PHY 102 COURSE DISTRIBUTION

PHY 102: General Physics II (Electricity & Magnetism) (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes
On completion, the students should be able to:
1. describe the electric field and potential, and related concepts, for stationary charges;
2. calculate electrostatic properties of simple charge distributions using Coulomb’s law, Gauss’s
law and electric potential;
3. describe and determine the magnetic field for steady and moving charges;
4. determine the magnetic properties of simple current distributions using Biot-Savart and
Ampere’s law;
5. describe electromagnetic induction and related concepts, and make calculations using Faraday
and Lenz’s laws;
6. explain the basic physical of Maxwell’s equations in integral form;
7. evaluate DC circuits to determine the electrical parameters; and
8. determine the characteristics of AC voltages and currents in resistors, capacitors, and inductors.

NAMES TOPICS
Dr G. A. Akinyemi Forces in nature. Electrostatics (electric charge
and its properties, methods of charging).
Coulomb’s law and superposition. Electric
field and potential. Gauss’s law. Capacitance.
Electric dipoles. Energy in electric fields. DC
circuits (current, voltage and resistance).
Analysis of DC circuits.
Dr (Mrs) M.E. Sanyaolu Conductors and insulators. Ohm’s law.
Resistor combinations. Magnetic fields.
Lorentz force. Biot-Savart and Ampère’s laws.
Energy in magnetic fields. Electromotive
force. Electromagnetic induction. Faraday and
Lenz’s laws.
Dr M. O. Osinowo Self and mutual inductances Magnetic dipoles.
Dielectrics. Step up and stepdown
transformers. Maxwell's equations.
Electromagnetic oscillations and waves. AC
voltages and currents applied to inductors,
capacitors, and resistance.
 DR G. A. AKINYEMI
LECTURE OUTLINE

1) Introduction to Forces in Nature

• Overview of different types of forces (gravitational, electromagnetic, etc.).
• Focus on electromagnetic forces and their significance in everyday life.

2) Electrostatics
• Definition of electric charge and its properties (positive, negative, conservation of
charge).
• Methods of charging objects (friction, conduction, induction).

3) Coulomb's Law and Superposition

• Explanation of Coulomb's Law and its mathematical form.
• Understanding the principle of superposition in electrostatics.

4) Electric Field and Potential

• Definition and concept of electric field strength.
• Relationship between electric field and potential, including potential energy in an
electric field.

5) Gauss's Law
• Statement and application of Gauss's Law in calculating electric fields.
• Examples illustrating the use of Gauss's Law.

6) Capacitance
• Definition of capacitance and its importance in electrical systems.
• Capacitors in series and parallel, calculation of equivalent capacitance.

7) Electric Dipoles
• Explanation of electric dipoles and their behavior in electric fields.
• Dipole moment, torque on a dipole in an electric field.

8) Energy in Electric Fields

• Calculation of electric potential energy and work done in moving charges in electric
fields.
• Application of energy concepts in electrical systems.

9) DC Circuits
• Introduction to direct current (DC) circuits.
 • Explanation of current, voltage, and resistance in DC circuits.
10) Analysis of DC Circuits
• Ohm's Law and its application in analyzing DC circuits.
• Series and parallel circuits, calculation of total resistance, current, and voltage.
LECTURE ONE
Gravitational Force
Definition
Gravitational force is the mutual attraction between two objects with mass. The force is directly
proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between their centers.
Formula:
𝑚1 . 𝑚2
𝐹 = 𝐺.
𝑟2
G is the gravitational constant = 6.674 x 10-11 N . m2/kg2

Universal Gravitation
Newton's law of universal gravitation states that every mass attracts every other mass in the
universe with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Significance
Gravitational force is responsible for the attraction between celestial bodies like planets, stars, and
moons. It governs the motion of objects in the solar system and the universe at large.
Gravitational Field
The concept of gravitational field describes how a mass creates a region around it where another
mass would experience a gravitational force. The strength of the gravitational field depends on the
mass creating it.
Escape Velocity
The escape velocity is the minimum velocity an object needs to escape the gravitational pull of a
celestial body. It is derived from the gravitational force equation and depends on the mass and
radius of the body.
Applications
Gravitational force is crucial in understanding planetary orbits, satellite motion, and the behavior
of objects in free fall. It is also relevant in fields like astronomy, astrophysics, and space
exploration.
Challenges
Gravitational force poses challenges in space travel, as it requires significant energy to overcome
Earth's gravity for spacecraft to reach orbit or travel to other celestial bodies.

Electromagnetic Force
Definition
The electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental forces in nature, alongside gravity, weak
nuclear force, and strong nuclear force. It is responsible for interactions between electrically
charged particles and magnetic objects.
Components of Electromagnetic Force
• Electric Force:
The force between charged particles, governed by Coulomb's law. It can be attractive or repulsive,
depending on the types of charges (positive or negative).
• Magnetic Force:
The force between magnetic objects or moving charged particles, described by the Lorentz force
law. It acts perpendicular to both the velocity of the charged particle and the magnetic field.
Mathematical Formulations
Electric Force (Coulomb's Law)
𝑞1 . 𝑞2
𝐹𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐 = 𝑘.
𝑟2
𝑘 = electrostatic constant, 𝑞1 and 𝑞2 are the charges and 𝑟 is the distance between them.
Question
Calculate the electric force between two point charges 𝑞1 = +3𝜇𝐶and 𝑞2 = -5𝜇𝐶 that are placed 8
cm apart in air.
𝑘 = 8.99 x 109 N. m2/C2.
Magnetic Force (Lorentz Force Law)
𝑭𝑚𝑎𝑔 = 𝑞. (∨ × 𝑩)

𝑞 is the charge, ∨ 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 B is the magnetic field.

This equation tells us that when a charged particle moves through a magnetic field, it experiences
a force perpendicular to both its velocity and the magnetic field. This phenomenon is known as the
Lorentz force, and it plays a fundamental role in understanding the behavior of charged particles
in electromagnetic fields.
Example
A positively charged particle with a charge of +2𝜇𝐶 is moving with a velocity of 5 m/s in the
𝑖̂ direction (along the x-axis). It enters a region where a magnetic field B = 3 T in the 𝑗̂ direction
(along the y-axis). Calculate the magnitude and direction of the Lorentz force experienced by the
particle.
Significance and Applications
• Electromagnetism in Nature:
Electromagnetic force governs the behavior of charged particles in atoms, molecules, and celestial
bodies. It is crucial for understanding chemical bonding, electromagnetic radiation, and stellar
phenomena.

• Technology and Engineering:

Electromagnetic force is fundamental in electrical engineering, electronics, and
telecommunications. It enables the operation of devices such as motors, generators, transformers,
and antennas.
• Medical Applications:
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines utilize electromagnetic force principles to create
detailed images of internal body structures for medical diagnosis.
• Transportation:
Electromagnetic forces are utilized in magnetic levitation (maglev) trains, where magnetic
repulsion allows trains to float above the tracks, reducing friction and increasing speed.
• Industries and Manufacturing:
Electromagnetic force plays a role in welding, metalworking, and material handling processes,
enhancing efficiency and precision.