegodofthe
f
orest.
Hei sanol dfoxv er
ycunni ng.(Met aphor)Thi streeisthegodoft
hef
orest
.

 Hyper
bole:I
tisdeliber
ateexaggerat
ionofact
ionsandideasfort
hesakeof
emphasi
[Link]
ly,hyper
bol
er ef
erstoanysortofexagger
ateddescr
ipt
ion
orst
[Link]:
Yourbagweighsaton!
Ihavegotami l
li
oni
ssuestol
ookaf
ter!
I’
vebeenwait
ingabil
li
onyear
sfort
his
I’
m sohungr
yIcouldeatahor
se
Ifeell
i
keami ll
i
onbucks
Youarethekingoft
hekit
chen
Hyperboleiscomingupwi t
hcrazy,exagger
atedstatementsthatconveythe
i
ntensityofthespeaker’
semot i
onscanaddaper sonabl
eelementt oyour
writ
[Link]
erall
,weallf
eelouremotionstoacert
aini nt
ensi
ty,andhyper
bole
al
lowsust oexperi
encethati
ntensi
tytoit
sfull
est
.

 Per soni fi
cation:
Itgivesat hing,ani deaoranani malhuman
qualit
ies.
Forexampl e:
Thef lower saredanci ngbesi dethelake.
Hav ey ou seemynew car ?Shei sar eal
beauty!
Personi f
icati
oni sexact l
ywhati tsoundsl i
ke:
givi
nghumanat t
ributest ononhumanobj ects.
Alsoknownasant hropomor phism, per
sonificati
onisapower f
ulwayt ofoster
empat hyi ny ourr eader [Link] i
beanonhumanobj ectthr
ought he
fi
vesenses, anddosobygi vingithumandescr ipti
ons.
Per sonifi
cation( usingsight )
:Thecarr anamar athondownt hehighway .
Per sonifi
cation( usingsound) :Thecarcoughed, hacked,andsplutter
ed.
Per sonifi
cation( usingtouch) :Thecarwassmoot hasababy ’
sbottom.
Per sonifi
cation( usingtast e)
: Thecartastedt hebit
terasphalt
.
Per sonifi
cation( usingsmel l
):Thecarneededacol dshower .
Per sonifi
cation( usingment alevent :Thecarr
s) emember editsfi
rstowner
fondly .

Li
ter
atur
eoft
hePhi
li
ppi
nes
Page77of
Modul
e1
 Al l
it
erati
on:Itrefer
st othesameconsonant
soundsinwor dscomi ngtoget
her
.
Forexample:
Bett
erbut teralways makest he bat
ter
bett
er.
Shesell
sseashel l
satseashor
e.

 All
egor y:
I
tisal i
teraryt
echniqueinwhi chanabstract
i
deai sgi venaf orm ofcharacters,act
ions
orev ents.
Forexampl e:
Allusion(excerptf
rom Animal Farm):
“Ther eweretimeswheni tseemedt otheanimalsthattheyworkedlonger
hour sandf ednobetterthantheyhaddonei n[Farmer]Jones’
sDay.”
“AnimalFarm”,writ
t enbyGeor geOr well
,isanexampl eall
egoryusingthe
acti
onsofanimal sonaf armtor epresenttheovert
hrow ofthelastofthe
RussianTsarNicholasIIandtheCommuni stRev
olut
ionofRussiabeforeWW
I
[Link]
on,theact i
onsoftheanimal sonthefarm ar
eusedt oexposethe
greedandcorrupti
onoft heRevolut
ion.

Anal l
egoryisast orywhosesolepurposei
storepresentanabstr
act
[Link],
all
egor
iesar
esometi
mesextendedal
lusi
ons.

 Irony:Itisuseoft hewor dsi nsuchawayi n

whi cht hei ntendedmeani ngi scompl et el
y
opposi te t o t heir l iteral meani ng. I n
l
iterature, ir
onycandescr ibedi al
ogue, buti t
alsodescr i
besi ronicsi tuat i
ons:si tuations
thatpr oceedi nway st hatar eelaborat el
y
cont r
aryt owhatonewoul dexpect .
Exampl eoft hisi si nTheWi [Link] l
oft hechar acter sal readyhav ewhatt hey
arel ooki ng f or,so when t heygo t ot he
wi zard and di scov ert hatt hey allhav e
brains,hear ts,et c.
,thei rpet i
tion—maki nga
l
ong,danger ousj our neyt o beg f orwhat
theyal r
eadyhav e—isdeepl yir oni
c.
Asar eal-l
ifeexampl e,ifsomeonei shav ingabadday ,theymi ghtsay
they ’
r edoi ng“ gr eaaaaaat ”,clearlyimplyingthatthey’
reactual
lydoing
quit eun- greatly.
Orast ory’snar ratormi ghtwr i
te:
Likemostbur eaucr at s,shef eltaboundl esslov
ef orherjob,andwas
eagert oshar et hatgoodf eeli
ngwi thothers.
Forexampl e:
Thebr eadi ssof tasast one.

Li
ter
atur
eoft
hePhi
li
ppi
nes
Page78of
Modul
e1
 Soni
ceofy
out
obr
eakmynewPSP!

 Al
lusi
on
An al lusion isa l it
erarydev i
ce t hatr ef erences a
per son,pl ace,thi ng,orev entint her ealwor [Link]
can use t hist o pai nta cl earpi ctur e ort o ev en
connectwi t
hy ourr eader s.I ti
sj ustaf ancywor dfor
al iterar yr efer ence;when a wr i
ter al ludes t o
somet hing,t hey ar e ei ther di rect l
y or i ndirectl
y
ref er r
ingt oanot her ,commonl yknownpi eceofar tor
literat [Link] mostf r
equent ly-alluded t o wor ki s
probabl yt heBi [Link] l
oqui alphr asesandi deasst em f rom i tsi ncemany
themesandi magesf rom t heBi blepr esentt hemsel v esi npopul arwor ksand
West erncul ture.
 Ref erringt oaki ndst r angerasaGoodSamar it
an
 Descr i
bi ngani deal placeasEdeni c,ort heGar denofEden
 Say ingsomeone“ t
ur nedt heot hercheek”whent heywer epassi veint he
faceofadv er sity
 When somet hing i sdescr ibed asl ast i
ng “40 day sand 40 ni ghts,”in
referencet ot hef loodofNoah’ sAr k
Exampl e1: “
Car eful, [Link]’ twantt ogoopeni ngPandor a’sBox. ”
(Inthisexampl e, theal lusi oni sPandor a’[Link] hisi sar eferencet o
ar eal-li
feel ement ,itisconsi der edanal lusi on).
Exampl e2: Hewasar ealgoodguybal l-
bust er, t
heDeadpoolofhi st ime.
(Inthisexampl e, thenar r atori susi ngDeadpoolast heallusi onbyr eferencing
theper sont hey ’
redescr i
bi ngasbei ngliket hesuper -
hero( ify oucancal lhim
that)Deadpool ).
Liketheot hercommonl i
ter ar ydev ices,allusi onsar eof t
enmet aphor s,images,
and/orhy per bol es.
 Col l
oqui alisms
Col loqui ali
smsar eexpr essions,wor ds,andphr asest hat
areusedi ni nformal ,ev erydayspeech,i ncl udi ngsl ang.
Youcanuset heseacoupl eofdi f
ferentway s.
1.y oucanuset heseassl angi nther eal wor l
d
2.y oucanev encr eatey ourbook’ sowncol l
oqui alismsf ort hei rwor ldand
culture, andev enwhenwr i
t i
ngdi alogue.
Ov ery onder–ov ert her e
Dabomb–t hebest

 Fl
ashbacks
Flashbacksinli
ter
aturear
ewhent henar r
atorgoesbacki n
ti
mef oraspecifi
csceneorchaptertogi vemor econtext
fort he st
[Link]
imes,we see flashbacks i
n books
wher ethepastgreatl
yimpactsthepresentorasawayt o
startastor
yoffonani nt
erest
ingnot
[Link] sisseeni
nHar ry
Pott
erwhenev erHar
ryget stoseeamemor yofthepastf rom Dumbledoreor
evenSnape.
Forexample,

Li
ter
atur
eoft
hePhi
li
ppi
nes
Page79of
Modul
e1
 i
nVi ci
[Link],sheusesf l
ashbacksasarecur
ri
ngel
ementi
nher
[Link]
herchaptergoesbackinti
meandt henbacktot
hepr
esentf
or
thenextchapt
ertostr
ucturethest
oryi
tsel
f.

 Rhy me
Ar hymedpoem isawor kofpoet r
yt hatcontains
rhyming vowelsounds atpar ti
cularmoment s.
(Common v owelsounds ar e also known as
“assonance”—not t o be conf used wi th
“consonance”whichrefer
stocommonconsonant
sounds.)There are many v ar
ieti
es ofr hy
mi ng
poetrywithi
ntheEngl i
shlanguage,f rom sonnets
tolimeri
ckstonurser
yrhymes.

Bl
ankverse,f
ori
nstance,i
sapoet
icfor
mt hatf
eat
uresr
hythmicrul
es(suchas
i
ambicpentamet
er)butnorhy
[Link]
eev er
semakesnorequi
rementsf
ormeter
orr
hyme.

Rhy
mingpoet
ryt
akesmanyf
[Link]
hesei
ncl
ude:

Per
fectrhy
me.A rhymewherebothwordsshar
et heexactassonanceand
numberofsy
ll
[Link]
soknownasanexactr
hyme,afullr
hyme,oratrue
rhyme.
Sl
[Link]
mef or
medbywordswi
thsi
mil
ar,
butnoti
dent
ical
,assonance
and/orthenumberofsy
ll
abl
[Link]
soknownasahal fr
hyme,animper f
ect
rhy
meoranearr hy
me.
Ey
er [Link] hatl
ooksi
mil
aronapage,butdonotact
ual
l
yr hy
mei n
spokenpronunci
ati
on.(Exampl
esincl
ude“
mov e”and“l
ove,
”or“hour”and
“pour.
”)
Mascul
iner
[Link]
hymebet
weent
hef
inal
str
essedsy
ll
abl
esoft
wol
i
nes.
Femininerhyme.A mul t
i-sy
ll
abler hymewher ebot hstressedandunst r
essed
syllabl
esrhymewi t
ht heirrespectiv
ecount er
part
[Link] nstance,t
hewords
“crazy”and“ l
azy
”f or
mf emininer [Link] ll
ables“ cra”and“l
a”are
stressedrhy
mes,and“ zy”and“ zy”areunst
ressedrhymes.
[Link]
weenthefinalwordsont wo
part
icul
arl
i
nesofpoetry
.Endrhymescanbeeit
hermasculi
ne(f
orinst
ance
“bel
ow”and“f
url
ough”
)orfemi
nine(
fori
nst
ance“
act
ual
”and“ f
act
ual”
).

TheABABr hymeschemeoft hesepoemscanbeobser

vedi
nthef
ir
stquat
rai
nof
Shakespeare’
s“Sonnet14”:

Notfrom thest arsdoImyjudgmentpl uck; —A

Andy etmet hinksIhaveastronomy , —B
Butnottot ellofgoodorevilluck, —A
Ofplagues, ofdearths,
orseasons'quali
ty; —B
*
dear
th=scar
cit
y/shor
tage

Li
ter
atur
eoft
hePhi
li
ppi
nes
Page80of
Modul
e1
 Sy mbol ism
Sy mbol ism combi nesal otoft hei deaspr esent edi n
met aphorandi mager y.
- asy mbol istheuseofanobj ectt or epresenta
concept —i t’
s ki nd ofl ike a met aphor ,except
mor e conci se!
- weof tenuset hesecommonl it
erarydev i
cesi nspeechanddesi gnwi thout
realizingi t.
- Af ewv er ycommonl yusedsy mbol sinclude:
“Peace”r epr esent edbyawhi t
edov e
“Lov e”r epr esent edbyar edr ose
“Conf or mi ty”r epr esent edbysheep
“Idea”r epr esent edbyal ightbul bswi tchi
ngon
Thesy mbol sabov ear esowi delyusedt hatt heywoul dlikelyshowupascl i
chés
i
ny ourownwr iti
ng.( Woul dy our eadapoem,wr i
tt
ent oday,thatstart
edwi th
“Let’sr el easet hewhi tedov eofpeace” ? )
- Sy mbol sar eof tencont extuallyspeci fi
caswel l.
Forexampl e,acommonpr acti
cei nWel shmar riageist ogi vey oursignif
icant
otheral ov espoon,whi cht hemanhasdesi gnedandcar vedt osigni
fyt he
rel
at ionshi p’suni que,ev erlastingbond.I nmanyWest erncul t
ures,thi
ssame
bond i sr epresent ed bya di amond r ing—whi ch can al so be unique and
ever l
ast ing!
- Sy mbol ism makest hecor eideasofy ourwr i
ti
ngconcr et e.
- Sy mbol ism makest hecor ei deasofy ourwr iti
ngconcr et
e,andal soallows
yout omani pul atey ouri deas.
Exampl e,I far oser epresent sl ov e,whatdoesawi l
tedr oseorar oseonf i
re
represent ?

 Juxt aposition
Juxtapositi
onr eferst ot heplacementofcont rastingi deas Life/Death
nexttoeachot her,oftent opr oduceani ronicort hought- Justaposition
provokingef f
ect.
-Wr it
ersusej uxt apositioninbot hpoet ryandpr ose, though
thiscommonl iterarydev icelookssl ight l
ydi fferentwi thi
n
eachr ealm ofl i
terature.
-In poet ry,juxt aposition is used t o bui l
dt ensi on or
highli
ghtan i mpor t
antcont [Link] dert he poem “ A Juxt aposi t
ion”by
Kennet h Bur ke,whi ch juxtaposes nat i
on & i ndiv i
dual
,t r
eble & bass,and
loudness&si l
[Link] esultisapoem t hat ,althoughshor t,condemnst he
paradoxofaci ti
zent rappedi ntheirownnat ion.
-Justanot e:thesej uxtapositi
onsar eal soexampl esofant i
thesis, whi chiswhen
thewr i
terjuxt aposest wocompl etelyopposi t
ei [Link] tiondoesn’t
hav etobecompl etelycont r
arian,buti nt hispoem, i
tis.
-Juxtaposi t
ionaccompl i
shessomet hingsi milari npr ose.A f amousex ampl
e
comesf rom theopeni ngATal eofTwoCi ti
esbyChar lesDickens:
-“Itwast hebestoft imes; itwast hewor stoft i
me. ”

Li
ter
atur
eoft
hePhi
li
ppi
nes
Page81of
Modul
e1
-Di
ckensopenshisnovelbysi
tuat
inghischaractersint
oawor l
dofcont
rast
s,
whi
chisaptfort
heext
remewealthdispar
it
iespre-Fr
enchRev
oluti
on.

Howt
oIdent
if
yLi
ter
aryDev
ices

"
Lif
ei sl
ikeaboxofchocol
[Link]
erknowwhat
y
ou'regoingt
oget
."

Thisfamous si mil
e,spoken by Tom Hank' st i
tular
char
acteri n"Forr
estGump, "isjustoneexampl eoft he
many l i
terary devices av ai
lable t o scr
eenwrit
er s,
noveli
[Link]
cest ounder scoremeaninginthei r
text
[Link] heryou'
rest udyi
ng poet ryorpr ose,recogni zi
ng dif
fer
entli
terary
devi
ces can hel
py ou under
stand and appr eciat
e whaty ou'
rereadi
ng --or
watching.

ep1:Rev
St iewthef ormsoff i
gur at
ivelanguage,suchasmet aphors,si
mi l
esand
per
sonif
icati
on.
 A met aphorcompar es by subst it
uti
ng one idea foranot her:The
classr
oom wasaj ai
l.
 Asi mil
eal somakesacompar i
son,usingt hewor ds"l
ikeor" :She
as"
sli
ther
edacr ossthedancef l
oorlikeasnake.
 Wi t
h personifi
cat
ion,i nanimate objects are endowed wi t
h human
character
istcs:Thef
i lowerl ookedupatt hesunandr eachedf ori
ts
l
ight.

ep2:I
St denti
fyt
heset t
inginli
ter
atur
[Link]
ngisaliter
arydev i
cethat
denotestheti
meandpl [Link]
imesi
t'
sspecif
ic,butoft
enit
's
impl
iedorambiguous.

St
ep3:Expl
[Link] nmessageori deaofapieceisthet
heme.
Wor
ksofartcanhavemor [Link]
nthemesi
nToni
Mor
ri
son'
sbook"TheBluestEye,
"forexampl
e,i
sraci
sm.

ep 4:Recogni
St ze al
legory.I
n an al
l
egor
y,aspect
s ofa st
ory symbol
i
ze
somethi
ng [Link]
'
sbook,"Ani
malFarm,
"isan all
egoryfor
Stal
i
nism andcommuni sm.

ep5:Wat
St chforall
it
erat
[Link]
it
erat
ioni
sther
epet
it
ionofconsonantsounds.
Thesoundsareusuall
yincloseproxi
mit
ytooneanot
her:Thestarshowsits
st
unni
ngstrengt
h.

St
ep6:I
dent
ifyhy
per
bol
e,anobvi
ousexagger
ati
onf
oremphasi
s:Thedeser
twas
sohot
,fi
rebur
nedhi
ghalongt
hesand.

ep7:Wat
St chforpar
[Link]
sanideathatmakessenseonthe
sur
face,buthasanot
her,usual
l
yopposi
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