MATHEMATICS

PROJECT-I

Name: Advaith Rajesh

Class: XII A
Unique ID:

Internal Examiner Principal External Examiner

 PROJECT 1 TOPIC:

Inverse
Trigonometric
Functions

CONTENTS

1
Introduction……………………………………………………
..……3

Defining Inverse Trigonometry Function………….…4

Domain and Range of Inverse Trigonometry

Functions………………………………………………………
……….7

Principal Values of Inverse Trigonometric

Functions………………………………………………………
……….8

Table of Principal
Values……………………………………..10

Principal Values of sin-1(x) using a

Unit Circle………………………………………….
………………….11

Graph of sin-1(x)...........................................................12

Principal Values of cos-1(x) using a

Unit Circle………………………………...………..
………………..14

Graph of cos-1(x) [Range 0 to π] …………………………15

Properties of inverse Trigonometric Functions

Conclusion……………………………………………………
………18

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 INTRODUCTION

Every mathematical function, from the simplest to the

most complex, has an inverse. The term function is
used to describe the relationship between two sets of
numbers of variables. Trigonometric functions are the
functions of an angle which can be defined as the ratios
of the sides of a right angled triangle.
In mathematics, the inverse trigonometric functions
are also called anti-trigonometric or cyclometric
functions. Specifically, they are the inverses of the sine,
cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant
functions, and are used to obtain an angle from any of
the angle’s trigonometric ratios. Inverse trigonometric
functions were considered early in the 1700s, by
writers who were identifying an angle with the arc it
subtends when placed at the center of a circle. The
most used convention is to name inverse trigonometric
functions using an arc prefix: arcsin(x), arccos(x),
arctan(x), etc…
The notations sin -1, cos-1, tan-1, etc, were introduced by
John Herschel in 1813 compiles with the notation of an
inverse [Link] inverse trigonometric functions
are used to determine the angle measure when at least
two sides of a right triangle are known. The particular
function that should be used depends on what two
sides are known. Inverse trigonometric functions are

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widely used in engineering, navigation, physics and
geometry.
DEFINING INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION

The inverses of trigonometric functions are all

relations. They are not functions because the value gets
repeated. In order to make these relations inverse
functions, certain restrictions must be placed on either
the domain or the range. Since the domain is already
restricted to the interval −1 ≤ x ≤1; therefore, restricting
the range is considered.

Consider the sine function:

−π π
sine = {θ: 2 ≤θ ≤ 2 } →{x : −1 ≤ x ≤1}
denoted by sin θ=x

Clearly, the above function is one-one and onto and

therefore, inveritible. The inverse function is defined as
−π π
sin ={x :−1 ≤ x ≤ 1}→ {θ : ≤θ ≤ }
−1
2 2
denoted by sin −1
x=θ

All values of x in the interval of the domain, i.e, (−1 ≤ x ≤1)

are associated with one and only one value in the
−π π
restricted range, i.e 2 ≤θ ≤ 2

4
 sine
−π
−−−−−−−−→ -1
2
−π −1
−−−−−−−−→
6 2
π 1
−−−−−−−−→
4 √❑
π
−−−−−−−−→ √ ❑
3 ❑
π
−−−−−−−−→ 1
2

−1
sin x
−π
-1−−−−−−−−→ 2
−1 −π
−−−−−−−−→
2 6
1
√❑
√❑ π
❑ 3
π
1−−−−−−−−−→
2

Thus sin x is an angle, where sine is x , i.e, sin x ⇔ x=sinθ

−1 −1

−π π
where 2 ≤θ ≤ 2 . Since all values of x in the interval of the
domain (−1 ≤ x ≤1) are associated with one and only one

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 −π π
value in the restricted range ( 2 ≤ θ≤ 2 ), the inverse
function of the sine function exists and is defined on
the restricted range.

DOMAIN AND RANGE OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS

6
 Function Domain Range
−1
y=si n x [−1 ,1] −π π
[ , ]
2 2
−1
y=co s x [−1 ,1] [0 , π ]
−1
y=ta n x (−∞, ∞) −π π
[ , ]
2 2
y=cose c x
−1
¿∪¿ −π π
[ , ]−{0 }
2 2
−1
y=se c x ¿∪¿ π
[0 , π ]−
2
−1
y=co t x (−∞ , ∞ ) (0 , π )

PRINCIPAL VALUES OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS

Since none of the six trigonometric functions are one-

to-one, they are restricted to an interval where they are
invertible in order to have inverse functions. Therefore,
the range of the inverse functions are proper subsets of
the domains of the original functions.

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 −π π
The sine function having the domain 2 ≤θ ≤ 2 with
restricted range −1 ≤ x ≤1 has its inverse. Apart from the
domain of the sine function taken above, other domains
are possible with the same range.
3π 5π −5 π −3 π
For example, {θ : 2 ≤ θ≤ 2 }, {θ : 2 ≤ θ ≤ 2 }, etc.
In these cases also, the sine function is one-one and
onto and therefore invertible.

But we consider only the least numerical value among

all values of the angle whose sine i.e x and call it the
principal value of sin-1 x . Thus, the principal valued
function for inverse sine function for real numbers is
defined as:
−π π
{(x , y ): y=sin x ,−1 ≤ x ≤1 and ≤ y≤ }
−1
2 2

The smallest numerical value either positive or

negative of an inverse trigonometric function is called
the principal value of the function. Thus, the principal
value of sin-1x, tan-1x and cosec-1x are the angles that lie
−π π
between 2 and 2 , and the principal values of cos-1x,
cot-1x and sec-1x are the angles that lie between 0 and π

When there are two values, one is positive and the

other is negative, such that they are numerically equal,
then the principal value is the positive one.

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 TABLE OF PRINCIPAL VALUES

Function
−1 −1 −1
y=si n x y=co s x y=tan x
−1 ≤ x ≤1 −1 ≤ x ≤1
Domain All real
numbers
−π π 0≤ y≤ π −π π
Principal 2
≤ y≤
2 2
< y<
2
Value
π π π
For x ≥ 0 0≤ y≤
2
0≤ y<
2
0≤ y<
2
−π π −π
For x ≤ 0 2
≤ y< 0
2
<y ≤π
2
< y<0

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Function y=co t x
−1 −1 −1
y=se c x y=cose c x

Domain All real x≥1 or x ≤−1 x≥1 or x ≤−1

numbers
−π
Principal 0< y< π 0 ≤ y ≤ π, y ≠
π
2 2
π
≤ y≤ y ≠0
2
Value
π π x
For x ≥ 0 0< y<
2
0≤ y<
2
0< y ≤
2
π π −x
For x ≤ 0 2
< y<π
2
<y ≤π
2
≤ y<0

PRINCIPAL VALUES OF sin-1x USING A

UNIT CIRCLE

10
 GRAPH OF sin-1x

To draw the graph of

−1
y=si n x
x y

11
 −1 −π
2
−√ ❑ −π
❑ 3
−1 −π
√❑ 4
−1 −π
=−0.5
2 6
0 0
1 π
=0.5
2 6
1 π
√❑ 4
√❑ π
❑ 3
1 π
2

(For Graph)

12
PRINCIPAL VALUES OF cos-1x USING A
UNIT CIRCLE

13
 GRAPH OF cos-1x

To draw the graph of

−1
y=co s x

x y

14
 −√ ❑ 5π
❑ 6
−1 3π
√❑ 4
−1 2π
=−0.5
2 3
0 π
2
1 π
=0.5
2 3
1 π
√❑ 4
√❑ π
❑ 6
1 0

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 (For Graph)

PROPERTIES OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS

Self Adjusting Property

sin (sin θ)=θ , for all sin(si n x)=x , for all x ∈[−1 , 1]
−1 −1

1. −π π
θ ∈[ , ]
2 2

co s (cos θ)=θ , for all θ ∈[0 , π ] cos (co s x )=x , for all x ∈[−1 , 1]
−1 −1

2.

ta n (tanθ)=θ, for all tan(ta n x )=x , for all x ∈ R

−1 −1

3. −π π
θ ∈[ , ]
2 2

cose c (cosec θ)=θ , for all cosec (cose c x )=x , for all
−1 −1

16
4. −π π x ∈ ¿∪¿,
θ ∈[ , ], θ ≠−¿
2 2
i.e, R−(−1 , 1)
se c ( sec θ)=θ, for all θ ∈[0 , π ], x)=x , for all
−1 −1
sec (se c
5. π x ∈ ¿∪¿,
θ≠
2
i.e, R−(−1 , 1)
co t (cot θ)=θ, for all θ ∈(0 , π ) cot (co t x )=x , for all x ∈ R
−1 −1

6.

CONCLUSION

The study of trigonometry started in India. The

trigonometric functions are no one-one and onto over
their natural domains and ranges, and hence, their
inverses do not exist. The restrictions on domains and
ranges of trigonometric functions ensures the existence
of their inverses.
Inverse Trigonometric Functions play an important
role in calculus as they serve to define many integrals.
Because of the necessity for using these functions in
solving real-world applications, the calculation of
degree or radian measure is often derived. Inverse
Trigonometric Functions are used to find acute angles
within right triangles as well as to find the exact
solutions for trigonometric equations. Inverse
trigonometry can be applied in many areas such as
astronomy, architecture, acoustics, cryptology,
phonetics, crystallography and game development.
The fundamental inverse trigonometric functions like
arcsine and arccosine are used to describe the sound
and light waves. It is used in oceanography to calculate

17
heights of waves and tides, and used in creation of
maps. In conclusion, the trigonometric functions and
their inverses are used all the time in real life situations
and it is necessary to be aware about its usage and
applications.

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